• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.104 no.4
• /
• pp.632-639
• /
• 2015

Working in the forest would require a wide range of skills and experience for specific tasks which involve with a high level of risks to worker's safety. However, there has been a concern on the current standard wage system for forest workers because it does not effectively reflect the characteristics of typical working conditions in the forest. In addition, the current standard wages for forestry workers was estimated based on the construction industry's wage system. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess a current wage system through the mail survey method and to develop a new wage system for forest worker which effectively reflects skill sets and experience required for successful completion of the work in the forest. We mailed the survey questionnaire consisting of 19 questions to 659 forest workers and received 188 responses resulting in a 28.5% response rate. The results showed that the current average optimal wages of forest worker, special worker and feller were 97,680won/day, 127,559won/day and 152,403won/day, respectively though there were variations depending on the regions. In developing the new standard wage system, this study suggest the current work types(worker, special worker and feller) could be divided into 5 work types (forest-environment workers, forest operations in beginner, forest operations in intermediate, forest operations in advanced and forest equipment operator) reflecting specialty of forest operation thereby stabilizing the new wage system for forest workers.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.5-16
• /
• 1992

The maternal and child health is a basis of national health, and indicates the level of social welfare and health of the country, because it is related with community welfare status, general cultural conditions, and medical and health sciences. This is a study carried out to identify the present practices of maternal and child health care programs implemented by the private clinics located in Guns(counties ; rural area) in Kyungsangnam Province and to propose alternatives to improve their current programs through a self-administrative questionnaire. The subjects were 90 private physicians who operated their own clinics since 1990 and were general practitioners, Obstertrician/Gynecologists or pediatricians: This survey was conducted by mail from 15 January to 25 February 1992. The response rate was 94.4 percent. 1) The major manpower for MCH programs of the studied clinics was physicians and nurseaids. 70.3% of physicians were general practitioners, 81.1% of nursing manpower were nurseaids. 31.1% of the studied clinics employed lab-technicians. 89.2% of them had MCH room whatever the size and the setting, and 84.4% of Ob/Gyn clinics installed laboratory equipments. 2) 55.4% and 63.5% of the studied clinics provided 151 or above consulting services and curative services of MCH per physician a month respectively and 33.8% and 25.7% of them provided 10 or less consulting services and curative services per physician a month. 91.9% of lab-technicians had 10 or less laboratory tests per technician a month. 3) There was a difference between Ob/Gyn and pediatric clinics in terms of services delivered : for example, 80% of Ob/Gyn clinics provided pre- and post- natal care services, while 84.6% of pediatric clinics provided vaccinations for children. It was also found that only a few of general practitioners involved pre-and post- natal care services. 4) There were no clinics which had opened regular health education session but 24.3% of them had opened the sessions irregularly. Ob/Gyn clinics put emphasis on maternity and pediatric clinics did on child health, but general practitioners touched with both maternal and child health. 21.6% of the studied clinics had some kind of educational materials for MCH programs. Most of the materials were pamphlets or small booklets. 5) Proteinuria/glucosuria, blood pressure and blood type were tested in 48.6~69% of the studied clinics ; tests for blood sugar and hepatitis B were provided in 39.2~41.9% of them, most of them were done in Ob/Gyn clinics. 6) 41.9% of physicians, 29.7% of nurses and 45.9% of nurses-aids wanted to receive on-job-training for MCH programs.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2001

Objective : To broaden understanding about relationship between Meridian Tendino-musculature and muscles in a lumbar area and to evaluate the effect of Meridian Tendino-musculature acupuncture and release therapy on acute lumbar sprain. Materials and Methods : From Oct. 1st, 2000 to Mar. 31th, 2001, 692 outpatient's chart of Kyung Won University Hospital were reviewed. Out of them, 39 outpatients were selected. they had low back pain, were diagnosed with acute lumbar sprain, showed only straightened curvature on lateral view of lumbar spine X-ray and get the Tendino-musculature acupuncture and release therapy. Results : 1. On patients' first visit, 72% had GrIII and Gr.IV predominantly. 2. Major muscles related with low back pain were divided into two groups. One was Quadratus lumborum group and the other was Rectus abdominis group. In the correlation with Meridian Tendino-musculature, the former was mainly related with Chok-taeyang(B) and slightly related with Chok-soyang(G), Chok-taeum(SP), the latter was mainly related with Chok-taeyum(SP), Chok-yangmyong(S) and slightly related with Chok-taeyang(B), Chok-soyang(G). 3. In the evaluation of treatment effect, Exellent was 27(69%), Good was 10(6%), Fair was 2(5%) and Bad was 0(0%). Fair rate reached 100% eventually. 4. Most of Gr.Ⅲ, Gr.Ⅳ patients who had severe conditions that almost every R.O.M. was limited and Milgram test positive was shown on the physical examination, were fully recovered and lived normal daily life without admission by Meridian Tendino-musculature acupuncture and release therapy within 3 to 5, 4 to 7 days, respectively, since they had started to get their outpatient treatment. 5. Two patients was troubled with pain induced, by twitching response and acupuncure stimuli, which lasted around acupunctured muscle for about a day after treatment, so they coudn't endure the pain and quitted treatment in spite of Fair condition. conclusion : Meridian Tendino-musculature acupuncture and release therapy was found to be helpful to patients who wish to recover from their back pain induced by acute lumbar sprain as soon as possible, but the treatment actually had some problems to be overcome such as pain during or after the treatment. therefor, in order to make this treatment method more available, we should pay more attention to improving treatment appliance and acupuncture technique.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
• /
• v.37 no.8
• /
• pp.28-34
• /
• 2000

Pyroelectric properties of the $Pb(Zr_{0.9}Ti_{0.1})O_3$ ceramics having the rhombohedral structure have been studied by using the dynamic measurement method. The pyroelectric responses of the $Pb(Zr_{0.9}Ti_{0.1})O_3$ ceramics are characterized in both low and high medulation frequency regions and their frequency depences are observed. In the low frequency region (2~200Hz), the change of polarization increases and shows the maximum since the reorientation rate of domains is higher than the modulation frequency. Inthe high frequency region (200~2000Hz), the pyroelectrci response decreases as the frequency increases, because the reorientation of domains is suppressed and so the change of polarization decreases. Pyroelectric coefficient, figure of merit, noise equivalent power and detectivity of the $Pb(Zr_{0.9}Ti_{0.1})O_3$ ceramics are measured as $1.6{\times}10^{-8}C/cm^2{\cdot},\;1.6{\times}10^{-11}C{\cdot}cm/J,\;2.4{\times}10^{-7}W/Hz^{1/2}\;and\;4.17{\times}10^6cm{\cdot}Hz^{1/2}/W$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.109-118
• /
• 1999

The need for and components of a contemporary community pharmacy externship for pharmacy students have not been clearly identified in Korea. Mail survey was performed among 20 college of pharmacy deans and 800 community pharmacists to analyze the current status and develop a consensus regarding major focus area and criteria of community pharmacy externship to be implemented under the separation of dispensary from medical practice in year 2000. Mail survey yielded $80\%\;and\;23.5\%$ response rate for pharmacy school deans and community pharmacists, respectively. Of the 16 pharmacy schools that responded 14 said they have externship program in hospital pharmacy, and only 8 pharmacy schools responded of having externship program for community pharmacy. However, these community pharmacy programs lacked criteria and standard guideline for the externship. The results of survey revealed that community pharmacy externship program for students should be organized and directed toward developing expert knowledge and skills in pharmacy practice activities, clinical services, communications, pharmacy management, and professionalism. Pharmacy practice components should include competencies and skills in computer application, prescription processing, dispensing, pharmaceutical compounding, Narcotics Control Law application, maintenance and provision of drug information, and laws and regulations. Clinical service components should include the ability to identify patient's drug-related problems, provide long-term patient care and appreciate drug therapy services. Communication skills should be taught to effectively express his/her professional opinion, deduce the needs of others, utilize appropriate techniques and media to communicate ideas and conduct a patient interview and to obtain patient drug history. Pharmacy management skills should be taught to be efficient in medical insurance and drug control process. It was found that professionalism, morality, pharmacy practice experience, ability to provide clinical services, collect and provide drug information and regality are important criteria of preceptors. Externship sites should possess the ability to stock various drugs, access and provide diverse pharmacy services and should have private patient counseling area. Most pharmacists agreed that top 200 drugs' generic and brand name, indications, dosage, side effects, and contraindication should be instructed during the externship. It was also found that student and preceptor should be evaluated for their performances during the externship. This information will be incorporated into teaming objectives for students and to develop Academic Extemship Program Guidelines.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.555-564
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the bioresorbability of Calcium Polyphosphate added with $Na_2O$ and chitosan. Though calcium phosphate ceramics meet some of the needs for bone replacement, they have some limitation of unresorbability and fibrous encapsulation without direct bone apposition during bone remodelling. To solve these problem, we developed a new ceramic, calcium polyphosphate(CPP), and report the biologic response to CPP in extraction sites of beagle dog. Porous CPP granules were prepared by condensation of anhydrous $Ca(H_2PO_4)_2$ to form non-crystalline $Ca(PO_3)_2$. CPP granules added with $Na_2O$ and chitosan were implanted in extraction sockets and histologic observation were performed at 12 weeks later. Histologic observation at 12 weeks revealed that CPP matrix were mingled with and directly apposed to new bone without any intervention of fibrous connective tissue. CPP granules added with chitosan were well adatped without any adverse tissue reaction and resorbed slowly and spontaneously. CPP granules added with $Na_2O$ and chitosan show multinucleated giant cells and osteoblast-like cells around grafted material and newly formed bone. This result revealed that CPP, regardless of its additive component, had a high affinity for bone and had been resorbed slowly. From this results, it was suggested that CPP is promising ceramic as a bone substitute and addition of $Na_2O$ and chitosan help biodegradation. In further study , it will be determined which concentration of $Na_2O$ help biodegradation and the other additive components increase the degradation rate.

• Carbon letters
• /
• v.23
• /
• pp.38-47
• /
• 2017

In this study, magnetite ($Fe_3O_4$) nanoparticles were electrochemically synthesized in an aqueous electrolyte at a given potential of -1.3 V for 180 s. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that dendrite-like $Fe_3O_4$ nanoparticles with a mean size of < 80 nm were electrodeposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The $Fe_3O_4/GCE$ was utilized for sensing chloramphenicol (CAP) by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. A reduction peak of CAP at the $Fe_3O_4/GCE$ was observed at 0.62 V, whereas the uncoated GCE exhibited a very small response compared to that of the $Fe_3O_4/GCE$. The electrocatalytic ability of $Fe_3O_4$ was mainly attributed to the formation of Fe(VI) during the anodic scan, and its reduction to Fe(III) on the cathodic scan facilitated the sensing of CAP. The effects of pH and scan rate were measured to determine the optimum conditions at which the $Fe_3O_4/GCE$ exhibited the highest sensitivity with a lower detection limit. The reduction current for CAP was proportional to its concentration under optimized conditions in a range of $0.09-47{\mu}M$ with a correlation coefficient of 0.9919 and a limit of detection of $0.09{\mu}M$ (S/N=3). Moreover, the fabricated sensor exhibited anti-interference ability towards 4-nitrophenol, thiamphenicol, and 4-nitrobenzamide. The developed electrochemical sensor is a cost effective, reliable, and straightforward approach for the electrochemical determination of CAP in real time applications.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.187-196
• /
• 2005

Since the allowable bearing capacities of piles in weathered/fractured rock are mainly governed by settlement, the load-displacement behavior of pile should be known accurately. To predict pile head settlement at the design stage, the exact understanding of the load-transfer mechanisms is essential. Therefore, in this research, the load-transfer mechanism of drilled shaft socketed into weathered rock was investigated. For the investigation, five cast-in-place concrete piles with diameters of 1,000 mm were socketed into weathered gneiss. The static axial load tests and the load-transfer measurements were performed to examine the axial resistant behavior of the piles. A comprehensive field/laboratory testing program on weathered rock at the Held test sites was also performed to describe the in situ rock mass conditions quantitatively. And then, the effect of rock mass condition on the load transfer mechanism was investigated. The f-w (side shear resistance-displacement) curve of the pile in moderately weathered rock reached to yielding point at a for millimeter displacements, and after yielding point, the rate of resistance increment dramatically decreased. However, the f-w curve in the highly/completely weathered rock did not show the obvious yielding point, and the resistance gradually increased showing the hyperbolic pattern until relatively high displacement (>15 mm). The q-w (end bearing resistance-displacement) curves showed linear response at least until the base displacement of approximately 10 mm, regardless of rock mass conditions.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 2006

This study is performed both for notification of knowledge level about water fluoridation program for residents of Haeundae, Busan and for finding out the purpose of solving methods of problems which could appeared in water fluoridation program, it has resulted by the survey of 460 Haeundae citizens from August 5, 2005 thru 20th of same month. 1. The drinking water for Haeundae Residents is occupied of 42.8% of the purified water and 31.3% of public tap water, among these, the cooking water is consist of 48.3% of the tap water and 35.4% of the purified water. 2. 35.7% of participants has already known about the water fluoridation program, but 42.0% hasn't, 22.4% were no answer. 3. For the question why water fluoridation program has done 42.0% answered for caries prevention, 32.3% for disinfection of tap water and 15.0% for tap water purification. 4. For water fluoridation program, 78.0% approved and 22.0% disapproved, among reasons 51.0% of approvals were caries prevention and 38.6% of disapproval were that fluorine can be harmful for the human body. 5. There is a fact that fluorine is contained in food, beverage, water, and air, only 21.3% has notified that fact, on the other hand 78.7% hasn't, among teens, 93.5% doesn't know the fluorine containing facts. 6. In the safety notification rate of water fluoridation program, 39.3% notifies it safe, 55.7% showed unknown response, and the speech 28.3% may be the best way to notify it.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.865-878
• /
• 1999

With advances in neonatal medicine, smaller and sicker infants are surviving premature birth. As these tiny patients battle for their lives, their parents also struggle with psychological consequences of an unexpected role. The birth of a sick infants has long been documented as stressful events for the parents. High stress levels may alter parents' interaction with their baby and impair their communication with health professionals, which can in turn affect parents' participation in care planning and decision making. Nursing interventions aimed at reducing the parental stress and anxiety levels during this crisis may have a positive impact on their ability to form an attatchment to their baby and make prudent decisions about his care. The planning of such interventions would be inhanced if the contributions of various factors to increased parental stress levels were identified. This descriptive study was conducted to understand the contents and degree of parental stress in the NICU during their premature's hospitalization, and to give a baseline data in developing nursing intervention program. Subjects were the 60 mother of hospitalized newborn in NICU of 2 University Hospital in Taejon City from April 1st, 1999 to June 30th, 1999, who agreed to take part in this study. The instrument used in this study were Parental Stressor Scales:NICU(PSS:NICU) developed by Miles et al.. and validated by 3 NICU practitioners and 3 child health nursing faculties. The questionnaire has 4 dimensions and 45 items; sight and sounds of NICU(5 items), babies' appearance and behavior nursing intervention(19 items), parental role alteration and relationship with their baby(10 items), health team communication(11 items). The questionnaire asks parents to rate each item on a five-point Likert type scale that ranges from "not stressful" (1) to "extremely stressfu1"(5). Total scores representing overall stress from the NICU environment are calculated by summing response to each item. A high score indicates high stress. A subscale score is calculated by summing the responses to each item in the subscale. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficients were .93. The data was analyzed as average, Frequency, Standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient by use of SPSS/PC+. The results of this study is summarized as follows ; 1. The total perceived stress level score of mothers of premature baby was slightly high($3.66{\pm}1.1$). The highest scored dimension was 'relationship with their baby and parental role change'($4.21{\pm}0.9$), and next were 'appearance and behavior of the baby'($3.92{\pm}1.1$), 'communication with health team'($3.32{\pm}1.3$), 'sight and sounds of NICU'($3.30{\pm}1.1$). 2. There were statistically significant correlation noted ; mother's perceived severity of the baby's condition(F=8.0012, P= .0125) and baby's gestational age(r = -.4724, P = .0500). In summary, information about physical environment of NICU, the mother's perceived severity of premature baby's state, maternal role change related variables and the knowledge of characteristics of premature baby must be included in nursing intervention program of mother's of premature baby in reducing the parental stress and anxiety level. It is suggested that each NICU needs to develop a nurse managed supportive care program for parents of premature baby. Also, it is suggested that there need to investigate the coping mechanism of mother of premature baby.