• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.206-214
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• 2020

This study examined the correlation between the respiratory pattern change (RPC) and abdominal mobility (AM) according to the positive result of the subjective lumbar instability factor (SLIF) in people with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Thirty-six adults with CLBP participated in this study. Twenty-eight items of the SLIFs were examined, and the subjects were divided into three groups according to the positive response numbers (PRN). After the change lists were scored, three RPC scores [costo-diaphragmatic RPC (CDRPC), breath hold change (BHC), and total RPC (TRPC)] were obtained. The abdominal mobility (AM) was measured between the maximal inspiration and exhalation at the xiphoid (AM1) and the 10^th rib (AM2) level of the trunk. The results showed that the RPC score and AM were compared according to the positive response number of SLIF, and the relationship between them was analyzed. A positive correlation was observed between the SLIF positive response number and CDRPC score, BHC score, and total RPC score, and a negative correlation was observed between the SLIFs positive response number and AM1 and AM2. Based on the results of this study, the combination of SLIF positive responses can be a predictor of non-physiological respiratory pattern changes in people with CLBP. Clinically, this prediction is expected to help save time for screening and improve the efficiency of therapy.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to investigate the difference of ITV lengths and ITVs between 4DCT and Slow-CT images according to respiratory patterns using a respiratory motion phantom. The respiratory periods 1~4 s and target motion 1~3 cm were applied on each respiratory pattern. 4DCT and Slow-CT images were acquired for 3 times. 4DCT and Slow-CT ITVs were measured with contouring the target in the Eclipse RTP system. The measured ITV lenghts and ITVs in 4DCT and Slow-CT images were compared to the known values. For the ITV lengths and ITVs in the 4DCT, the difference of them were reduced as the respiratory period is longer and target motion is shorter. For the Slow-CT, there was same tendency with change in 4DCT ITV lengths and ITVs about target motion. However, the difference of ITV lengths and ITVs for the respiratory periods were the lowest in respiratory period 1 second and different slightly within respiratory period 2-4 seconds. According to the respiratory patterns, pattern A had the highest reproducibility. Pattern B, C and D were showed the difference similar to each other. However, for pattern E, the reproducibility was the lowest compared with other four patterns. The difference of ITV lengths and ITVs between Slow-CT and 4DCT was increased by increasing the respiratory periods and target motion for all respiratory patterns. When the difference of Slow-CT ITV lengths and ITVs were compared with that of 4DCT ITV lengths and ITVs, Slow-CT ITV lengths and ITVs were approximately 22 % smaller than 4DCT, and the representations of target were different in each pattern. In case of pattern A, B and C, length difference was 3 mm at S (superior) and I (inferior) direction, and the length difference of pattern D was 1.45 cm at only "I" direction whereas the length difference of pattern E was 5 mm longer in "S" direction than "I" direction. Therefore, the margin in SI directions should be determined by considering the respiratory patterns when the margin of Slow-CT is compensated for 4DCT ITV lengths. Afterward, we think that the result of this study will be useful to analyze the ITV lengths and ITVs from the CT images on the basis of the patient respiratory signals.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.485-489
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• 2002

In this study. respiratory efforts were monitored by the change of pulse transit time (PTT) which is related with the arterial pressure PTT is the time interval between the peak of R wave in ECG and the maximal slope point of photoplethysmogram(PPG). Biosignals, ECG and finger photoplethysmogram(PPG), were converted to digital data, and PTT was evaluated in personal computer with every heart beat. Results were presented as a graph using spline interpolation. The software was implemented in C$\^$++/ as a window-based application program. PTT was periodically changed according to airflow in resting respiration. In the resting respiration, PTT was changed according to the respiratory cycle. The amplitude of PTT fluctuation was increased by deep respiration, and increased by partial airway obstruction. These results suggest that PTT is responsible to respiratory effort which could be evaluated by the pattern of PTT change. And it is expected that PTT could be applied in the monitoring of respiratory effort by noninvasive methods, and is very useful method for the evaluation of respiratory distress.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.328-336
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cervical range of motion training on the change in respiratory function growth rate at the group and individual level in stroke patients and stroke patients with tracheostomy tube. Design: A Multilevel Growth Model Methods: 8 general stroke patients and 6 stroke patients who had a tracheostomy tube inserted were subjected to cervical range of motion training 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Force vital capacity (FVC), Forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), Forced expiration ratio (FEV1/FVC) and Manual assist peak cough flow (MPCF) were measured. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multilevel analysis with HLM 8.0. Results: A significant difference was found in the respiratory function analysis growth rate of the entire group (p<0.05), and two groups were added to the research model. The linear growth rate of respiratory function in patients with general stroke increased with the exception of FEV1/FVC (p<0.05). Stroke patients with tracheostomy tube showed a decreasing pattern except for FVC. In particular, MPCF showed a significantly decreased result (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study found that the maintenance of improved respiratory function in stroke patients with tracheostomy tube decreased over time. However, cervical range of motion training is still a useful method for respiratory function in general stroke patients and stroke patients with tracheostomy tube.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2020

An infant's sleep varies considerably from that of adults in terms of structure, amount, and breathing pattern. After birth, sleep becomes evenly distributed throughout the day and night. Nighttime sleep gradually increases with the maturation of circadian rhythm, and sleep is gradually consolidated. Electroencephalography characteristics change with age, from early and dominant active (REM) sleep in newborns to increasing NREM sleep. Similar to other elements of growth, the upper respiratory tract and ribcage gradually increase in size with age, and respiratory control also improves. With these changes, sleep patterns also change. At this time that various sleep disorders may appear. Improved understanding of age-dependent changes in infant sleep can help determine the etiology and facilitate diagnosis of infant sleep diseases.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.49-76
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of a computerized review program which was introduced in August 1, 2003, using claims data for acute respiratory infection related diseases. National Health Insurance (NHI) claims data on respiratory infection related diseases before and after the introduction, with six month intervals respectively, were used for the analysis. Clinic was the unit of observation, and clinics with only one physician whose specialty was internal medicine, pediatrics, otorhinolaryngology and family medicine and clinics with a general practitioner were selected. The final sample had 7,637 clinics in total. Indices used to measure practice pattern was prescription rates of antibiotics, prescription rates of injection drug per visit, treatment costs per claim, and total costs per claim. Changes in the number of claims for major disease categories and upcoding index for disease categories were used to measure claiming behavior. Data were analysed using descriptive analysis, t-test for indices changes before and after the introduction, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for practice pattern change for major disease categories, and multiple regression analysis to identify whether new system influenced on provider' practice patterns or not. Prescription of antibiotics, prescription rates of injection drug, treatment costs per claim, and total costs per claim decreased significantly. Results from multiple regression analysis showed that a computerized review system had effects on all the indices measuring behavior. Introduction of the new system had the spillover effects on the provider's behavior in the related disease categories in addition to the effects in the target diseases, but the magnitude of the effects were bigger among the target diseases. Rates of claims for computerized review over total claims for respiratory diseases significantly decreased after the introduction of a computerized review system and rates of claims for non target diseases increased, which was also statistically significant. Distribution of the number of claims by disease categories after the introduction of a computerized review system changed so as to increase the costs per claims. Analysis of upcoding index showed index for 'other acute lower respiratory infection (J20-22)', which was included in the review target, decreased and 'otitis media (H65, H66)', which was not included in the review target, increase. Factors affecting provider's practice patterns should be taken into consideration when policies on claims review method and behavior changes. It is critical to include strategies to decrease the variations among providers.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.581-587
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• 2020

The Many patients who have lumbar instability(LI) could make a different trunk movement pattern by reduction of their respiratory function and altered breathing pattern. This study was conducted to investigate the change in the thoracoabdominal usage rate(TAUR) on three circumference lines(axillary, xiphoid junction, 10th rib) during the resting and forced breathing (RB and FB) after respiratory pattern correction(RPC) exercises in patients with LI. 15 patients in the experimental group performed RPC exercises, and 15 patients in the control group conducted lumbar stabilization exercises. Before the intervention, both groups had a significant difference in the usage rate among the three thoracoabdominal lines during the RB and FB(p<.05). After the intervention, the experimental group was seen no significant difference in the usage rate among the three lines during the RB(p>.05) and exhibited significant differences in the usage rate between the two thoracoabdominal lines during the FB(p<.05). The RPC exercises might improve the trunk movement patterns by restoring the respiratory patterns. We suggest that the RPC can apply in the re-education and reinforcement process at the reha-program for LI patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.574-582
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• 1997

Background : Normal humans meet the increased ventilatory need during exercise initially by the increase of tidal volume (TV) and later by the increase of respiratory frequency (Rf). And the inspiratory duty cycle (Ti/Ttot) is also increased more than 50% for the compensation of the decrease of respiratory cycle provoked by the increase of respiratory frequency. The patients with chronic airflow obstruction show rapid and shallow breathing pattern during exercise because of the decreased ventilatory capacity and the increased dead space ventilation. However, the studies about the change of inspiratory duty cycle are only a few and there is no literature about the relationship between the change of inspiratory duty cycle and the degree of airflow obstruction. Methods : The subjects were the twelve patients with chronic airflow obstruction (CAO) and ten normal people. The incremental exercise test was done. The increase of work load was 10 W in CAO group and 25 W in normal control group. The analysis of the results was done by the comparison of the parameters such as minute ventilation (VE), TV, Rf, physiologic dead space (Vd/Vt), and inspiratory duty cycle between the two groups. Each parameters were compared after transformation into % control duration base that means dividing the total exercise time into five fractions and % control duration data were obtained at rest, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and max. Statistical analysis was done by repeated measure ANOVA using SAS program. Results : The changes of VE and TV were significantly different between two groups while the change of Rf was not significant. The decrease of Vd/Vt was significantly low in CAO group. Ti/Ttot was markedly increased from 38.4 + 3.0% at rest to 48.6 + 4.5% at max in normal control group while Ti/Ttot showed little change from 40.5 + 2.2% at rest to 42.6 + 3.5% at max. And the change of inspiratory duty cycle showed highly good correlation with the degree of airflow obstruction (FEV1%). (r=0.8151, p < 0.05). Conclusions : The increase of Ti/Ttot during exercise observed in normal humans is absent in the patients with CAO and the change of Ti/Ttot is well correlated with the degree of airflow obstruction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.73-80
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the correlation between the visual analog scale (VAS) and the rate of change in the respiration patterns according to the result of Lumbar Instability Tests (LITs) in young people with chronic low back pain (CLBP) METHODS: Thirty-six adults, aged 20-40 years with CLBP, participated in this study. The general characteristics and VAS of the participants were recorded by the subjects themselves and seven structure and functional LITs were conducted. According to the positive response number, the positive group was divided into four groups (group 1: n=8, group 2: n=9, group 3: n=10, group 4: n=9). The breathing pattern change tests were performed in three states: during forced breathing exercise and motor control tests. A total of 13 positive lists were set, each of which was scored by 1 or 2 points according to the severity. After the positive lists were scored, the breathing pattern changing rate (BPCR) and VAS were compared according to the positive response number of LITs, and the correlation between them was analyzed. RESULTS: A strong correlation was observed between the number of positive of LITs and BPCR (r= .863, p= .000) and a moderate correlation between the positive number of LITs and VAS (r= .508, p= .002). In addition, there was a poor correlation between the BPCR and VAS (r= .434, p= .008). CONCLUSION: In young CLBP people, when the structural and functional instability are both present, the changes in the respiratory pattern of the whole body can be varied and broader, and the pain scale also increases.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.251-264
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• 2021

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are the main viral contributors to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) with high mortality and morbidity. BRD control measures include vaccination that modulates immunological profiles reflected in blood cells, serum, and body secretions, such as milk. This study evaluated the immune responses to an inactivated BRD vaccine in lactating cows reared in a natural environment on a dairy farm. The cows were intramuscularly inoculated with the vaccine, and serum, blood, and milk were collected pre-and post-vaccination. Our study revealed a prominent increase in BRSV-specific antibodies both in serum and milk, while the change in BVDV-specific antibodies was insignificant. Serum interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels significantly decreased, but this change was not reflected in milk. Evaluation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) via RT-qPCR revealed downregulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2). The concentrations of BRSV antibodies, BVDV antibodies, IL-2, and IL-17A in serum and milk were strongly correlated, implying a concurrent influence on both body fluids. Thus, immunological factors modulated as a result of vaccination generally measured in serum were reflected in milk, demonstrating the suitability of milk evaluation as an alternative approach for immunological observations. Furthermore, the correlation between BRSV antibodies and NOD2 and that between BVDV antibodies and toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR5 imply the possible role of PRRs for the assessment of the immune response developed in immunized cows reared on the farm.