• Advances in nano research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.319-336
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• 2022

Evaluating the temporal and spatial changes in the ecosystem service value (ESV) of the Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve is important for understanding the impact of human activities on natural ecosystem and guiding ecosystem restoration and environmental pollution control. In this study, remotely sensed land-cover data and the equivalent factor method were used to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the ESV in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve from 1992 to 2015, and regression analysis was employed to determine the factors driving changes in the ESV. The results show that grassland was the main type of ecosystem in the study area, and the transformation of grassland into bare areas was the primary change in land cover. Additionally, the ESV in the study area first decreased and then increased, with an annual growth rate of 0.69%. The ESV mainly increased in the north of the Yellow River's source area, and mainly decreased in the northwest of the Yangtze River's source area. Finally, the gross output value of agriculture, urbanization rate and proportion of secondary industry were found to be the main factors driving the ESV in the study area.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.165-176
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• 2014

This study is directed to examine the most useful restoration strategies for turning the customers' dissatisfaction caused by unsuccessful spa service to the satisfaction through each fair factors and tries to suggest the practical schemes to cope with complaints and dissatisfaction of spa service customers by establishing the system dealing with customers' complaints. And this verifies the relationship between the alternative attraction and the intention of conversion as the action after the restoration from the unsuccessful services. Moreover, it analyzes the mediation effect that a formation of reliance through the restoration of unsuccessful services has. To achieve the purpose of this study, the subject got decided as women who are customers of private spa facilities situated in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do region for the purpose of skin care in 1 year recently. After understanding their experiences of complaining about the services, this study investigates the alternative attraction and the intention of conversion as the next action and the perception of fairness and trust in the efforts of Spa service business for recovery. As the result of verifying hypothesis, it is shown that the recovery satisfaction increases when the 3 points of the distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice, which are the fairness factors of the effort to restore services according to the quality of service, are more positive. In the relation among recovery satisfaction, trust, the alternative attraction, and the intention of conversion, the result was that recovery satisfaction affects trust in positive way and alternative attraction in negative way. However, the positive and meaningful result came out in contrast with the hypothesis which predicted the negative effect of recovery satisfaction on the intention of conversion. Furthermore, it means that indirect effectiveness which carries trust and alternative attraction should be considered instead of the direct effectiveness that the recovery satisfaction affects on the intention of conversion. In this study, it can be interpreted that the combined increase of the trust and the alternative attraction makes the intention of conversion higher rather than the higher intention of conversion following the decrease of the recovery satisfaction in view of the result that the indirect effectiveness is high between the recovery effort and the intention of conversion. In the relation among the intention of conversion, trust, and alternative attraction, the intention of conversion got influenced in positive way and negative way by trust and alternative attraction respectively and trust influenced the alternative attraction negatively as well. It means the high quality of services or the recovery of services has a direct causation which carries conviction to the customers' intention of action.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.29-41
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• 2014

Ecosystem services provide various benefits to human beings, but are considered to be free of cost. To protect ecosystems in an economically sustainable way, several developing countries have adopted a policy known as the Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) that compensates upstream services with monetary incentives collected from service users. Vietnam is one of the countries that have enacted a nationwide PES policy. However, the policy in Vietnam requires further development in order to evaluate the spatial priority zones based on the quantification of ecosystem services. To obtain a recent and high-quality land cover map, we first classified the land cover in the Da River basin, in northern Vietnam, using Landsat dataset. We then applied a water balance theory and an USLE equation to assess hydrological ecosystem services concerning water supply and sediment retention. Following the assessment, we identified the priority areas for hydrological ecosystem services exclusively for forest environments. We found that the quantity and distribution of services from forests varied, due to the topography, climate, and land cover. According to a quantile distribution, Mt. Phu Luong, Mt. Fansipan, and Hoang Lien National Park were evaluated as high service areas in terms of both water yield and sediment retention. As a result, this assessment method can help construct spatial priority zones concerning ecosystem service distribution, and can also contribute to benefit sharing by indicating which forest and landowners require compensation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2016

Gradual occlusal attrition is a normal process of aging. However, severe attrition causes pathogenic pulp, occlusal disharmony, functional disorder and esthetic problems. Alteration of vertical dimension should be considered for space regaining for tooth restoration, esthetic improvement or correction of occlusal relationship. Vertical dimension should be determined within the range of minimal invasive process satisfying patient's esthetic requirements and operator's functional goal. And patient's adaptation to newly determined vertical dimension should be assessed simultaneously. Deep overbite is not a simple problem of overbite, instead it is an usually complicated problem with anterior-posterior occlusal relationship. Considering these facts, appropriate restoration of edentulous part as well as improvement of anterior-posterior relationship should be performed to solve this fundamental problems. In this study, a 67 year-old male patient with many worn teeth and loss of posterior teeth was treated with removable partial denture at edentulous mandibular area to increase vertical dimension and fixed prostheses at dentulous maxillary and mandibular area. With these treatments, we attained a satisfactory result in functional and esthetic aspects as a report case.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.51-64
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• 2022

Along with the urbanization, the risk of urban flooding due to climate change is increasing. Flood regulation, one of the ecosystem services, is implemented in the different level of function of flood risk mitigation by the type of ecosystem such as forests, arable land, wetlands etc. Land use changes due to development pressures have become an important factor in increasing the vulnerability by flash flood. This study has conducted evaluating the urban flood regulation service using InVEST UFRM(Urban Flood Risk Model). As a result of the simulation, the potential water retention by ecosystem type in the event of a flash flood according to RCP 4.5(10 year frequency) scenario was 1,569,611 tons in urbanized/dried areas, 907,706 tons in agricultural areas, 1,496,105 tons in forested areas, 831,705 tons in grasslands, 1,021,742 tons in wetlands, and 206,709 tons in bare areas, the water bodies was estimated to be 38,087 tons. In the case of more severe 100-year rainfall, 1,808,376 tons in urbanized/dried areas, 1,172,505 tons in agricultural areas, 2,076,019 tons in forests, 1,021,742 tons in grasslands, 47,603 tons in wetlands, 238,363 tons in bare lands, and 52,985 tons in water bodies. The potential economic damage from flood runoff(100 years frequency) is 122,512,524 thousand won in residential areas, 512,382,410 thousand won in commercial areas, 50,414,646 thousand won in industrial areas, 2,927,508 thousand won in Infrastructure(road), 8,907 thousand won in agriculture, Total of assuming a runoff of 50 mm(100 year frequency) was estimated at 688,245,997 thousand won. In a conclusion. these results provided an overview of ecosystem functions and services in terms of flood control, and indirectly demonstrated the possibility of using the model as a tool for policy decision-making. Nevertheless, in future research, related issues such as application of models according to various spatial scales, verification of difference in result values due to differences in spatial resolution, improvement of CN(Curved Number) suitable for the research site conditions based on actual data, and development of flood damage factors suitable for domestic condition for the calculation of economic loss.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.35-50
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• 2022

As the water shortage has become a noticeable issue due to climate change, forests play an importance role as the provider of water supply service. There is, however, little information about the relationships between the factors used in the estimation of water supply service and coarse pore fraction of forest soil which determines the potential of water supply. To find out whether there would be an amelioration in the scoring system of water supply service estimation, we examined all factors except meteorological one and additionally, analyzed 4 extra factors that might be related with coarse pore fraction of soil. A total of 2,214 soil samples were collected throughout South Korea to measure coarse pore fractions from 2015 to 2020. First, the result of average coarse pore fraction of all samples showed 32.98±6.59% which was consistent with previous studies. And the results of non-parametric analysis of variance indicated that only two of eleven factors that was used in the scoring system matched the results of coarse pore fraction of forest soils. Tree canopy coverage showed no difference among categories, and slope also showed no significance at level of 0.05 in the linear regression analysis. Additionally, the applicability of 4 extra factors were confirmed, as the result of coarse pore fractions of soil samples were different for various categories of each factor. Therefore, the scoring system of water supply service of forest should be revised to improve accuracy.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.659-662
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• 2012

Progressive facial hemiatrophy, also known as Parry-Romberg syndrome, is a progressive and self-limited deformation of the subcutaneous tissue volume on one side of the face that creates craniofacial asymmetry. We present the case of a patient with a five-year history of progressive right facial hemiatrophy, who underwent facial volumetric restoration using cell-assisted lipotransfer (CAL), which consists of an autologous fat graft enriched with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) extracted from the same patient. ASCs have the capacity to differentiate into adipocytes. They also promote angiogenesis, release angiogenic growth factors, and some can survive as stem cells. The use of autologous fat as a filler in soft tissue atrophy has been satisfactory in patients with mild and moderate Parry-Romberg syndrome. Currently, CAL has showed promising results in the long term by decreasing the rate of fat reabsorption. The permanence and stability of the graft in all the injected areas has showed that autologous fat grafts enriched with stem cells could be a promising technique for the correction of defects caused by this syndrome.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2023

Resin-bonded fixed partial denture (RBFPD)as known as Maryland bridge is is a well-known conservative method for its minimized invasion of the teeth for an anterior single tooth edentulous area. Despite of its various advantages, RBFPD was not widespread because of its high debonding rates, non-esthetic look or weak structure for material property. Currently, with the introduction of zirconia to dental material for RBFPD, Maryland bridge entered upon a new phase. Zirconia surmounts poor esthetics of metal framework, having proper strength, and overcomes ceramic's structural weakness, being sufficiently esthetic. In this case, edentulous area of maxillary left lateral incisor was restored using zirconia resin-bonded fixed partial denture. Restoration of missing tooth in anterior area was achieved using non-invasive and esthetic prosthesis, then we report this case as satisfactory results were obtained for both the operator and the patient.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.536-543
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• 2008

This study was carried out to review the satisfaction with compensation for damage caused by the released Asiatic Black Bears into the whole area of Jirisan National Park and to offer basic data for reasonable conflict management with local community. A questionnaire survey was conducted from Jun. 2007 to Dec. 2007 on 93 subjects who got their compensations for the bear damage from 2004 until 2007. The results stayed at a middle level of satisfaction with the proper damage indemnity program with as mean $3.14{\pm}0.85$ points on the basis of 5 point scale. The satisfaction with compensation was found to have a significant correlation with the factors, such as income levels, whether to agree to restoration project, compensation money and compensation procedures. The compensation plan through the Animal Damage Compensation Consultation Committee was accepted positively(mean: $3.3{\pm}0.9$); however, to the compensation plan for the 80% compensation of actual amounts of bear damage, was acknowledged negatively(mean: $2.6{\pm}1.11$).

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.359-369
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• 2015

Stream ecosystems are highly valued natural resources, however, stream environments are currently under threat in several respects. We evaluated vegetation and ecological characteristics according to different revetment types. The distribution of vegetation differed with revetment type, with a 42~45 taxa found in natural revetments, and 23~38 taxa in vertical revetments. Thus, natural revetments host more diverse vegetation than vertical revetments. We also found more plants belonging to the families Labiatae and Cyperaceae growing in natural revetments than in vertical revetments. We proposed that habitat space be apportioned to introduce annual plants as part of stream restoration projects. And, we identified 7 families and 18 taxa of naturalized plants, majority taxa were either biennial or perennial. Moreover, naturalized ratio was higher in vertical(14.3%) than natural(12.1%), we proposed a plan to promote and improve natural streams and revetments. Furthermore, we applied a waterfront evaluation method developed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service of the USDA-NRCS, which confirmed that stream health can be improved in most regions by controlling naturalized plants and ensuring shrub and tree growth. We adopted a new method to remove naturalized plants and establish natural revetments to ensure shrub and tree growth to aid in small-stream restoration and improvement. In future studies, we hope to develop methods for small-stream restoration projects in rural areas.