• 생물정신의학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.129-141
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• 2007

Objectives : Empathy has been conceptualized as the ability of emotional resonance and perspective-taking. Emotional awareness has been proposed as the basis of empathy. In this study we examined the relationship between empathy and mood awareness and their neural correlates in resting-state activity in normal controls and patients with schizophrenia. Methods : Empathy and mood awareness scale scores were compared between 29 patients with schizophrenia and 21 normal controls by voxel-based t-tests and voxel-based correlation analyses of resting-state $^{18}F$-FDG PET images. Results : Empathy and mood labeling scale scores were significantly decreased in schizophrenic patients. Mood monitoring was positively correlated with empathy score in normal controls, but not in schizophrenic patients. In normal controls, empathy was positively correlated with resting-state activities in the intraparietal sulcus and mood monitoring was positively correlated with the temporal pole, frontopolar cortex, inferior temporal gyrus, entorhinal cortex and the subgenual prefrontal cortex resting activities. The orbitofrontal cortex resting activity was positively correlated with mood monitoring-related subgenual prefrontal cortex activity in the normal controls. Patients with schizophrenia showed decreased orbitofrontal resting activity and loss of its correlations with mood monitoring-related regional activities. Conclusion : This study showed that alteration in the resting-state activity in schizophrenia may reflect dysfunctional empathy and distorted characteristic of emotional awareness. However, the resting-state activity may not reflect the relationship between emotional awareness and empathy.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.377-386
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• 2014

Objective: In this study, we used resting-state fMRI data to map differences in functional connectivity between a comprehensive set of 8 distinct cortical and subcortical brain regions in healthy controls and Internet addicts. We also investigated the relationship between resting state connectivity strength and the level of psychopathology (ex. score of internet addiction scale and score of Barratt impulsiveness scale). Background: There is a lot of evidence of relationship between Internet addiction and impaired inhibitory control. Clinical evidence suggests that Internet addicts have a high level of impulsivity as measured by behavioral task of response inhibition and a self report questionnaire. Method: 15 Internet addicts and 15 demographically similar non-addicts participated in the current resting-state fMRI experiment. For the connectivity analysis, regions of interests (ROIs) were defined based on the previous studies of addictions. Functional connectivity assessment for each subject was obtained by correlating time-series across the ROIs, resulting in $8{\times}8$ matrixs for each subject. Within-group, functional connectivity patterns were observed by entering the z maps of the ROIs of each subject into second-level one sample t test. Two sample t test was also performed to examine between group differences. Results: Between group, the analysis revealed that the connectivity in between the orbito frontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex, between orbito frontal cortex and putamen, between the orbito frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, between the insula and anterior cingulate cortex, and between amydgala and insula was significantly stronger in control group than in the Internet addicts, while the connectivity in between the orbito frontal cortex and insula showed stronger negative correlation in the Internet addicts relative to control group (p < 0.001, uncorrected). No significant relationship between functional connectivity strength and current degree of Internet addiction and degree of impulsitivy was seen. Conclusion: This study found that Internet addicts had declined connectivity strength in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and other regions (e.g., ACC, IPC, and insula) during resting-state. It may reflect deficits in the OFC function to process information from different area in the corticostriatal reward network. Application: The results might help to develop theoretical modeling of Internet addiction for Internet addiction discrimination.

• 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
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• 제9권11호
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• pp.265-272
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• 2020

뇌파를 이용한 Brain-computer interface (BCI) 연구에서는 다른 그룹보다 그 성능을 발휘하지 못하는 소위 BCI-illiteracy 그룹이라고 알려진 사용자 집단에 대한 이해와 처리가 중요하다. 본 연구는 사용자로부터 사전 휴지 상태의 뇌파 신호를 미리 측정하고 그 신호로부터 주파수 기반의 특징 변수를 생성하여 이를 피험자 개인의 특성 변수로 사용하고, 추정된 개인 특성 변수를 이용하여 이후 움직임 상상 패러다임이 적용된 BCI 시행의 성능과 어느 정도의 정량적 연관성을 가지며 이를 정확하게 예측할 수 있는지를 밝히고자 하였다. 결과에 대한 신뢰성을 높이기 위해서 검증된 공개 뇌파 데이터베이스를 활용하고 Convolution neural network 기반의 딥러닝 기법을 활용하여 이진 BCI 성능 계산을 실시하였으며 Lasso 정규화가 적용된 선형 회귀 분석을 통해서 각 특징 변수와의 예측 관련성을 조사하였다. 첫 번째로 휴지 상태 뇌파 모든 특징 변수들과 BCI 성능 간의 연관성을 파악하기 위해서 전통적인 통계 방법들을 적용하였고 이를 통해서 전두엽에서 측정된 뇌파 신호들의 13 Hz를 기준으로 이보다 낮은 주파수와 높은 주파수 파워 간의 비율이 BCI 성능 사이와 통계적 유의미한 높은 상관성이 가지고 있다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 근거로 상대 주파수 비율 값이 BCI 성능을 예측해볼 수 있는 좋은 지표 후보군으로 지정하였다. 두 번째로 Lasso를 이용한 회귀 분석을 통해서 휴식 상태의 상대 주파수 비율 변수를 이용하여 BCI 성능 사이에 최대 선형 계수 0.544 수준의 선형 관계를 찾을 수 있었으며, BCI 과제를 잘 시행할 수 있는 그룹과 못할 그룹을 AUC 0.817 수준으로 예측할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 각 사용자마다 측정된 휴지 상태의 뇌파로부터 앞으로 있을 BCI 성능을 예측할 수 있는 방법론 제시함으로써 일반인을 대상으로 좀 더 신뢰성 있고 응용 가능한 BCI 시스템 개발에 기여하고자 한다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.223-232
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• 2017

Purpose: To report the use of multiband accelerated echo-planar imaging (EPI) for resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) to achieve rapid high temporal resolution at 3T compared to conventional EPI. Materials and Methods: rs-fMRI data were acquired from 20 healthy right-handed volunteers by using three methods: conventional single-band gradient-echo EPI acquisition (Data 1), multiband gradient-echo EPI acquisition with 240 volumes (Data 2) and 480 volumes (Data 3). Temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR) maps were obtained by dividing the mean of the time course of each voxel by its temporal standard deviation. The resting-state sensorimotor network (SMN) and default mode network (DMN) were estimated using independent component analysis (ICA) and a seed-based method. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed between the tSNR map, SMN, and DMN from the three data sets for between-group analysis. P < 0.05 with a family-wise error (FWE) correction for multiple comparisons was considered statistically significant. Results: One-way ANOVA and post-hoc two-sample t-tests showed that the tSNR was higher in Data 1 than Data 2 and 3 in white matter structures such as the striatum and medial and superior longitudinal fasciculus. One-way ANOVA revealed no differences in SMN or DMN across the three data sets. Conclusion: Within the adapted metrics estimated under specific imaging conditions employed in this study, multiband accelerated EPI, which substantially reduced scan times, provides the same quality image of functional connectivity as rs-fMRI by using conventional EPI at 3T. Under employed imaging conditions, this technique shows strong potential for clinical acceptance and translation of rs-fMRI protocols with potential advantages in spatial and/or temporal resolution. However, further study is warranted to evaluate whether the current findings can be generalized in diverse settings.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2014

Objective : The subgenual cingulate cortex, a part of default-mode network, has been known to playa key role in the pathophysiology of depression. The previous studies have reported abnormal functional connectivity between the subgenual cingulate cortex and other brain regions in the patients with depression. The goal of this shldy was to explore the resting-state functional connectivity of the subgenual cingulate cortex between the patients with depression and healthy subjects. Methods : Twenty patients with major depression and age- and sex-matched 20 healthy subjects underwent 5-minute resting state fMRI scans. The functional connectivity map in each subject was acquired using seed-based correlation analysis with the seed located in the subgenual cingulate cortex (Talairach coordinates; x=-10, y=5, z=-10). The functional connectivity maps were calculated using AFNI and compared between the patient and healthy subject group via two-sample T-test using 3dttest++ in AFNI package. Results : Functional connectivity was decreased between the subgenual cingulate cortex and both sides of fusiform gyrus in depressed subjects. Connectivity was also decreased between the subgenual cingulate cortex and the left cerebellum in the patient group. There was no correlation between the severity of depression and the degree of functional connectivity between the subgenual cingulate cortex and the regions showing decreased functional connectivity. Conclusion : Decreased resting-state functional connectivity between the subgenual cingulate cortex and both sides of fusiform gyrus, and decreased connectivity between the subgenual cingulate cortex and the left cerebellum found in the patients with major depression in comparison to the healthy subjects might be related to abnormal emotional and cognitive processing of depressed patients.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2018

It has been suggested that aberrant self-referential processing (SRP) is one of the important components of the explanatory models of social anxiety disorder (SAD). The default mode network (DMN), which reflects intrinsic brain functions, is known to play a critical role in SRP. Recently, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research on the functional connectivity in the brain network has gained greater attention as a tool to elucidate the neurobiological basis of various psychiatric disorders. We reviewed resting state fMRI studies that investigated the resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the DMN in SAD. Despite of the heterogeneity of the analytic methods and occasional negative findings, most studies consistently reported abnormalities of RSFC within the DMN, suggesting that the DMN may be significant neural correlates of aberrant SRP in SAD. Also, changes in RSFC of the DMN are associated with clinical improvements of therapeutic interventions. Moreover, emerging findings provide the basis for potential use of RSFC as a complementary method in diagnosis of SAD. Ongoing and future research to investigate RSFC of the DMN could broaden our understanding regarding the neurobiological basis of SAD, and contribute to the development of novel treatments for SAD.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 1986

As patients on bed rest perform repeated Valsalva maneuver, it is necessary for them to prevent the-danger inherent in repeated Valsalva maneuver through intelligent rehabilitative nursing care. In this regard, it seems to be important to furnish a scientific rationale underlying rehabilitative nursing care. This study was undertaken to find the effects of repeated Valsalva maneuver upon circulation of nor-mal men. The subjects for this study were twenty normal and healthy college students of age from 19 to 26. For the first time, the ECG of standard 12 leads was recorded and the blood pressure was measured under the resting state. And the subjects performed Valsalva maneuver for 10 seconds, then expired air for 2 seconds. After the subjects carried out in this menner for 1 minute, the ECG and the blood pres-sure were recorded and measured again. The Changes of heartbeats, systolic and diastolic pressures after the practice of repeated Valsalva maneuver were compared with those of the letting state. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The heartbeats after the practice of repeated Valsalva maneuver generally increased but did not show statistical significance. 2. The systolic pressure measured after the practice of repeated Valsalva maneuver was higher than that of the resting state. 3. The diastolic pressure measured after the practice of repeated Valsalva maneuver was higher than that of the resting state.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.213-222
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• 2018

We investigated seasonal variations in the abundance of the adults and the resting eggs of copepods to understand the role of copepod resting eggs for maintaining their population inhabiting the coastal area of Dadaepo, Korea. Adults and resting eggs of copepods were collected bi-monthly with a conical net (45 cm mouth diameter, $330{\mu}m$ mesh size) and van Veen grab ($0.1m^2$ area), respectively, from October 2016 to September 2017. The species of resting eggs were identified using mtCOI gene. The mean abundance of copepods was highest in October ($3686{\pm}1190inds{\cdot}m^{-3}$) and lowest in January ($176{\pm}60inds{\cdot}m^{-3}$) with the dominance of Paracalanus parvus s.l.. Among copepod producing resting eggs, Acartia omorii and Centropages abdominalis were dominant. The mean abundance of resting eggs was the highest in July ($9148{\pm}6787eggs{\cdot}m^{-2}$) and the lowest in October ($530{\pm}348eggs{\cdot}m^{-2}$). Most of the collected resting eggs were identified as A. omorii's. The mean abundances of A. omorii adults and resting eggs were highest in July, and both abundances fluctuated in a similar pattern except in September. In September, A. omorii adults were observed in a state of low abundance, while their resting eggs occurred in a state of high abundance. These results suggest that A. omorii maintain their population by producing a large quantity of resting eggs, particularly diapause eggs, before the seawater temperature rises. These eggs would hatch and be newly recruited to their population when the environmental condition becomes favorable.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2017

Objectives It is well known that problem drinking is associated with alterations of brain structures and functions. Brain functions related to alcohol consumption can be determined by the resting state functional connectivity in various resting state networks (RSNs). This study aims to ascertain the alcohol effect on the structures forming predetermined RSNs by assessing their cortical thickness. Methods Twenty-six abstinent male patients with alcohol dependence and the same number of age-matched healthy control were recruited from an inpatient mental hospital and community. All participants underwent a 3T MRI scan. Averaged cortical thickness of areas constituting 7 RSNs were determined by using FreeSurfer with Yeo atlas derived from cortical parcellation estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. Results There were significant group differences of mean cortical thicknesses (Cohen's d, corrected p) in ventral attention (1.01, < 0.01), dorsal attention (0.93, 0.01), somatomotor (0.90, 0.01), and visual (0.88, 0.02) networks. We could not find significant group differences in the default mode network. There were also significant group differences of gray matter volumes corrected by head size across the all networks. However, there were no group differences of surface area in each network. Conclusions There are differences in degree and pattern of structural recovery after abstinence across areas forming RSNs. Considering the previous observation that group differences of functional connectivity were significant only in networks related to task-positive networks such as dorsal attention and cognitive control networks, we can explain recovery pattern of cognition and emotion related to the default mode network and the mechanisms for craving and relapse associated with task-positive networks.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.139-147
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate differences in brain activities when Neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) is used alone compare to NDT is combined with intradermal acupuncture (IDA) treatment, using functional infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) Methods Three children less than 7 year-old with cerebral palsy were participated. On their first visit, only NDT was used. After a week, they were treated with both NDT and IDA. During the treatment, fNIRS was used to measure any changes in their brain activities. Results In first patient with NDT, oxyhemoglobin level was increased during Standing exercise and Gait training compared to resting state. When the patient was treated with NDT and IDA, oxyhemoglobin level was decreased during Standing exercise and Gait training compared to resting state, and the result was significant (p<0.05). In second patient, oxyhemoglobin level was decreased in Gait training compared to resting state when NDT was used, but the level was increased when NDT and IDA were used in Gait training compared to resting state (p<0.05). In third patient, the difference in oxyhemoglobin levels between Gait training and resting state was significant (p<0.05). Conclusions Treatment involving both NDT and IDA has more potential to improve brain activities compared to that of NDT alone, and no adverse effect was reported. In order to confirm the finding, larger scale randomized controlled trials are needed.