• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.230-238
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• 2013

Objectives: For our survey of the incidence of influenza viruses among respiratory viral infections in Seoul, we evaluated their prevalence among infectious acute respiratory viral patients in Seoul from 2010 to 2012 through regular surveillance. Methods: For influenza virus detection, we conducted real-time PCR analyses on 2,544 throat specimens collected from patients with respiratory viral infections in Seoul between 2010 and 2012. They were collected and then tested for the presence of influenza viruses through reverse transcription (RT) - polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: 19.1% (486/2,544) of the throat specimens were determined to be positive for influenza viruses. The incidences of influenza viral infection in the case of respiratory viral infections through regular surveillance in Seoul were 23.0% (212/923) in 2010, 6.4% (47/738) in 2011, and 25.7% (227/883) in 2012, and 10.8% (275/2,544) of type A, and 8.3% (211/2,544) type B influenza viruses. In addition, the greatest prevalence was in the 20-49 age group (51.6% ), which shows that influenza viruses constituted a major causative agent of acute respiratory viral infections. Conclusions: The distributions of influenza viruses and the epidemiologic patterns of the viral pathogen in acute respiratory viral infectious patients may provide potentially effective data for epidemiological studies in Seoul, Korea.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.488-493
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate spirometric lung pattern, respiratory function and degree of fatigue by lung function tests and fatigue tests of 39 elderly people in a care facility aged 65 and over. The respiratory function tests were used to the Spirovit SP-1 and fatigue tests were used modified Piper fatigue scale(mPFS). Regarding the respiratory function, the FVC was $1.41{\pm}0.36$l, the FVC % predicted was $69.10{\pm}14.98$%, the $FEV_1$ was $1.02{\pm}0.31$l, the $FEV_1$ % predicted was $63.27{\pm}16.05$%, the $FEV_1$/FVC was $72.77{\pm}13.40$%, and the fatigue score was $5.83{\pm}1.09$. As for the spirometric lung pattern, 19 patients had a restrictive pattern(48.7%), followed by 11 with a mixed pattern(28.2%), 5 with an obstructive pattern( 12.8%), and 4 with a normal pattern(10.3%). Regarding the respiratory function and fatigue by spirometric lung pattern, the FVC and the FVC % predicted of patients with a normal pattern or an obstructive pattern were greater than other groups at a statistically significant level. As for the $FEV_1$, that of patients with a normal pattern was significantly higher than others, and for the $FEV_1$ % predicted, that of patients with a normal pattern or a restrictive pattern was significantly higher(p<.001). Fatigue score by patients with a normal pattern was significantly less than patients of other patterns(p<.001). Therefore, pulmonary physical therapy is considered necessary to improve respiratory function and fatigue degradation of elderly in a facility.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 1964

The present paper deals with the comparative study on phylogenic difference in the patterns of energy metabolism of brain slices of several vertebrate species by measuring oxygen consumptionwith glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or glutamate as respiratory substrate employing Warburg's manometric method, by determination of the utilization rate of glucose using glucose-1-C14 by analyzing patterns of free amino acid distribution , and by histochemical determination using glucose-1-C14 by analyzing patterns of free amino acid distribution acid distribution , and by histochemical determination of glycogen contents. 1. Glucose enhances the oxygen consumption of brain slices of animals belinging to reptile, aves and mammalia while it shows a tendency to decrease that of animals belonging to pisces and amphibia. 2. Glucose-6--phosphate increase oxygen consumption more than glucose in every species examined, while glucose-1-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate increase that of Rana nigromaculata only . In general m, it appears that phosphosugars are more effective as a respiratory substrate to those species which have less endogenous respiration than to those having larger endogenous respiration. 3. Similar patterns of free amino acid distribution and the relative amount are found among the species and in every species examined glutamic acid is detected in the larges amount . ${\gamma}$-Amino butyric acid, glycine, alanine and aspartic acid are found in every species. 4. Ophicephalus showed less oxygen consumption than endogenous respiration when glutamate was added to the medium. When sodium fluoride was added, the oxygen consumption was some what increased . Such phenomenon wasnot found in the frog. 5. The result of histochemcial analysis of the brain showed that glycogen was abundantly present in the fish , amphibia , and especially in the reptile and that no distinctive grains of glycogen were found in the bird and mammal . From these facts, it may be supposed that anaerobic glycolysis as energy source dominates in fish and amphibia and aerobic respiration through the oxidation of glucose dominates in bird and mamal , the reptile occupying transitional position between these two categories. The way of obtaining energy for brain activity by the oxidation of glucose supplied from the circulating blood is seemed to be first acquired by reptile and the function is completed both in aves and mammal.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.63-66
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• 2011

It has been controversial whether upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) is a distinct syndrome or not since it was reported in 1993. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders classified UARS under obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in 2005. UARS can be diagnosed when the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is fewer than 5 events per hour, the simultaneously calculated respiratory disturbance index (RDI) is more than 5 events per hour due to abnormal non-apneic non-hypopneic respiratory events accompanying respiratory effort related arousals (RERAs), and oxygen saturation is greater than 92% at termination of an abnormal breathing event. Although esophageal pressure measurement remains the gold standard for detecting subtle breathing abnormality other than hypopnea and apnea, nasal pressure transducer has been most commonly used. RERAs include phase A2 of cyclical alternating patterns (CAPs) associated with EEG changes. Symptoms of OSAS can overlap with UARS, but chronic insomnia tends to be more common in UARS than in OSAS and clinical symptoms similar with functional somatic syndrome are also more common in UARS. In this journal, diagnostic and clinical differences between UARS and OSAS are reviewed.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.187-192
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• 2008

This purpose of this study is to figure out the inter-relationship between the residence stories in high-rise mixed-use apartments and their residents' disease patterns throughout the dweller's medical reports in high-rise mixed-use apartments. Research basic data are obtained from medical fee request of National Health Insurance Corportion. Data are limited a housing complex to 'A' high-rise mixed-use apartment and a medical treatment time to 3 years(2004-2006). Analysis data of total 346,286 medical records, 43,159 disease records, and 8,999 persons are collected. By analyzing those data, findings are as follows: 1) Women is more medical treatments than men, 40-50 age group is more treated, and the residents of 6-25 stories are more received medical treatments. Diseases of the respiratory system and diseases of the eye and adnexa are relatively treated higher than other diseases. 2) The diseases of the respiratory system, the eye and adnexa, the skin and subcutaneous tissue, the ear and mastoid process), and the asthma have not relation to the high-storied residence through the data of disease records and personal records. But the analysis on the data of children, 7 ages and less, is showed a significant relation. And to conclude, there is no relationship between the residence of high-stories in that apartment and dwellers' disease patterns, but there is a little probable to the relationship in the pre-school child.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 2020

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify individual and institutional factors associated with the prescription of systemic steroids in patients with acute respiratory infections and to investigate the role of a policy measure aimed to reduce inappropriate prescriptions. Methods: We used data from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort from 2006 to 2015 and focused on episodes of acute respiratory infection. Descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to identify individual-level and institution-level factors associated with the prescription of systemic steroids. In addition, steroid prescription rates were compared with antibiotic prescription rates to assess their serial trends in relation to Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) Prescription Appropriateness Evaluation policy. Results: Among a total of 9 460 552 episodes of respiratory infection, the steroid prescription rate was 6.8%. Defined daily doses/1000 persons/d of steroid increased gradually until 2009, but rose sharply since 2010. The steroid prescription rate was higher among ear, nose and throat specialties (13.0%) than other specialties, and in hospitals (8.0%) than in tertiary hospitals (3.0%) and other types of institutions. Following a prolonged reduction in the steroid prescription rate, this rate increased since the HIRA Prescription Appropriateness Evaluation dropped steroids from its list of evaluation items in 2009. Such a trend reversal was not observed for the prescription rate of antibiotics, which continue to be on the HIRA Prescription Appropriateness Evaluation list. Conclusions: Specialty and type of institution are important correlates of steroid prescriptions in cases of acute respiratory infection. Steroid prescriptions can also be influenced by policy measures, such as the HIRA Prescription Appropriateness Evaluation policy.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.16-23
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects postural changes on respiratory muscles and acoustic parameters of the children with spastic cerebral palsy. Nine children with spastic cerebral palsy who required assistance when walking were selected. The ages of the children ranged from 6 to 9 years old. The phonation of the sustained vowel /a/ and the voice qualities of each child such as fundamental frequency($F_0$; Hz), pitch variation (Jitter; %), amplitude variation (Shimmer; %) and noise to harmonic ratio (NHR) were analyzed by Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP). The muscle activity of three major respiratory muscles: pectoralis major muscle, upper trapezius muscle and rectus abdorminalis muscle, were measured by examining the root mean square (RMS) of the surface EMG to investigate the impact of changes in the adjusted sitting posture of each subject. However, the RMS of pectoralis major muscle showed a significant differences (p<.05). Secondly, there were no significant differences in $F_0$, Jitter and Shimmer between pre and post posture change, but there was a significant difference in NHR (p<.05). The data were collected in each individual; once prior and once after the sitting posture change. The data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed ranks-test using SPSS version 14.0 for Windows. The findings of this study were as follows; Firstly, the RMS of upper trapezius and rectus abdorminalis muscle were not significant different between pre and post sitting posture changes. From the result, it is concluded that changes in the adjusted sitting posture decreases the abnormal respiratory patterns in the children with spastic cerebral palsy which is characterized by the hyperactivity of the respiratory muscles in breathing. Also, there is increased on the voice qualities in children with spastic cerebral palsy.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.259-268
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• 1998

It has been reported that among mushroom farmers, respiratory diseases such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be developed by inhalation of mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) spores. For the evaluation of respiratory symptoms among mushroom farmers, a questionnaire was made. The Questionnaire included general characteristics, past occupational histories, durations of the mushroom cultivation and characteristics of the symptoms. Following the questionnaire we interviewed the 72 mushroom farmers (12 males, 10 females) from Kyungbuk Province. We also examined white blood counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, eosinophil counts and total IgE counts for the 5 farmers. The results obtained are as follows. 1. The mean age among the 22 mushroom farmers was 46.9 years, and the mean duration of cultivation was 7.5 years. 2. Among the 22 mushroom farmers. 18 farmers (81.8 %) suffered from respiratory symptoms at work. The main symptom was coughing (100.0%), followed by chilling sensation (50.0 %), sputum (38.9 %) and sore throat (27.8 %). 3. Coughing and other associated symptoms occurred during work and disappeared after work or several days later when the exposure had been stopped. 4. Total IgE counts were elevated in all farmers examined the test. With above results, the respiratory symptoms that developed among mushroom farmers were typical patterns of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Epidemiological studies and preventive measures for mushroom farmers should be established.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.77-83
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• 2021

PURPOSE: This study examined the changes in the respiratory function when PNF chopping and lifting patterns were used in chronic stroke patients METHOD: The subjects were 30 patients diagnosed with chronic stroke. The respiratory function (FVC, FEV₁, and FEV₁/FVC) were measured by spirometry. Thirty subjects were divided randomly into an experimental group to which 15 PNF chopping and lifting were applied and a control group to which chest breathing exercise was performed. The intervention was conducted three times a week for six 6 weeks. To examine the effects of intervention, the pre- and post-intervention values for each group were compared using a paired t-test. An independent t-test was used to compare the differences in the values of changes pre- and post-intervention in the two groups. Statistical significance was set to .05. RESULTS: Satistically significant differences in FVC and FEV₁ were observed in both the experimental group and control group according to the intervention (p < .05). A statistically significant difference was found in FVC and FEV₁ compared to values of changes pre- and post-intervnetion between the experimental and control groups. There was no difference in FEV₁/FVC. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that PNF chopping and lifting can be applied as an excellent respiratory intervention program compared to general chest breathing exercises to improve respiratory function in stroke patients.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2023

Objective : To investigate the effects of thorax mobility exercises on thorax mobility, breathing pattern, and respiratory capacity in subjects with restricted thorax mobility. Methods : Thirteen subjects with restricted thorax mobility participated in this study. Measurement of thorax circumference using a tape measure (difference between inhalation and exhalation), breathing pattern (distance of rib cage elevation during breathing), and respiratory capacity was performed. Paired t-test was used to compare the thorax mobility, breathing pattern, and respiratory capacity between before and after thorax mobility excercise. Statiscal significance was set at .05. Results : There were significant differences in thorax mobility and breathing pattern, but no significant difference in respiratory capacity (p < .05). Conclusion : Based on the results of this study, thorax mobility exercise using the rib mobilization technique is considered to be a method that can improve thorax mobility and normalize abnormal breathing patterns that cause rib cage elevation.