• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1375-1387
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• 2006

Through abdominal diagnoses, deficiency and excess, and cold and heat of the eight principles for differentiating syndromes can be determined, pathogens such as fluid retention, dry stool, retention of undigested food, abdominal mass, blood stagnation, stagnation of Gi, deficiency of Kidney Yang, and, spermatorrhea can be identified, nature and stages of the symptoms can be understood and then pathogenesis analyzed. Abdominal diagnosis can be one of primary factors in deciding treatment, expecting prognosis and treatment effect, and choosing herbal prescriptions. Representative herbs for epigastric stuffiness/fullness are Radix Ginseng, Pericarpium Citri, etc; for fullness of epigastrium, Rhizoma Pinelliae, Pericarpium Citri, Rhizoma Rhei, etc.; for severely rigid epigastrium, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Radix Ginseng, etc.; for epigastric pain, Rhizoma Pinelliae, Pericarpium Citri, etc.; for epigastric fullness and rigidity, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Ginseng, etc.; for feeling of obstruction in the epigastirum, Radix Bupleuri, Radix Ginseng, etc.; for palpitation in the epigastrium, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Ramulus Cinnamomi, etc. It is essential to rightly diagnose through comprehensive analysis of the data gained by the four methods of diagnosis, and in doing this, further studies on how to utilize abdomen diagnosis for clinical practice.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.539-542
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• 2007

After analyzing the cases of treating female patients troubled with morbid leukorrhea, the writer drew the conclusions as follows. The shapes of patients with morbid leukorrhea show a large number of shapes of Gi type, Sin type or being inclined to be vigorous Gi, to have depressive syndrome due to disorder of Gi, to be Fire's nature flared upward, to become retention of phlegm and fluid, to become retention of Gi or to become retention of heat, or San syndromes. Accompanied syndromes of morbid leukorrhea appear over the body of upper, middle or lowe portion. In lower cho, the symptoms are menopathy, menstrual irregularities, menstrual irregularities, oligomenorrhea, itching of external genitals, San syndromes, infertility, lumbago which are connected with uterus. And in the middle cho, those are indigestion, nausea, distress in the stomach, vomiting, swallowing acid connected with digestive organs. And also in the upper cho, globus hystericus, chest distress, headache, dizziness, neck stiffness, heat in the upper, pimples connected with upper cho are appeared. Among the prescriptions of treatment for morbid leukorrhea, Ijintang was applied with the widest range of all. Besides that there were mainly prescribed for symptoms such as Gamisachil-tang, Haenggihyangso-san, Gamigwibi-tang, hyangsapyeongwi-san, Onkyung-tang, Banchong-san, Yongdamsagan-tang, Sogampaedok-san, Ojeok-etc.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.464-469
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• 2000

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) as a source of protein and sago meal (SM) as a source of carbohydrate on in situ and in vivo digestibility of dietary components in four male goats (Kambing Katjang) and four male sheep (Malin) weighing 25-35 kg. Rumen volume, as well as rumen fluid dilution rate were also determined. The animals were housed in single pens with individual feeding and drinking troughs and each animal was fitted with a rumen fistula. They were fed two diets : chopped rice straw+200 g soybean meal (SBM), and chopped rice straw+190 g soybean meal+300 g sago meal (SBM+SM). Rice straw was offered ad libitum. The supplements were isonitrogenous (80 g crude protein/animal/d), but the proportions of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were lower in the SBM supplement (191, 165, 11, 40, 15 g/animal/d for DM, OM, CF, NDF and ADF, respectively) than in the SBM+SM supplement (445, 423, 25, 102, 38 g/animal/d for DM, OM, CF, NDF and ADF, respectively). Two animals from each species were fed either supplement in a cross-over design in two periods. Each period lasted for four weeks. In situ and in vivo digestibility studies were carried out, followed by the determination of rumen volume and rumen fluid dilution rate. The results showed that straw DM and total DM intakes of goats (average of $48.7g/kg\;W^{0.75}$, $72.7g/kg\;W^{0.75}$, respectively) were significantly (p<0.01) higher than sheep (average of $3.56g/kg\;W^{0.75}$, $61.6g/kg\;W^{0.75}$, respectively), but OM, N and GE intakes were not significantly different between the two animal species. When the effect of supplements was compared, animals fed SBM+SM supplement had significantly (p<0.001) higher DM, OM and GE intakes than animals fed SBM supplement. Potential degradabilities of rice straw DM were significantly (p<0.01) higher in goats (average of 48.8%) than in sheep (average of 46.1 %). The supplements had no significant effect on the potential degradabilities of DM, OM and NDF, but they had a significant (p<0.05) effect on the degradation rates of DM and NDF. The addition of sago meal in the diet reduced the degradation rates of DM and NDF of rice straw in the rumen. Potential degradability of DM of soybean meal was not significantly different between animal species as well as between supplements. Sago meal was highly degradable. At 24 h of incubation in the rumen, 90-95% of DM loss was observed. There was a significant interaction between animal species and supplements in the in vivo digestibility of ADF and GE. In animals fed SBM supplement, the in vivo digestibility of ADF was significantly (p<0.05) higher in goats ($50.6{\pm}4.22%$) than in sheep ($44.4{\pm}3.21%$), but digestibility of GE was significantly (p<0.05) higher in sheep ($70.2{\pm}1.93%$) than in goats ($63.0{\pm}3.07%$). The digestibility values of CP and OM were significantly (p<0.05) higher in sheep when compared to goats. Animals fed SBM+SM supplement showed significantly (p<0.05) higher DM and OM digestibility values than animals fed SBM supplement, but digestibility values of CP were significantly (p<0.05) higher in animals fed SBM supplement. Differences in in vivo digestibility values of CF and NDF were not significantly different between animal species or supplements. Water intake, rumen volume ($1/kg\;W^{0.75}$), rumen fluid dilution rate and mean retention time were similar between the two animal species. However, rumen fluid dilution rate and mean retention time was significantly (p<0.01) affected by supplements. Animals fed SBM+SM had faster rumen fluid dilution rate and consequently shorter mean retention time.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the High Rate Spiral Clarifier(HRSC) availability for the improvement of polluted retention pond water quality. A lab scale and a pilot scale test was performed for this. The fluid flow patterns in a HRSC were studied using Fluent which is one of the computational fluid dynamic(CFD) programs, with inlet velocity and inlet diameter, length of body($L_B$) and length of lower cone(Lc), angle and gap between the inverted sloping cone, the lower exit hole installed or not installed. A pilot scale experimental apparatus was made on the basis of the results from the fluid flow analysis and lab scale test, then a field test was executed for the retention pond. In the study of inside fluid flow for the experimental apparatus, we found out that the inlet velocity had a greater effect on forming spiral flow than inlet flow rate and inlet diameter. There was no observable effect on forming spiral flow LB in the range of 1.2 to $1.6D_B$(body diameter) and Lc in the range of 0.35 to $0.5L_B$, but decreased the spiral flow with a high ratio of $L_B/D_B$ 2.0, $Lc/L_B$ 0.75. As increased the angle of the inverted sloping cone, velocity gradually dropped and evenly distributed in the inverted sloping cone. The better condition was a 10cm distance of the inverted sloping cone compared to 20cm to prevent turbulent flow. The condition that excludes the lower exit hole was better to prevent channeling and to distribute effluent flow rate evenly. From the pilot scale field test it was confirmed that particulate matters were effectively removed, therefore, this apparatus could be used for one of the plans to improve water quality for a large water body such as retention ponds.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.301-312
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• 1998

To efficiently separate a protein stimulating sperm swim-up migration and movement from follicular proteins, the effect of paper chromatography and liquid chromatography with reverse phase column and superose column on protein separation was examined. And the results obtained were as follows; 1. The band component that was separated with paper chromatography stimulated sperm migration and movement depending on its additional levels. Especially, band I component significantly increased sperm migration. But, all components of bands 1, 2 and 3 showed lower sperm migration and movement, compared to follicular fluid at the same additional level. 2. Among the components separated from follicular protein of 2~5mm follicles with reverse phase column ($\mu$RPC), components at retention time (RT) of 3.33, 7.00, 13.87, and 16.6A minutes stimulated sperm migration within a limited range. 3. All components separated from follicular protein of 10mm follicles with $\mu$RPC column didn't stimulate sperm migration and movement. 4. Among the components separated from follicular protein of 2~5m follicles with superose column, components at retention volume (RV) of 1.35 and 0.82 ml significantly stimulated sperm migration and movement. In conclusion, protein components stimulating sperm migration and movement were efficiently separated with superose column in Smart system. Especially, components of RV 1.35 and RV0.82 stimulated sperm swim-up separation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 1992

Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) harvested at an early growth stage was ensiled with 4% of molasses in a polyethylene bag silo which contained 15 kg of chopped forage each. Dry matter (DM) content of the silage was so low as 14.75%, although chemical quality of the silage was very high. Ratio of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen was 6.59%, and the pH value of the silage was 3.79. Nutritive value of the silage was estimated using goats and compared to that of a timothy hay as a reference ration. Feeding level of each rations was adjusted to a level of nitrogen (N) recommendation. DM and N digestibilities of the silage were 65.0 and 54.5%, respectively, but those of the timothy hay were 37.6 and 37.2%. Feeding of the napier grass silage maintained body weight and kept positive N retention. Ammonia N concentration in the rumen fluid in goats fed the napier grass silage increased after feeding, but blood urea concentration was constant. Feeding of the timothy hay did not increase ammonia N concentration in the rumen fluid, but increased blood urea concentration. These facts indicated that the napier grass silage had enough digestible DM and N for maintenance ration to goats.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 2018

Eoyakwonbang is a collection of prescriptions of Yuyaoyuan, an imperial medical bureau of China. While the first edition of this book does not exist at present, two versions printed in Korea, and one printed in Japan, which is the well-known Gyesasingan Eoyakwonbang have been passed down. Eoyakwonbang is a meaningful text for the history of medical communication between China, Japan and Korea, but research on the different versions and contents of Eoyakwonbang have been insufficient. Out of the 2 versions published in Korea, Eulheja Eoyakwonbang is different from Gapjinja Eoyakwonbang [another version in Korea] and Gwanjeong Eoyakwonbang of Japan, in that the prescriptions are organized, the ingredients are organized according to the amount of each ingredient for each formula, and the amounts are recorded in an accurate manner. On the other hand, the Gapjinja version has many mistakes in the characters and content. The Gwanjeong version has lesser mistakes in characters, but repeats the content error of the Gapjinja version. Eulheja was printed after correction based on the original version or unknown version from China. Gapjinja was re-printed based on the Gyesasingan version, while Gwanjeong seems to have used the Gapjinja version as its original script, as the mistakes made in the Gapjinja version are repeated in the Gwanjeong version as well.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.2757-2772
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• 2023

The fluid retention effect of the Volume Control Tank (VCT) leads to a long time delay in Reactor Coolant System (RCS) concentration during the boration process. A coupled model combining a lumped-parameter sub-model and a computational fluid dynamics sub-model is currently used to investigate the concentration dynamic characteristic of RCS during the boration process. This model is validated by comparison with experimental data, and the predicted results show excellent agreement with experimental data. We provide detailed fields in VCT and concentration variations of RCS to study the interaction between mixing in VCT and the transient responses of RCS. Moreover, the impacts of the inlet flow rate, inlet nozzle diameter, original concentration, and replenishing temperature of VCT on the RCS concentration characteristic are studied. The inlet flow rate and nozzle diameter of VCT remarkably affect the RCS concentration characteristic. Too-large or too-small inlet flow rates and nozzle diameters will lead to unacceptable long delays. In this work, the optimal inlet flow rate and nozzle diameter of VCT are 5 m³/h and 58.8 mm, respectively. Besides, the impacts of the original concentration and replenishing temperature of VCT are negligible under normal operating conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.635-642
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• 2011

Hydraulic efficiency was a vital component in evaluating the disinfection capability of clearwell. Current practice evaluates these system based on the tracer test only. In this paper, CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) was applied on the clearwell for alternating or supplementing the tracer test. The baffle factor derived from the CFD modeling closely matched the values obtained from full scale tracer testing. And, for suggesting proper numerical model in clearwell; the turbulence model, discretization scheme, convergence criteria were investigated through separate simulation runs. The model validation was conducted by comparing the simulated data with experimental data. In the turbulence model, the realizable ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model and the standard ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model were found to be more appropriate than RNG ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model. The residuals of convergence criteria should be used as not $10^{-3}$ but $10^{-4}$ or $10^{-5}$. In discretization scheme, the difference of simulated values in 1st, 2nd, 3rd upwind scheme was found to be insignificant. Moreover, the result of this study suggest that CFD modeling can be a reliable alternative to tracer testing for evaluating the hydraulic efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2017

The external reactor vessel cooling (ERVC) is well known strategy to mitigate a severe accident at which nuclear fuel inside the reactor vessel is molten. In order to compare the heat removal capacity of ERVC between the nuclear reactor designs quantitatively, numerical method is often used. However, the study for ERVC using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is still quite scarce. As a validation study on the numerical prediction for ERVC using CFD, the subcooled boiling flow and natural circulation of coolant at the ULPU-V experiment was simulated. The commercially available CFD software ANSYS-CFX was used. Shear stress transport (SST) model and RPI model were used for turbulence closure and wall-boiling, respectively. The averaged flow velocities in the downcomer and the baffle entry under the reactor vessel lower plenum are in good agreement with the available experimental data and recent computational results. Steam generated from the heated wall condenses rapidly and coolant flows maintains single-phase flow until coolant boils again by flashing process due to the decrease of saturation temperature induced by higher elevation. Hence, the flow rate of coolant natural circulation does not vary significantly with the change of heat flux applied at the reactor vessel, which is also consistent with the previous literatures.