• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.177-189
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• 2003

The main purposes of this study are to utilize mineralogical studies such as optical microscope, XRD and SEM/EDS analyses to characterize the oxidation of sulfide minerals and the mechanisms controlling the movement of dissolved metals from waste rocks at the abandoned Seobo mine. Mineralogical research of the waste rocks confirms the presence of anglesite, covellite, goethite, native sulfur and nsutite as secondary minerals, suggesting that these phases control the dissolved concentrations of As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. The dissolved metals are precipitated, adsorbed and/or coprecipitated with(or within) Fe(Mn)-hydroxides and Mn(Fe)-hydroxides. The main phases of secondary mineral, Fe-hydroxide, can be classified as amorphous or poorly crystalline and more crystallized phases(e.g. goethite) by crystallinity. Amorphous or poorly crystalline Fe-hydroxide has relatively high As contents(9-24 wt.%). This poorly crystalline Fe-hydroxide changes toward more crystallized phase(e.g. goethite) which contains relatively low As(0.6-7.7 wt.%). These results are mainly due to the progressive release of As with the crystallization evolution of the As-trapping poorly crystalline Fe-hydroxides. It is also attributed to the differences of specific surface areas between the poorly crystalline Fe-hydroxides and well crystallized phases. The dissolved metals from waste rocks at Seobo mine area are naturally attenuated by a series of precipitation(as Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb), coprecipitation(Fe, Mn) and adsorption(As, Cu, Pb, An) reactions. The results of mineralogical researches permit to assess the environmental impacts of mine waste rocks in the areas, and can be used as a useful data to lay available mine restoration plan.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.541-552
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• 2017

All excavated "buried cultural properties" are supervised by the Cultural Heritage Administration that decides whether to conserve them or not, depending on the necessity for conservation. Currently, there is no legal regulation concerning the administration of relics (including artifacts) and remains (including archaeological sites) that are relocated and restored based on such conservation decisions. Thus, administration of these cultural properties is inadequate. Under these circumstances, this paper recommends the current state of conservation and conservation methods for buried cultural properties excavated at Chungcheongnam-do thus far. Conservation of buried cultural properties excavated at Chungcheongnam-do primarily employ the "relocating and restoration" method; 23 relics and 46 remains employed relocation after dismantling and soil layer transcription method. Moreover, 27 remains were relocated after dismantling and 14 remains employed the transcription method. In terms of area, Buyeo-gun and Gongju-si had 12 relics accounting for about 50%, while according to the period, Baekjae period had 16 relics, accounting for about 70%. In terms of conservation facility, open-air facility had 33 relics, accounting for about 72%. Results of investigating the state of relics' management indicated that public institutions like a museum with a recognizable management system had their own work force and consequently ensured excellent conservation, whereas if there were no apparent responsible bodies, remains were subjected to considerable damage due to mismanagement. Therefore, this problem can be resolved by identifying a recognizable management body as well as ensuring periodical management and supervision. The excavated buried cultural properties are utilized not only for academic purposes, but also for PR or as exhibition material. Hence, this study confirms that meticulous management of buried cultural properties is currently required.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.7-23
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• 2019

Smart cities are expanding their spatial scope to urban areas and regions. Linking regional economic development strategies beyond the borders with smart city planning can lead to cooperation and economic development between regions and countries as well. The purpose of this study is to suggest cooperation and regional development of the three nations - Korea, North Korea and China - through the Yellow Sea Rim Smart Region. To this end, smart city strategies and economic development plan with implementation status in the three countries including special economic zones have analyzed that could be the spatial basis of the smart region. On the west coast of Korea facing the Yellow Sea, lots of projects related to smart cities are actively underway in Saemangeum, Yellow Sea Free Economic Zone(YESFEZ), and Incheon Free Economic Zone(IFEZ). Although the political situation is still uncertain, North Korea is analyzed to have economic and technical potential in the west coast connecting Haeju, Nampo, and Sinuiju. In Liaoning and Shandong provinces of China, smart city projects have been actively promoted in recent years especially in the state-supporting industrial cities. Restoration of economic cooperation between South Korea and China, linkage of transportation networks, vitalization of cross-border cooperation projects between China and North Korea centered on Dandong and Sinuiju, and the connecting of smart city infrastructure and services for China and South Korea's economic cooperation process will make the Yellow Sea Rim as a world prosperous economic region. However, it is necessary to establish and operate a governance system through long-term planning for transnational consultation and establishment of a promotion organization.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.971-981
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• 2009

An objective of this study is as follows: 1) performing sensitivity analysis and parameter estimation of RMA2 and RMA4 models for the West-Nakdong River, 2) drawing up alternatives of gates-operation for water-quality enhancement, and 3) quantitative evaluation of methodology of 'flow-restoration by gates-operation' among 'Comprehensive Plan Improving Water-Quality in the West-Nakdong River(WNR)' with the target water-quality(BOD at Nakbon-N point: below 4.3 mg/L). The parameters for the RMA2 (depth-averaged two-dimensional flow model) and RMA4 (depth-averaged two-dimensional water-quality model) were determined by sensitivity analysis. Result of parameter estimation for RMA2 and RMA4 models is $1,000\;Pa{\cdot}s$ of the eddy viscosity, 20 of the Peclet number, 0.025 of the Manning coefficient, and $1.0\;m^2/s$ of the diffusion coefficient. We have evaluated the effects of water-quality enhancement of the selected alternatives by numerical simulation technique with the models under the steady-state flow condition and the time-variant transport condition. Because of no-resuspension from river bottom and considering BOD as conservative matter, these simulation results slightly differ from real phenomena. In the case of $50\;m^3/s$ of Daejeo-gate inflow, two-dimensional flow pn results result represents that small velocity occurs in the Pyungkang Stream and no flow in the Maekdo River. In the WNR, there occurs the most rapid flow near timhae-bridge. In the WNR, changes of water-quality for the four selected simulation cases(6, 10, 30, $50\;m^3/s$ of the Daejeo-gate inflow) were predicted. Since the Daejeo-Gate and the Noksan-Gate can be opened up to 7 days, it would be found that sustainable inflow of $30\;m^3/s$ at the Daejeo-gate makes BOD in the WNR to be under the target of water-quality.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.352-358
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• 2020

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare, autosomal recessive inherited congenital disorder, characterized by impaired blood coagulation due to platelet dysfunction. It was first reported by the pediatrician Glanzmann in 1918. GT affects both males and females, and it is more common in regions of the Middle East, India, and France, where intermarriage is common. It has an incidence of about 1 in 1,000,000 people. In South Korea, according to the Division of Rare Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, around 200 cases have been reported in 2018. Clinical symptoms include petechia, ecchymosis, epistaxis, and gingival bleeding. The spontaneous loss of deciduous teeth can result in excessive bleeding with that blood transfusion should be considered. Preventing hemorrhages and hemostasis are most important factors in dental treatment. Local bleeding can be controlled by compression, but platelet transfusion can be required by prolonged bleeding. Pediatric dentists can minimize the gingival bleeding by control of the oral hygiene to prevent gingivitis and dental caries. The importance of oral hygiene and periodic recall check-up should be emphasized. During dental treatment, the examination and the treatment plan of patient should be modified to prevention of hemorrhages carefully. A 6-year-old girl with GT was referred for the treatment of dental caries, and resin restoration was performed under nitrous oxide inhalation sedation. After treatment, compression was required for the bleeding control.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to suggest vegetation management method as the cultural landscape forest of Dongbaek Island which is the district monument. The study area was $20,000m^2$ around the peak area in management as the nature sabbatical area. Vegetation structure type was classified with the criteria of topography, vegetation, management and the management plan was derived from the vegetation structure analysis according to the types. Vegetation structure types were Management-Camellia japonica, Non-management-Eurya japonica, Non-management-Rugged area-Eurya japonica. As the result of vegetation structure, Pinus thunbergii dominated in canopy layer and Camellia japonica and Eurya japonica dominated in Type I and in Type II and III, respectively. Especially, Machilus thunbergii as the climax species in the warm temperate forest were distributed centering shrubs, and as the result of distribution of diameter of breast height, middle size of Celtis sinensis and Machilus thunbergii were distributed in type I, II. Machilus thunbergii were distributed in range of 4 to 44 individuals through the all types. Mean age of canopy layer was 66 year-old and sub-canopy layer was 22.9 year-old. Shanon's species diversity was analysed from 0.5472 to 0.8646. As the vegetation management direction of Dongbaek island, managed Camellia japonica forest was suggested to maintain the regular management and non-managed Eurya japonica forest was required to remove the Eurya japonica and plant the Camellia japonica. In case of non managed Eurya japonica forest in rugged area, vegetation succession was required to laurel forest.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.989-998
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• 2014

Recently volcanic eruptions and activities occurring in many parts of world have become a common global concern to many countries. The severity of these Volcanic disasters, such as of Mt. Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland and Mt. Merapi in Indonesia, have caused damages and causalities reaching astronomical levels. The infrastructure is categorized into 18sections that appropriately reflecting the survey data collected from various government agents, current inhabitant and engineers to accumulate a database on the priorities and preferences of restoring and reconstructing many kinds of infrastructure and facilities. The survey data was collect by using the "Likert 5 Scale Method" which emphasized the importance and priority of reconstruction and restoration for the specific facilities and infrastructures. The data was corrugated, organized and used in plotting and planning a strategic recovery agenda. The survey results were analyzed and verified to ensure the validity and reliability of the data by using chi-square test. This paper presents that recovery period and recovery cost to the total damage of infrastructure and facilities were used to make a recovery network with implemented construction management method. The research is expected that a more efficient and prompt recovery protocol and recovery plan can be executed and can be use as a reference and database.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.195-206
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• 2017

Recently, Discussion about BIM based LID (Low Impact Development) facilities management system is activated because interest of LID technique for urban water cycle restoration is increasing. For this reason, this paper developed the auto-checking module of the BIM (Building Information Model) based supply output table. This module will be the foundation of the BIM based LID facilities total management system. The research order is composed like next follows: (1) Select target area, (2) Make BIM model of LID facilities and extract supply output table, (3) Develop comparison module, (4) Analysis results. As a result, the authors made 27 LID facilities and developed the supply output table comparison automation module. So, the authors could find differences of 2D design documents based supply output table and BIm based supply output table. So, the authors made an improvement suggestion of the design plan and could construct foundation of the BIM based LID facilities total management system.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2008

As a step toward developing conservation and restoration plans for an endangered species of the Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana), we studied daily foraging behavior and ecology. We released two individuals, male and female, after enclosing study site with a fence and cutting out a part of two or three feathers of primaries. Research was conducted from 16 June to 11 July, 2007 for 25 days at Whawonri, Mewonmyung, Chungbuk province. We investigated diural and daily variation of foraging time budget, diet composition, and habitat selection of the feeding individuals. The storks quadratically invested for foraging time and resting time according to time of day, but no significant variation in the foraging time and resting time appeared daily over 25 days. As a result, the storks mainly used wetland as a foraging site in the center of the study area to that in the edge as well as to other types of habitat. The high usage for wetland in the center did not change over the 25 days while Rice field decreased and Wetland in the edge and Pathway increased. Female invested more time for foraging than male, but the foraging efficiency did not differ between them. We discussed the significance of foraging behavior and habitat selection for management plan.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.66-75
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• 1996

To propose basic information for national resource management and planting disign, plant community structure of evergreen broad-leaved forest was investigated. Fifty-two plots(each size 300m$^{2}$) were set up at Ch'omch'alsan area of Chindo, Korea. TWINSPAN and DCA methods were used for classification and ordination analysis. Fifty-two plots were divided into seven groups, which were Quercus variabilis-Carpinus tschonoskii community, Q. glauca community, Castanepsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Q. stenophylla community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Camelia japonica community, Q. acuta-Camelia japonica community, Carpinus coreaca-Q spp. community, C. coreana community. Pinus densiflora almost have been selected. Carpinus tschomoskii, Q. variabillis and Q. serrata were to be succeeded by Castanea cuspidata var. sieboldii, Q. stenophylla, Q. acuta and Neolitsea sericea in canopy layer. And Neolitsea sericea, Q. glauca and Camellia japonica was showed high importance values in fertile soil condition. Future restoration plan was necessary for a tourist resort or national forest in warm temperate region. And evergreen broad-leaved plants shall be planted in considering of environmental condition at warm temperate and industrial complex area.