• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.128-142
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• 2010

This study examined the actual conditions of quarries. aiming to offer preliminary data to help with restoration efforts of quarries after extracting rock material. The results are as follows. As for the current state of business, a classification of all sites surveyed showed the ratio of ceased operations: ongoing operations: quarries under restoration to be 58:5:37. Classified by the permit area, the ratio of the number of quarries with areas less than $20,000m^2$ (2ha) : between $20,000m^2$ (2ha) and $50,000m^2$ (5ha) : $50,000m^2$ (5ha) or more was 15:60:25. The classification by use of the rocks showed the ratio of construction aggregate (such as civil construction material) : building material : craft material to be 60:28:12. The ratio of quarrying methods of bench cut : slope quarry : vertical quarry wall is 40:18:42. It is indicated that 85% of all quarries surveyed are difficult to reclaim while 15% seem to be easier to restore. Among all surveyed, 34 sites were considered to be extremely difficult to restore. 17 of the 34 sites (50%) were quarry walls almost vertical that have been neglected after extraction. 16 of them (47%) were underground quarries that have left quarry walls deep under the ground. For the remaining 1 site, there doesn't seem to be any need for reclamation as it became totally flat after the extraction.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.152-162
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• 2010

This study provides preliminary data to support the need for appropriate and thorough restoration of quarries through investigating both domestic and overseas cases of sites that were restored in environment-friendly ways to make them re-usable after extraction. In cases of areas where it is difficult to restore the cut slope, putting it to other uses such as engraving buddhist images would be helpful to reduce the restoration cost and enhance the utilization of the slope. Phased land use conversion after exploitation needs to be considered in advance; for example, the location and size of the quarry should be determined according to the pre-planned use or development of the site. Considering the circumstances in the country, serious consideration should be given to methods that allow the restoration or recovery of the damaged sites to be completed in short periods of time. Quarry restoration needs to be approached from the view of ecological restoration and if a site is deemed to be usable for another purpose, land use conversion should be considered to enhance the utilization.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.121-132
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• 2009

The agency which is responsible for work related to the restoration of vegetation on the quarry in Hong Kong is the Geotechnical Engineering Office of Civil Engineering and Development Department (CEDD). CEDD's environmental management system was certified as ISO 14001 : 2004 in 2006 and diverse instructions and technical documents about the restoration of the quarry were published and used for the performance of work and the implementation of the project. The restoration of the quarry is being carried out to respond to short-term and long-term goals. The general instructions for the restoration of vegetation says that a plant, when selected, should be self-sustainable with minimum maintenance required, have a high growth and survival rate, be tall enough to cover the rock slope faces, and preferably produce colourful flowers. These instructions prescribe the vegetation introduction technology, planting seasons, structural material of the vegetation works, maintenance and management, tree nursery operation, means of water supply, etc. This report introduced the outline of work on restoring vegetation carried out at Anderson Road, Shek O, Lam Tei, Turret Hill, Lamma, all large-sized quarries. In addition, it additzed Anderson Road's master plan. It is hoped that the Hong Kong examples so introduced are referred to in terms of institutional and technical considerations related to the nation's project for restoring quarries.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제101권4호
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• pp.558-566
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• 2012

이 연구는 채석장의 실태조사를 통하여 토석채취 후 합리적이고도 완벽한 복구를 실시하기 위한 기초 자료를 제공하기 위하여 전국의 18개 토석채취장을 대상으로 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 농어촌정비사업에 따른 토석 채취 후 산지복구지는 대부분 조경적 녹화가 이루어지고 있다. 또한 복구공사 후 유지관리가 이루어지지 않아 식재한 나무가 고사하거나 비탈면녹화가 제대로 되지 않아 여름철에는 강우에 의한 표층토양의 유실 및 붕괴로 이어지고, 복구녹화공사를 실시한 비탈면은 황폐화되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 자연친화적이고 완벽한 복구녹화공사를 실시하기 위해서는 비탈면녹화를 실시하기 전에 현장의 토질특성, 지질특성 등에 대해서 조사하고 그곳에 적합한 복구공법에 대하여 면밀히 검토해야 한다. 아울러 계획된 복구공법의 적용에 있어서도 복구비를 절감할 수 있는 공법의 적용이 필요하다. 조사 결과 토석채취지의 경우 토질이 토사질 또는 리핑암, 풍화토가 대부분으로 이러한 지역은 복구녹화가 완벽하게 이루어질 수 있는 조건이 되므로 여기에 적용하는 공법도 가능하면 간단하면서도 복구녹화가 충분히 될 수 있는 공법의 선정이 중요하다. 아울러 복구녹화계획 및 검토시에는 반드시 산지복구를 전공으로 하는 전문가의 의견을 청취함으로써 그 지역에 가장 적합한 복구녹화공법의 선정 및 완벽한 복구녹화가 가능하게 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.76-84
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• 2002

This report is the summary of case studies about four quarry rehabilitation and restoration works in France and Austria. In Europe, the rehabilitation program should be prepared before quarrying, and this program should be meet with the expectations of stakeholders (owners, neighbors and NGOs), and the requirements of ecological restoration and environmental protection of the government. This program integrates the concept of sustainable development as well as the often exceptional potential for enhancing ecological diversity offered by quarries. Subsequently, the long-term rehabilitation effort is coordinated as closely as possible with quarrying operations, and finally the site is shut down, all measures are taken to ensure the long-term future of the rehabilitated site. The coordinated restoration project applicable to sections where quarrying operations are still in progress confines the working area to keep the visual impact of the quarry to a minimum. The re-established sites offer such great ecological diversity that they were classified as special plant and wildlife ecological zones. Wide range of rehabilitation alternatives offer opportunities to combine environmental preservation goals with social benefits. The actions include agriculture/forestry, recreational/educational developments and other uses.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제105권2호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2016

국내 토석사업장 55개소의 채취 및 복구유형과 특성을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 토석사업장 인근 산림 현황으로는 혼효림, 평균 표고 300 m 이하, 평균경사도 $11{\sim}20^{\circ}$, 산복부가 가장 많이 나타났으며, 화강암을 기반으로한 지역과 산사태위험 1등급이 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 토석사업장의 허가기간으로는 6~10년, 허가면적 10 ha 이하, 채취량 100만 이하의 사업장이 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 쇄골재용 석재를 채취하는 사업장, 계단식 채석을 시행하는 사업장, 잔벽 경사로는 $61^{\circ}$ 이상인 사업장이 가장 많이 나타났다. 복구시 자력으로 복구한 사업장과 복구유형 중 비탈면 녹화형으로 복구한 사업장이 가장 많이 나타났으며, 복구지의 평탄지와 잔벽, 소단 면적이 각각 54.9:39.6:5.5의 비율로 나타났다. 토석사업장 복구면적과 각 인자와의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 채취량(유의성 1%), 허가면적, 잔벽 폭, 잔벽 높이(유의성 5%)가 정의 상관관계를 나타내었다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2002

Human activities greatly affect the environment causing its degradation. Urban development and road networks construction cause main impacts on ecosystems and particularly on vegetation cover: road constructions induce complete degradation of the vegetation cover and often leaves a hare land, sometimes without even a soil cover. Reconstitution of vegetation cover is necessary to limit superficial erosion and land slipping on the road, towards a reintegration of the site in the neighbouring landscape. Many approaches have been studied over the last 30 years aiming at this reconstitution of vegetation cover. At frost, the main purpose of land reclamation was to create a new ecosystem. At this time, the environment created was rather a "garden" with a new soil adapted to the plantation of "decorative" species. Then, in early 90′s many studies on the restoration ecology concept rather focused on adapting the vegetation to the existing conditions on the site, as in a side road embankment for example. Nowadays, we notice a large tendency towards the use of such adapted native species instead of industrially produced seeds. In southern France, our team have led research on the potentials of those local species for their use in revegetation processes with hydro-seeding. We therefore developed an approach combining the use of different types of species: Industrially produced, native and wild cultivated species. This method integrates the benefits of using available low costing seeds that are already used on large scale projects with better adapted species, issued form the cultivation of native species and seed production for their use on smaller scale and more costly but more effective results. The use of wild cultivated species seeds was developed in order to limit the cost and reduce harsh natural seed withdrawal in the natural environment In the case of the use of native species. Besides, the use of such seeds allowed a larger geographical scale of use than with local native seeds. In addition, our team began two years ago a research project in Lebanon aiming at the Introduction and development of the revegetation techniques in Lebanon. In fact, this country bared since 20 years the consequences of urban pressure on its environment especially by the development of quarries and road networks. Therefore, pioneer work is necessary to aim at the adaptation of these techniques to the local environment.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.211-222
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• 2011

익산 미륵사지 석탑은 백제 무왕대(639년)에 기초부가 조성되면서 창건된 것으로 알려져 왔다. 석탑의 주요 부재는 중생대 쥐라기에 생성된 미륵산의 중조립질 회백색 흑운모화강암으로서 조암광물은 석영, 장석, 흑운모, 백운모와 인회석 및 갈염석 등으로 구성되어 있다. 대부분의 부재는 비교적 강한 물성을 가지고 있으나 장기간 풍화를 거치면서 전체적인 내구성은 중간풍화(MW: $883kgf/cm^3$ 정도까지 약화되었다. 이 과정에서 부재의 강도에 영향을 주는 휨, 전단 및 압축력의 저하에 따라 절단(31%), 결실(57%), 균열(44%) 등의 손상이 발생하였다. 원부재는 보존처리를 통해 재사용율을 약 74%까지 높일 수 있으며, 일부 결실과 절단된 부재를 신석재로 성형할 부재가 약 55개 정도이다. 재사용이 거의 불가능한 26%의 외면석과 적심석 일부는 탑의 구조적 안정성을 유지하기 위해 신석재로의 대체가 불가피하다. 따라서 익산지역의 채석장을 중심으로 석탑과 동일한 암석을 탐색한 결과, 황등지역의 석재가 미륵사지 석탑의 원부재와 가장 유사하고 안정적인 물성을 보였다.