• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.77-89
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• 2023

This study aimed to find out the effect of vitamins on respiratory-related viral infections, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), through the literature reviews. From January 2000 to June 2021, the studies (cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, randomized control trials) related to vitamins (vitamin A, D, E, C, B₆, folate, and B₁₂) and COVID-19/severe acute respiratory syndrome/Middle East respiratory syndrome/cold/influenza were selected from the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane libraries and analyzed. The relationship between vitamins and virus-related respiratory diseases was identified. Through the review, 39 studies were selected on vitamin D, one study on vitamin E, 11 studies on vitamin C, and 3 studies on folate. Regarding COVID-19, 18 studies on vitamin D, 4 studies on vitamin C, and 2 studies on folate showed significant effects of the intake of these nutrients in preventing COVID-19. Regarding colds and influenza, 3 studies on vitamin D, 1 study on vitamin E, 3 studies on vitamin C, and 1 study on folate demonstrated that the intake of these nutrients significantly prevents these diseases. Therefore, this review suggested the intake of vitamins D, E, C, and folate is important for preventing respiratory diseases related to viruses, such as COVID-19, colds, and influenza. The relationship between these nutrients and virus-related respiratory diseases should be continuously monitored in the future.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.339-349
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antitussive expectoration effects of Friltillariae Thunbergii Bulbus (FTB) in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the FTB, we conducted in vitro experiments using RAW264.7 cells. An MTT assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of FTB. The expectorant effect on phenol red secretion, the antitussive effect on cough induced by ammonia solution, and leukocyte increased inhibition effects in acute airway inflammation in the animal model were confirmed. Results: FTB did not show cytotoxicity in the experimental group at 10, 30, 50, 100, 300, or 500 ㎍/ml and significantly inhibited the increase of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in the experimental groups at 30, 50, 100, 300, and 500 ㎍/ml concentrations. In sputum, cough, and acute airway inflammation animal models, FTB significantly increased phenol red secretion in the 400 mg/kg administration group. FTB significantly reduced the number of coughs and significantly increased cough delay time in both 200 and 400 mg/kg dose groups. FTB decreased the white blood cell count in BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) in the 400 mg/kg administration group. Conclusion: Our study revealed that FTB elicits antitussive and expectorant effects by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, increasing sputum secretion, suppressing cough, and reducing inflammatory cells. We concluded that FTB is a highly promising agent for respiratory tract infection with therapeutic opportunities.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.119-138
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to review the clinical research of the gut microbiome for respiratory diseases to assist the design of trials for respiratory diseases by regulating the gut microbiome with herbal medicine later. Methods: We searched three international databases (PubMed, CENTRAL and EMBASE) to investigate randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the gut microbiome for respiratory diseases. The selected trials were analyzed by study design, subject diseases, inclusion/exclusion criteria, sample size, study period, intervention group, control group, outcome measures, and study results. Results: A total of 25 studies were included and published from 1994 to 2021 mostly in Europe and Asia. Subject diseases were many in the order of respiratory tract infection, cystic fibrosis, allergy, and so on. As outcome measures, the gut microbiome in a fecal sample was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis method, and symptom assessment tools related each disease were used. Major intervention drugs were probiotics and the results were mostly improved in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome. Conclusion: Clinical studies of the gut microbiome for respiratory diseases have confirmed various effects and this review provides basic data for a well-designed clinical study for respiratory diseases by regulating the gut microbiome with herbal medicine.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.477-491
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• 2001

Purpose: This study was designed to construct a structural model for health promoting behavior in patients with chronic respiratory disease. A hypothetical model was developed based on the literature review. Method: Data was collected by questionnaires from 235 patients with chronic respiratory disease in a General Hospital in Seoul. Data analysis was done using SAS 6.12 for descriptive statistics and the PC-LISREL 8.13 Program for Covariance Structural Analysis. Result: The results are as follows : 1. The fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate. It was modified by excluding 2 path and including free parameters and 3 path to it. The modified model with path showed a good fitness to the empirical data($\chi$2=80.20, P=0.05, GFI=0.95, AGFI=0.88, NNFI=0.95, NFI=0.96, RMSR=0.01, RMSEA =0.06). 2. The perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and a plan of action were found to have significant direct effects on the health promoting behavior in patients with chronic respiratory disease. 3. The health perception, self-esteem, and activity related to affect were found to have indirect effects on the health promoting behavior in patients with chronic respiratory disease. Conclusion: The modified model of this study is considered appropriate in explaining and predicting health promoting behavior in patients with chronic respiratory disease. Therefore, it can effectively be used as a reference model for further studies and suggested direction in nursing practice.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.660-666
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of herbal steam therapy on cough. Twenty-eight patients with cough who had treated with herbal steam therapy(chungsang, chungpae) between 3rd of January and 30th of April, 2013 were analyzed. The effects were evaluated the severity and frequency of cough as the modified questionnaire, severity of discomfort using visual analogue scale(VAS), and the patients' subjective satisfaction. Eighteen patients who had been treated herbal steam therapy over 3 times were analyzed improvements before and after therapy. Chungsang and Chungpae steam therapies significantly decreased the severity and frequency of cough. VAS scores also decreased from $7.78{\pm}0.878$ to $4.39{\pm}2.033$. Patients were satisfied with herbal steam therapy. Chungsang and Chungpae steam therapies seem to be effective in the treatment of cough. Further studies with a large number of cases will be needed in the future.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.443-449
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• 2018

Objective: This case reports the management of a patient with bronchiectasis treated with Sikyungbanha-tang, an herbal extract covered by national health insurance. Methods: Twice a year, the patient was treated for a 30-day period with the herbal extract Sikyungbanha-tang. History-taking and a chest X-ray (CXR) were used to evaluate the effects. Results: Following treatment with herbal medicine, the patient's complaints of symptoms decreased, and improvement was shown on CXR. Conclusions: Sikyungbanha-tang in herbal extract form in insured herbal extracts has effects on the management of bronchiectasis patients.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.66-79
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to develop a respiratory communicable disease prevention program for preschoolers and measure it's effects. Method: The respiratory communicable disease prevention program for preschoolers consisted of texts, cartoons, photographs, discussions, demonstrations, puzzle games, die games, compensation/reinforcement, and token economy which were directed under the systematic design of instruction by Dick ％amp; Carey. This study was a quasi experimental study under the nonequivalent control group with pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this study were 45 preschool children who are attending 3 different district nursery schools and they were matched by the age, pretest knowledge, and pretest behavior. The instrument used in this study was criterion referenced test items that were developed by a researcher for evaluating the subject's knowledge, attitude, and behavior about respiratory communicable disease prevention. A pretest was administered a week before treatment. Experimental group Ⅰ was administered by the treatment of respiratory communicable disease prevention program. Experimental group Ⅱ was administered by above program with token economy program. The posttest was conducted on the eighth day. The third test for behavior was completed 15th day. To determine the effect of the program, the data were analyzed by the SAS 6.12 program with Kruskal Wallis test, ANCOVA, ANOVA, Duncan's test and paired t-test. Result: 1) There was a significant difference in knowledge between the experimental groups and control group(F=5.89, P=0.0197). 2) There was a significant difference in attitude between the experimental groups and control group(F=3.29, P=0.0469). 3) There was a non-significant difference in behavior between the experimental groups and control group(F=0.00, P=0.9512). 4) In the experimental groupⅡ, there was highly significant increase in behavior after token economy(t=4.5252, P=0.0005). Conclusion: It was found that the respiratory communicable disease prevention program for preschool children was effective in changing the preschoolers' knowledge and attitude on the respiratory communicable disease prevention, but not enough for changing the preschoolers' behavior. Token economy was improved as an effective and strong method for inducing desirable changes of preschoolers' behavior.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.17-24
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• 2011

Background : Pulmonary rehabilitation, called pulmonary rehab or PR, is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have chronic (ongoing) breathing problems. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effects of the upper abdominal exercise and balloon blow-up on the abdominal muscle strength and Respiratory ability for 20's adults. Method : Recruited Subjects were healthy students attending H university. Twenty-one subjects who agreed to participate in this study were randomly assigned to 3 groups; I group applied upper abdominal exercise, IIgroup applied balloon blow-up, III group applied both upper abdominal exercises and balloon blow-ups. Upper abdominal muscle exercises was applied supine position and $30^{\circ}{\sim}40^{\circ}$ in the upper body lift braced for about 3 seconds, and balloon blow-ups was performed 10 times a day. The exercise programs were performed three times a week for 5 weeks. Results: After 5 weeks of exercises, all three groups were comparable with abdominal muscle strength and respiratory ability. Subjects in upper abdominal exercise group, balloon blow-ups group, and upper abdominal exercises and balloon blow-ups group had significantly increased the average of abdominal muscle strength(p<.05) The statistical comparison among the groups indicated that there was a signigicant increase in respiratory ability. In comparison of abdominal muscle strength and respiratory ability, there were no significant differences among 3 groups. Conclusions: These findings suggest that upper abdominal exercises and balloon blow-ups may have a significant impact in abdominal muscle strength and respiratory ability.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1999

Sleep alters both breathing pattern and the ventilatory responses to external stimuli. These changes during sleep permit the development or aggravation of sleep-related hypoxemia in patients with respiratory disease and contribute to the pathogenesis of apneas in patients with the sleep apnea syndrome. Fundamental effects of sleep on the ventilatory control system are 1) removal of wakefulness input to the upper airway leading to the increase in upper airway resistance, 2) loss of wakefulness drive to the respiratory pump, 3) compromise of protective respiratory reflexes, and 4) additional sleep-induced compromise of ventilatory control initiated by reduced functional residual capacity on supine position assumed in sleep, decreased $CO_2$ production during sleep, and increased cerebral blood flow in especially rapid eye movement(REM) sleep. These effects resulted in periodic breathing during unsteady non-rapid eye movement(NREM) sleep even in normal subjects, regular but low ventilation during steady NREM sleep, and irregular breathing during REM sleep. Sleep-induced breathing instabilities are divided due primarily to transient increase in upper airway resistance and those that involve overshoots and undershoots in neural feedback mechanisms regulating the timing and/or amplitude of respiratory output. Following ventilatory overshoots, breathing stability will be maintained if excitatory short-term potentiation is the prevailing influence. On the other hand, apnea and hypopnea will occur if inhibitory mechanisms dominate following the ventilatory overshoot. These inhibitory mechanisms include 1) hypocapnia, 2) inhibitory effect from lung stretch, 3) baroreceptor stimulation, 4) upper airway mechanoreceptor reflexes, 5) central depression by hypoxia, and 6) central system inertia. While the respiratory control system functions well during wakefulness, the control of breathing is commonly disrupted during sleep. These changes in respiratory control resulting in breathing instability during sleep are related with the pathophysiologic mechanisms of obstructive and/or central apnea, and have the therapeutic implications for nocturnal hypoventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or alveolar hypoventilation syndrome.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.137-146
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• 2022

Background: Farinelli breathing (FB) exercise is a typical breathing exercise used by singers. This study aimed to compare effects of FB exercise and diaphragmatic breathing (DB) exercise on respiratory function and symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: Sixteen patients aged 51-80 years with mild or moderate COPD were recruited for this study. They were divided into two groups: DB group (n=8) and FB group (n=8). Both groups received complete breathing exercise training five times per week for 8 weeks. Their respiratory functions, COPD symptoms, cytokine levels, and oxidative stress variables were analyzed during pre- and post-tests. Dependent variables were compared between pre- and post-tests using paired t-tests. An independent t-test was used to compare variables between the groups. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05. Results: The maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), maximum oxygen consumption (VO₂max), and COPD Assessment Test (CAT) scores changed significantly in the DB group after the 8-week intervention compared to those at pre-test, whereas force vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in the first second, maximum voluntary ventilation, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), MEP, VO₂max, CAT score, tumor necrosis factor-α, and malondialdehyde level changed significantly in the FB group at post-test compared to those at pre-test. Moreover, both MIP and MEP in the FB group were significantly higher than those in the DB group. Conclusion: FB exercise improved respiratory functions and COPD symptoms of patients with COPD. It might be an alternative breathing exercise in pulmonary rehabilitation programs for patients with COPD.