• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.23 no.7 s.166
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• pp.1164-1172
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• 1999

In this study, to investigate the fatigue crack retardation behavior and the variability of retardation cycles, fatigue crack growth tests were conducted on 7075-T6 aluminum alloy under single tensile overload. A retardation coefficient, D was introduced to describe fatigue crack retardation behavior and a random variable, Z to describe the variability of fatigue crack growth. The retardation coefficient was separately formulated according to retardation behavior which is composed of delayed retardation part and retardation part. The random variable, Z was evaluated from experimental data which was obtained from fatigue crack growth tests under constant amplitude load. Using these variables, a probabilistic model was developed on the basis of the modified Forman's equation, and retardation behavior and cycles were predicted under certain overload condition. The predicted retardation curve well agrees with the trend of experimental crack retardation behavior. And this model well predicts the scatter of experimental retardation cycles.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.34-42
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• 2000

In this paper conventional technique will be described, which can be used for the measuring various parameters of induction motor. This is followed by presenting some other, alternative, techniques. The two tests are described which are suitable to obtain the electrical parameters of symmetrical 1hp three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor. These are the blocked rotor test and no load test. By the application of these, it is possible to determine the parameters which are presented in the steady-state equivalent-circuit of determining an induction motor. One conventional method of determining the inertia of an induction motors is obtained by performing retardation tests. The angular rotor speed of the motor is monitored, following its disconnection from the stator supply. Since the inertia torque J dw/dt contains the inertia coefficient J and the friction and windage torque Bw contains the coefficient B, then J and B can be determined by performing retardation tests.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.220-225
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• 2010

The optical properties and dimensional stability of polyethersulfone(PES) retardation film have been studied as function of chain orientation and the temperature applied to PES retardation film. It was confirmed that the appropriate retardation values of $R_e$ and $R_{th}$ for the retardation film application were able to obtain by the chain orientation and these values could be controlled by the chain relaxation through the thermal annealing process. It was found that unstable $R_e$ and $R_{th}$ values were shown by the repeated cooling and heating applied to the retardation films but this could be stabilized by means of the annealing process after stretching of PES film. The dimensional shrinkage due to the chain orientation was found as temperature increase and the intrinsic thermal expansion of PES appeared after shrinking. The shrinkage of PES films affected by the chain orientation and thermal annealing dramatically but the effect on the coefficient of thermal expansion was found to be negligible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 1999

Hydrocarbon compounds in vadose zone soils caused by adsorption onto the surfaces of solid particles are generally considered to show retardation effect. In this study, we investigated the retardation effect on the transport of Benzene in a sandy soil by conducting batch and column tests. The batch test was conducted by equilibrating dry soil mass with Benzene solutions of various initial concentrations. and by analyzing the concentrations of Benzene in initial and equilibrated solutions using HPLC. The column test consisted of monitoring the concentrations of effluent versus time known as a breakthrough curve (BTC). We used KCl and Benzene solutions with the concentration of 10 g/L and 0.88 g/L as a tracer, and injected them into the inlet boundary of the soil sample as a square pulse type respectively, and monitored the effluent concentrations at the exit boundary under a steady state condition using an EC-meter and HPLC. From the batch test, we obtained a distribution coefficient assuming that a linear adsorption isotherm exists and calculated the retardation factor based on the bulk density and porosity of the column sample. We also predicted the column BTC curve using the retardation factor obtained from the distribution coefficient and compared with the measured BTC of Benzene. The results of the column test showed that i) the peak concentration of Benzene was much smaller than that of KCl and ⅱ) the travel times of peak concentrations for the two tracers were more or less identical. These results indicate that adsorption of Benzene onto the sand panicles occurred during the pulse propagation but the retardation of Benzene caused by adsorption was not present in the studied soil. Comparison of the predicted with the measured BTC of Benzene resulted in a poor agreement due to the absence of the retardation phenomenon. The only way to describe the absolute decrease of Benzene concentration in the column leaching experiment was to introduce a decay or sink coefficient in the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) model to account for an irreversible sorption of Benzene in the aqueous phase.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.245-250
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• 2008

Adsorption experiment was carried out to find the adsorption capacity and characteristics of heavy metals(Cd, Pb) onto soil and mixed soil with food compost. Result showed that mixed soil having higher organic content adsorbed more heavy metal than soil, indicating that food compost can be used effectively to prevent soil pollution. Linear adsorption isotherm which adopted to find the adsorption characteristics was used to calculate Retardation Factor(R). The value of Retardation Factor(R)s of Pb and Cd in mixed soil, found as 34.54, 24.42 respectively, are higher than those in soil which were found as 4.64, 3.67, respectively. The value of Retardation Factor(R) using Freundlich adsorption isotherm could be presented by the functions of concentration and showed similar result as the linear one. But Freundlich adsorption isotherm showed higher relationship than linear one and the retardation factor(R) from freundlich adsorption isotherm was thought as more effective method to assess adsorption capacity because it could reflect gradient and intercept of the isotherm.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.43-49
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• 1998

Retardation effect of heavy metals in soils caused by adsorption onto the surfaces of solids particles is well known phenomena. The adsorption of metal ions has been recognized more strong in clay mineral and organic matter contents rather than sands and gravels. In this study, we investigated the retardation effect in two sandy soils by conducting batch and column tests. The column tests were conducted to obtain the relationship between concentration and time known as breakthrough curve (BTC). We applied pulse type injection of ZnCl$_2$solution on the inlet boundary and monitored the effluent concentration at the exit boundary under steady state condition using EC-meter and ICP-AES. Batch test consisted of an equilibrium procedure for fine fractions collected from two sandy soils for various initial ZnCl$_2$concentrations, and analysis of Zn ions in equilibrated solution using ICP-AES. The results of column test showed that i) the peak concentration of Zn analyzed by ICP was far less than that detected by EC-meter for both soils and ii) travel times for peak concentration were more less identical for two different monitoring techniques. The first result can be explained by ion exchange between Zn and other cations initially present in the soil particles since ICP analysis showed a significant amount of Ca, Mg ions in the effluent. From the second result, we found that retardation effect was not present in these soils due to strong cation exchange capacity of Zn ion over other cations since we did not apply a solution containing more adsorptive cations such as Al. The result of batch test also showed high distribution coefficients (K$_{d}$) for two soils supporting the dominant ion exchange phenomena. Based on the retardation factor obtained from the Kd, we predicted the BTC using CDE model and compared with the BTC of Zn concentration obtained from ICP The predicted BTC, however, disagreed with the monitored in terms of travel time and magnitude of the peak concentrations. The only way to describe the prominent decrease of Zn ion was to introduce decay or sink coefficient in the CDE model to account for irreversible decrease of Zn ions in liquid phase.e.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.76-88
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• 1997

Constant .DELTA.K fatigue crack growth rate experiments were performed by applying an intermediate single and multiple overload for structural steel, SM45C. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the influence of multiple overloads at various stress intensity factor ranges and the effect of statistical variability of crack retardation behavior. The normalized delayed load cycle, delayed crack length and the minimum crack growth rate are increased with increasing baseline stress intensity factor range when the overload ratio and the number of overload application were constant. The crack retardation under low baseline stress intensity factor range increases by increasing the number of overload application, but the minimum crack growth rate decreases by increasing the number of overload application. A strong linear correlation exists between the minimum crack growth rate and the number of overload applications. And, it was observed that the variability in the crack growth retardation behavior are presented, the probability distribution functions of delayed load cycle, delayed crack length and crack growth life are 2-parameter Weibull. The coefficient of variation of delayed load cycle and delayed crack length for the number of 10 overload applications data are 14.8 and 9.2%, respectively.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.593-606
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• 2008

In this study, data on radionuclide migration and retardation processes in the engineered and natural barriers of High-Level Radioactive Waste (HLW) repository have been reviewed and compiled for use in the performance assessment of a HLW disposal system in Korea. The status of the database on radionuclide migration and retardation that is being developed in Korea is investigated and summarized in this study. The solubilities of major actinides such as D, Th, Am, Np, and Pu both in Korean bentonite porewater and in deep Korean groundwater are calculated by using the geochemical code PHREEQC (Ver. 2.0) based on the KAERI-TDB(Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute-Thermochemical Database), which is under development. Databases for the diffusion coefficients ($D^b_e$ values) and distribution coefficients ($K^b_d$ values) of some radionuclides in the compacted Korean Ca-bentonite are developed based upon domestic experimental results. Databases for the rock matrix diffusion coefficients ($D^r_e$ values) and distribution coefficients ($K^r_d$ values) of some radionuclides for Korean granite rock and deep groundwater are also developed based upon domestic experimental results. Finally, data related to colloids such as the characteristics of natural groundwater colloids and the pseudo-colloid formation constants ($K_{pc}$ values) are provided for the consideration of colloid effects in the performance assessment.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 2002

In this study, column diffusion tests for Cd and Zn were conducted at $15^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ to investigate a temperature effect on effective diffusion coefficient. An increase in temperature from $15^{\circ}C$ to $55^{\circ}C$ caused up to ten times larger diffusion coefficient for each heavy metal. Besides, it caused the increased retardation of heavy metals, and hence the effective diffusion coefficient should be overestimated as we use an overestimated retardation factor to calibrate the coefficient. The results of sequential extraction analyses showed that Zn was occluded in carbonate phase and this trend was getting prominent with the increase in temperature. As for Cd, it was partitioned mainly in the exchangeable phase(over 60%) at any temperature.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2007

In this study, uranium migration experiments have been performed using a natural groundwater and a granite core with natural fractures in a glove-box constructed to simulate an appropriate subsurface environment. Groundwater flow experiments using the non-sorbing anionic tracer Br were carried out to analyze the flow properties of groundwater through the fracture of the granite core. The result of the uranium migration experiment showed a breakthrough curve similar to that of the non-sorting Br. This result may imply that uranium migrates as anionic complexes through the rock fracture since uranium can form carbonate complexes at a given groundwater condition. The distribution coefficient $K_d$ of the uranium between the groundwater and the fracture filling material was obtained as low as 2.7 mL/g from a batch sorption experiment. This result agrees well with the result from the migration experiment, showing a faster elution of the uranium through the rock fracture. In order to analyze retardation properties of the uranium through the rock fracture, the retardation factor $R_d({\sim}16.2)$ was obtained by using the $K_d$ obtained from the batch sorption experiment and it was compared with the $R_d({\sim}14.3)$ obtained by using the result from the uranium migration experiment. The values obtained from the both experiments were very similar to each other. This reveals that the retardation of the uranium is mainly occurred by the fracture filling material when the uranium migrates through the fracture of a granite core.