• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.38-53
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to observe the resin infiltration pattern into dentin by various dentin bonding agents. Freshley extracted 36 sound human molars were used in this study. They were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ physiologic saline solution before experiment. All the teeth were cross-sectioned to expose dentin below about 3.0mm at the cusp tip and above 2.0mm at the cemento-enamel junction with Crystal Cutter (MC411 D, Maruto Co., Japan), and were made into specimens for this study (Fig. 1). The specimen experimental groups were divided into 9 groups by dentin surface treatment as following procedures: Group I: Treated with Gluma Cleanser followed by Gluma Primer and Sealer Group 2. Treated with Gluma Cleanser followed by Scotch bond 2 Adhesive Group 3: Treated with Gluma Cleanser followed by Tenure Solution A, Band Visar Seal Group 4: Treated with Scotchprep followed by Scotch bond 2 Adhesive Group 5: Treated with Scotchprep followed by Gluma Primer and Sealer Group 6: Treated with Scotch prep followed by Tenure Solution A, Band Visar Seal Group 7: Treated with Tenure Conditioner followed by Tenure Solution A, Band Visar Seal Group 8: Treated with Tenure Conditioner followed by Scotchbond 2 Adhesive Group 9: Treated with Tenure Conditioner followed by Gluma Primer and Sealer 27 specimens of 36 specimens were divided into 9 groups (Group 1-9), and were used for observation of resin tags. Remaining 9 specimens were divided into 3 groups (Group 1,4 and 7), and were used for observation of fractured dentin surfaces. Specimens to observe the resin tag were demineralized with 20% HCl for 14 hours, specimens to observe the fractured dentin surfaces were demineralized with 10% HCl for 3 minutes. All the specimens were gold-coated with Eiko ion coater (Eiko-engineering Co.), and observed under Scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-2300) at 20 KV. The following results were obtained: 1. In group 1 treated with Gluma Cleanser, Gluma Primer, and Sealer, most resin tags were more than $100{\mu}m$. 2. In group 4 treated with Scotch prep and Scotchbond 2 Adhesive, most resin tags were about $10{\mu}m$. 3. In group 7 treated with Tenure conditioner, Tenure Solution A, B, and Visar Seal, most resin tags were about $10{\mu}m$ but occasionally resin tags were more than $100{\mu}m$. 4. In groups 2,3,5,6,8 and 9, the lengths of resin tags were inconsistent and the amount of resin tags were reduced.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.26-49
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to confirm the formation of hybrid layer and resin tags in dentin tissue and the possibility of bonding between luting cements used for the prosthesis and the resinous surface coated with resin bonding agents to prevent the dentin hypersensitivity after abutment preparation. Some resin bonding agents, which may have the possibility of bonding with polyacrylic acid as a liquid ingredient of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements, were selected. All-Blond desensitizer containing NTG-GMA and BPDM, Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus containing HEMA, and XR-bond containing organophosphate were selected as a coating agent. Dental cements were zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, and glass ionomer cement. After the exposed dentin surface of premolars was ethced with 10% phosphoric acid and coated with resin bonding agents, the morphology of treated surfaces and the resin tags and hybrid layers on sectioned surfaces were observed by SEM. Shear bond strength between the resin bonding agents and 3 kinds of cements was measured 24 hours after bonding. On the debonded surfaces of the shear bond strength tested specimens, the cement tags and the bonding sites between the resin materials and cements were examined by SEM. Following conclusions were drawn : 1. Coating of dentin with resin bonding agents had no effect on the shear bond strength of zinc phosphate cement. 2. Both of polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements showed the increased shear bond strength by the dentinal coating with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus containing HEMA. However, in the case of dentinal coating with some agents containing NTG-GMA and BPDM or organophosphate, polycarboxylate cement exhibited the lowered shear bond strength, and glass ionomer cement showed the unchanged shear bond strength. 3. Complete obstructions of dentinal tubules were observed on the dentin coated with All-Bond desensitizer or XR-bond, but distinct shape of the orifices of dentinal tubules was observed consistently on the dentin coated with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus. 4. The hybrid layer was thickest on the dentin coated with All-Bond desensitizer, and the length of resin tags was longest on the dentin coated with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus. 3. On the debonded specimens which had been bonded with polycarboxylate cement or glass ionomer cement after coating with Scotch-Bond Multipurpose plus, the cement tags and the bonding sites between the resinous surface and the cements could be examined.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.595-607
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• 1999

본 연구의 목적은 최근 술식을 간소화 시켜 개발된 여러 가지 자가 부식 프라이머를 이용하여 유치에서의 상아질과 레진 간의 결합력을 측정하고, 그 결합의 양상을 주사 전자 현미경을 이용해 분석하기 위함이었다. 실험 재료로는 자가-부식 프라이머를 이용한 새로운 결합제인 Mac-bond $II^{(R)}$(Tokuso Co. Japan.)와 Clearfil Liner-bond $II^{(R)}$(Curaray Co. Japan.)가 각각 I군과 II군으로 사용되었고, 대조군으로 사용된 III군에 Scotchbond Multipurpose System(3M Co. U.S.A)이 사용되었다. 치관이 건전한 유구치 45개를 근원심으로 절단하여 레진에 매몰하고 상아질을 노출시켰다. 90개의 시편을 30개씩 3개의 군으로 나누고, 상아질 표면을 3가지 상아질 결합제를 이용하여 각 제조자의 지침에 따라 처리하여 실험 시편을 제작하였다. 각 군당 20개의 시편은 전단 강도를 측정한 후 그 파절면을 실체 현미경 하에서 관찰하였고, 각 군당 10개의 시편은 주사전자 현미경관찰을 위해 사용하였다. 전단강도 측정결과 III군, I군, II군의 순서로 높은 강도를 보였으며, III군과 II군, I군과 II군 사이에서 유의차를 보였으나(p<0.05), I군과 III군과의 사이에서는 유의차를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 실체 현미경 관찰 결과에서는 I군에서는 60%의 상아질내 파절과 40%의 계면 파절 양상을 보였고, II군에서는 20%의 상아질내 파절과 80%의 계면 파절 양상을 나타냈으며, III군의 경우 75%의 상아질내 파절과 25%의 계면 파절 양상을 나타내었다. 주사전자현미경 관찰 결과, 모든 군에서 $100-200{\mu}m$정도의 긴 resin tag양상을 보였으며, I군에서는 거의 균일한 긴 resin tag의 양상을 보인것에 반해 II군에서는 부분적으로 짧은 resin tag의 양상을 나타냈으며, III군의 경우 긴 resin tag뿐만 아니라 특징적인 측방 분지의 양상을 나타냈다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.468-476
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to observe the morphologic change of dentinal surface, adhesion in interface between dentin and bonding agents, and penetration pattern of resin tags into dentinal tubles according to bonding procedure of ONE-STEP universal adhesive system. Ten extracted human molars were mounted in dental stone and sectioned to expose mid-coronal occlusal dentin and again sectioned tooth crown apically. Specimens were randomly assigned to three groups for dentin conditioning with 32% phoshoric acid, two coats of bonding agents after dentin conditioning, and bond of composite resin. The surfaces of dentin were treated with etch ant and applied bonding agent, and bonded composite resin according to the directions of manufacturer. Specimens which were boned composite were sectioned longitudinally for observing interfaces between resin and dentin. Two of specimens which were sectioned longitudinally were immersed in 6 N HCL for 30 seconds and 1% NaOCL for 12 hours to partially demineralize and deproteinize the dentin substrate. Each specimen was mounted on a brass stub, sputter-coated with gold and observed under SEM. The result were as follows : 1. On the dentinal surface which was conditioned with 32% phosphoric acid. the smear layer was completely removed. orifices of dentinal tubules were opened 3-$5{\mu}m$ wide. and dentinal surface was irregular. 2. On the dentinal surface which was applied ONE-STEP. bonding agent. resin particles were observed on the orifices of dentinal tubules and intertubular dentin. 3. There were close adaptation between dentin and resin and were the pattern which composite invaded into dentin. 4. 1-$3{\mu}m$-wide hybrid layer was visible in the interface between dentin and resin. 5. Long and funnel shaped resin tags were observed in demineralized specimens. and the surfaces of tags were rough.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.30.1-30.13
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was conducted to compare the microleakage and characteristics of the resin-tooth tissue interface between self-etch and etch-and-rinse adhesive systems after 48 hours and 3 months. Materials and Methods: 40 extracted premolar teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups: 1-step self-etch adhesive system - Optibond^TM All-In-One, and 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system - Adper^TM Single Bond 2. Both groups were subjected to 500 thermocycles (5℃-55℃) before scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis or microleakage trial at 48-hour and 3-month time periods. Results: SEM images showed the hybrid layer thickness, diameter, and length of resin tags of the self-etch adhesive (0.42 ± 0.14 ㎛; 1.49 ± 0.45 ㎛; 16.35 ± 14.26 ㎛) were smaller than those of the etch-and-rinse adhesive (4.39 ± 1.52 ㎛; 3.49 ± 1 ㎛; 52.81 ± 35.81 ㎛). In dentin, the microleakage scores of the 2 adhesives were not different in both time periods (48 hours/3 months). However, the microleakage score of etch-and-rinse adhesive increased significantly after 3 months (0.8 ± 0.63 and 1.9 ± 0.88, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The self-etch adhesive exhibited better long-term sealing ability in dentin when compared to that of the etch-and-rinse adhesive. The greater hybrid layer thickness and dimensions of resin tags did not guarantee reliable, long-lasting sealing in the bonding area.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.236-247
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• 2007

접착제의 술식을 간편하게 하고 효과적이며 안정적인 접착강도를 지닌 상아질 접착제를 개발하고자 isocyanate methacrylate의 농도를 달리해 상아질에 적용하여 전단결합강도를 측정하고 응집파괴양상을 분석, 평가하였다. Isocyanate methacrylate의 농도에 따라 0% (대조군), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 및 12%의 7개 실험군으로 분류하였으며 , Instron (No.4466.USA)를 이용하여 복합레진의 전단 결합강도를 측정하고 Resin tag 및 응집파괴를 주사전자현미경으로 관찰해 다음 결론을 얻었다. 1. Cyanate methacrylate 8%군이 가장 높은 전단 결합강도는 나타내었으나 (33.62 KPa), 통계학적 유의성이 없었다 (P > 0.05). 2. Cyanate methacrylate 2% ,4% 및 6%군은 응집성파괴빈도가 대조군 (0%군)과 비교하여 높게 나타났다. 3. Cyanate menthacrylate군에서 레진tag의 길이는 짧게 나타났다. 이상의 연구의 결과로 cyanate methacrylate가 collagen과 반응하여 상아질 내로 침투를 방해하며 레진 tag의 길이를 짧게 하며 상아질의 유기성분과의 반응에 의하여 결합강도는 높아질 수 있으나, 상아질 자체의 강도가 낮아질 수 있어 상아질에 대한 결합강도의 실질적인 증가는 확인할 수 없었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.132-143
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• 1997

Recently composite resin luting cement have been widely used according as esthetic requirement was increased. The purpose of this study was to evaluate of shear bond strength of four resin cements to bovine dentin. The materials used in this study were All-Bond 2(dentin bonding agent), Duolink cement, Bistite resin cement, Twinlook cement, Clearfil CR inlay cement. A total 40 acrylic cylinders with bovine dentin were divided into four groups. Four experimental groups were as follows; Group l(AB) : Specimens bonded with All-Bond 2 and Duolink Cement Group 2(BT) : Specimens bonded with Bistite Resin Cement Group 3(TL) : Specimens bonded with Twinlook Cement Group 4(CR) : Specimens bonded with Clearfil CR Inlay Cement Mter 1 hour of bonding, all specimens were stored for 24 hours in water at $37^{\circ}C$ and tested with Instron universal testing machine between bovine dentin and resin cements. The data were evaluated statistically at the 95% confidence level with a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's range statistics. The following results obtained; 1. The group l(AB) was highest shear bond strength and the group 3(TL) was 10west(p>0.05). 2. Group 2(BT), 4(CR) were similar shear bond strength and there was no significant difference(p<0.05). 3. Group 1(AB), 4(CR) with acid etching were showed resin tags on the opened dentinal tubules, but Group 2(BT), 3(TL) without acid etching were not showed resin tags. 4. Group l(AB) was showed intimate adaptation than other groups.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.201-216
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• 1990

A variety of surface pre-treatments have been advocated to prepare the dentin prior to placement of a bonding agent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various dentin conditioners upon the degree of resin impregnation to the dentinal tubules and the shear bond strength of a new dentinal bonding agent (Scotchbond 2) used in conjunction with a visible light cured composite (Silux). The healthy eighty human molars extracted due to periodontal or orthodontic reasons were used and randomly divided into five groups. All the grinded dentin surfaces were conditioned with 3% $H_2O_2$, Cavity Cleanser (Columbus/Bayer), Dentin Conditioner (GC Inter. Corp.), Scotchprep (3M Co.) according to the manufacturer's directions. The specimens were then demineralized in 10% HCl for 20 sec. and 24 hrs. in order to observe the resin tags in Hitachi X-450 scanning electron microscope at 25KV. Also, shear strengths were obtained using an Instron Testing Machine with a cross head speed of 1 mm/min. The following results were obtained ; 1. In group treating with Dentin Conditioner and Scotchprep, the resin strings were formed on most of the surfaces and penetrated more than $50{\mu}m$ into the tubules. 2. The inner surface of resin treated with Cavity Cleanser, indicating the resin strings formed partly and penetrated about in depth of $30{\mu}m$. 3. In control and experimental group treated with 3% $H_2O_2$, the resin tags were not formed, if any, penetrated shortly. 4. Shear bond strengths in groups treating with Dentin Conditioner and Scotchprep were statistically significant increase than with 3% $H_2O_2$. (P<0.01). 5. The Scotchprep treatment group was significantly higher in shear strength than groups treated with no conditioning and Cavity Cleanser.(P<0.01) 6. Shear bond strengths evaluated were gradually increase in proportion to the tag length of resin impregnation.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.57-74
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• 1984

The purpose of this descriptive in vitro study were to evaluate the enamel-resin interface of the preventive resin restoration with regard to etching patterns and resin-tag morphology by means of scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows; 1. Three basic etching patterns were appeared simultaneously in a same microscopic section, in concentration between 20-50% phosphoric acid. 2. In 35% orthorhosphoric acid group etched for 60 second, the etching pattern was most prominent and demonstrate closely interdigitated with enamel-resin interface without the evidence of microspace, and the resin tags were longest ranged from 10-15 um in length. 3. This pattern of interface could reduce the incidence of marginal leakage and 2ndary caries formation. 4, The preventive resin restoration could serve as sealing a questionable occlusal surface.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

본 연구는 infiltrant resin을 침투시킨 초기 우식 병소의 특성을 평가하기 위해 법랑질의 깊이에 따른 경도를 측정하고, 병소 내로의 레진 침투양상을 분석하며, 미세누출 정도를 관찰하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 건전 법랑질에 대한 초기 우식 법랑질의 경도 백분율은 표층(5~40 ${\mu}m$) 64.6%, 병소본체(60~350 ${\mu}m$) 24.6%였으며, infiltrant resin을 침투시킨 병소의 경도 백분율은 72.1%로 나타났다. 5~350 ${\mu}m$의 전 깊이에서, infiltrant resin을 침투시킨 병소는 비처치 우식 병소보다 경도가 유의하게 높았지만 정상 법랑질에 비해서는 경도가 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). FESEM 관찰 결과 탈회된 법랑질 내부로 비교적 균일하게 침투한 레진 테그가 관찰되었으며, 침투깊이는 433 ${\mu}m$(282-501)로 측정되었다. 열순환 처리 후 13개의 치아에서 미세누출이 관찰되지 않았고, 5개에서 병소 외측 절반, 2개에서 병소 내측 절반까지 미세누출이 관찰되었다.