• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.301-309
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• 2021

Background and objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze the case of healing experience for lifestyle and environmental diseases through life and activities in the forest from the perspecitive of critical realism, and how the causal power and mechanism of the healing experience relate to forest healing factors and programs. Methods: 93 video data of people who started living in the forest for disease treatment were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis method from the perspective of critical realism. Categories for analysis include general categories (age, duration, occupation, disease name), forest therapy categories (climate therapy, plant therapy, water therapy, diet therapy, kinesiotherapy, psychotherapy), and other categories (ecology, learning and management, life tools), etc., and the unit of analysis is the context unit. Results: 1) The diseases that motivated life in the forest were digestive system diseases, lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine system diseases, and various lifestyle-related diseases and environmental diseases in similar proportions. This indicates that forest life does not have specificity to respond to specific diseases, but provides treatment and recovery for all lifestyle and environmental diseases. 2) Among the forest therapies, climate therapy and plant therapy are related to the climatic and residential environment in the forest where 'natural persons' live. And others such as water therapy, diet therapy, kinesiotherapy, psychotherapy indicate the change from the lifestyle that caused the disease to the lifestyle for treatment and recovery. Conclusion: Life and activities in the forest provide an environment for treatment and recovery in which the healing principles such as aromatherapy, nutritional and dietary therapy, kinesiotherapy, and emotional psychotherapy are integrated in the 'real world'.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.117-125
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the recent status and changes in impervious surface areas and their ratios across regions in Gyeongsangnam-do, providing fundamental data for regional development and impervious surface management. Based on the 'Guidelines for Calculating Water Cycle Management Indicators for Nonpoint Pollution Source Control(Ministry of Environment)', we processed the land characteristics survey map(shapefile) from 2018 and 2022 to analyze impervious surface area and their rates by administrative boundaries. The impervious surface area in Gyeongsangnam-do increased from 75,652 ha in 2018 to 81,055 ha in 2022, with the rate rising by 0.51% from 7.18% to 7.69%. The average of impervious surface area across 545 eupmyeon units expanded by approximately 9 ha, from 139.8 ha in 2018 to 148.8 ha in 2022, with the rate increasing by 0.71%. Concurrently, the whole population declined by 2.8% while the number of households surged by 6.4%, correlating with the growth in impervious areas. Despite population decreases, factors such as population migration, increased household fragmentation, new residential developments, and industrial facility expansions have consistently contributed to the rise in impervious surface area. Notably, even in areas with high impervious surface area rate, significant disparities existed between urbanized areas and predominantly rural regions. Furthermore, about 333 units(61% of the whole eupmyeons), showed negligible changes in their impervious surface area rate, with an increase of less than 0.5%.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between land use patterns of riparian zones and water quality in the Geumho River watershed. A GIS database included digital land use maps (1:25,000), stream network extracted from digital topographic maps (1:5,000) and riparian zones maps by multi-buffering method. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to explain the relationship between the environmental conditions of a 30 meter buffer strip on each side and water quality. According to the result of investigation of riparian-level land use patterns, sub-watersheds on the lower Geumho River including Daegu metropolitan city were mainly developed as urban area such as residential, commercial and industrial ones, while sub-watersheds on the middle Geumho River and the main course of Nakdong River, agricultural ones such as a paddy, a dry field and an orchard. Meanwhile, the area-rate of riparian forests which play an important role in filtering nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment was estimated below the average 16%. The proportion of urban area in a 30 meter riparian bufferstrip had a negative correlation with water quality in each sub-watershed. But the proportion of forest area had a positive correlation with water quality. Henceforth, it is necessary to establish landscape planning for preparing and restoring the riparian buffer zones, concerning land form, soil type, the present land use pattern and economic aspects.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.240-250
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• 2016

Monitoring for water quantity and quality was conducted in this study for 2 years (2012~2013) in Oenam Stream which is a tributary of Seomjin River and upstream of Juam Lake. Suspended solid and total phosphorous(TP) were monitored and analyzed, then water quantity and quality as well as their relation with landuses were identified based on the previous study. Flow showed the similar pattern with precipitation but some discrepancies existed due to the distance between weather station(Gwangju) and study area. Watershed was modeled based on observed data using SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Model calibration was conducted using data obtained in 2012 and validation was conducted using data in 2013. The coefficient of determination ($R^2$) between observed and modeled showed 0.6644 and 0.5176 for flow and TP, respectively for model calibration period. For validation period, $R^2$ was 0.7529 for flow and 0.7057 for TP, which were higher than calibration period. Hot spots were determined for watershed management by analyzing the amount of sediment and TP outcome from each sub-watershed. TP loading by landuse determined that cropland, of which the area takes only 5% from entire watershed, generated 53.6% of TP and residential and cowshed was responsible for 23.5% of TP loading.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.545-553
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• 2021

The frequency by water disaster in urban areas are increasing continuously due to climate change and urbanization. Countermeasures are being conducted to reduce the damage caused by water disasters. An analysis based on permeability, one of the parameters that affect runoff, is needed to predict quantitative runoff in urban watersheds and study runoff reduction. In this study, the SWAT model was simulated for the oncheon stream basin, a representative urban stream in Busan. The permeability map was prepared by calculating the CN values for each hydrologic response unit. Based on the permeability map prepared, EPA SWMM analyzed the effect of LID technology application on the water cycle in the basin for short-term rainfall events. The LID element technology applied to the oncheon stream basin was rooftop greening in the residential complex, and waterproof packaging was installed on the road. The land cover status of the land selected based on the permeability map and the application of LID technology reduced the outflow rate, peak flow rate, and outflow rate and increased the infiltration. Hence, LID technology has a positive effect on the water cycle in an urban basin.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.140-150
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• 2023

The Hangang River^* is necessary to manage the water environment of severe pollution due to the high density of residential areas, parks, and agriculture and the large population concentrated there. Benthic macroinvertebrates, such as chironomids larvae, are bioindicator species that reflect environmental changes and are crucial for water quality monitoring. In this study, we investigated morphological characteristics and molecular analysis of the chironomids larvae inhabiting the Hangang River area for water environment surveys. For this research, 20 rivers, lakes, and urban area in the Hangang River basin were selected. Chironomids larvae were collected from July to September 2022, and their appearance and characteristics were identified through morphological identification. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the mtCOI gene sequences of the collected chironomids larvae, and identification at the genus level was confirmed. As a result, 32 species and 18 genera of 3 subfamilies of Chironomidae larvae were identified, and Stictochironomus sp. dominated most sites(6 sites). The morphological characteristics of the identified chironomids larvae, such as the mentum, ventromental plate, and antenna, were organized into table and pictorial keys, and a Bayesian inference molecular phylogeny was presented. These results provide basic morphological information for genus-level identification and can be used as fundamental information for water quality management.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.57 no.8
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• pp.519-532
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• 2024

This study aims to investigate stream drying phenomena and determine ecological flow in upper Jungnangcheon basin(118.2 km²) of Han River basin. Satellite imagery was used to compare historical and current land cover, and field surveys, including fish surveys, were conducted to assess stream drying conditions. Satellite image analysis revealed a significant increase in impervious surface area due to the expansion of residential and commercial areas. Streamflow and water quality measurements at Hannae Bridge in study area during the dry season showed and average minimum flow of 1.39 m³/sec and elevated SS levels, indicating poor water quality for T-P and TOC. The representative fish species in the study area was P.herzi. Optimal habitat suitability index for depth, velocity, and substrate were 0.3~0.5 m, 0.1~0.3 m/sec, and sand, respectively. Using PHABSIM, the ecological flow for the study area was estimated as 1.00 m³/sec. The derived ecological flow can be used as a reference flow for stream drying mitigation strategies.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.242-247
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• 1999

The characteristics of waste heat effluents from 11 industrial complexes of 7 areas were analyzed to investigate the possibility of waste heat recovery of huge amount of waste heat producing from various industrial complexes. This study presents a part of the research work for the industrial waste heat for development of energy integrated network system in broad city area, which will utilize industrial waste heat for residential and commercial areas, where they are located at some distances from the complexes. The amount of waste heat from the investigated complexes was detected as 148,913 TOE/year. However, It was analyzed 83% of the waste heat was analyzed the temperature range from 0$^{\circ}C$ to 200$^{\circ}C$. Also, it was evaluated that 82% of waste heat was exhausted by flue gases. Especially, the characteristics of waste heat for the areas where most heat concentrated, such as Tae-gu industrial complex, Ul-san petrochemitry complex, Yio-chun petrochemistry complex, and Chun-ju industrial complex were investigated more precisely. Total amount of waste heat discharged from these four areas were analyzed 114,402 TOE/year, which was occupied as 77% of the total waste heat for the studied areas, and 87% of the waste heat from the industries was exhausted by flue gaseous phase and temperature range was from 0$^{\circ}C$ to 200$^{\circ}C$ 18.1 million TOE/year waste heat was released from the fossil fuel power plants, however 95% of waste heat was analyzed as cooling water from surface condensers at power plants. The temperature range was measured from 27$^{\circ}C$ to 34$^{\circ}C$, which are unable to utilize due to its low temperature. Otherwise, 5% (894,800 TOE/year) waste heat released from power plants were observed as flue gas, which temperature ranged from 90$^{\circ}C$ to 170$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.79-90
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• 2017

Urban environment represent one of the most dynamic regions on earth. As in other countries, forests, green areas, agricultural lands are rapidly changing into residential or industrial areas in South Korea. Monitoring such rapid changes in land use requires rapid data acquisition, and satellite imagery can be an effective method to this demand. In general, SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellites acquire images with an active system, so the brightness of the image is determined by the surface roughness. Therefore, the water areas appears dark due to low reflection intensity, In the residential area where the artificial structures are distributed, the brightness value is higher than other areas due to the strong reflection intensity. If we use these characteristics of SAR images, settlement areas can be extracted efficiently. In this study, extraction of settlement areas was performed using TerraSAR-X of German high-resolution X-band SAR satellite and KOMPSAT-5 of South Korea, and object-oriented image classification method using the image segmentation technique is applied for extraction. In addition, to improve the accuracy of image segmentation, the speckle divergence was first calculated to adjust the reflection intensity of settlement areas. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the two satellite images, settlement areas are classified by applying a pixel-based K-means image classification method. As a result, in the case of TerraSAR-X, the accuracy of the object-oriented image classification technique was 88.5%, that of the pixel-based image classification was 75.9%, and that of KOMPSAT-5 was 87.3% and 74.4%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.82-94
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• 1999

According to Korean's geographical features of Taek Li Ji, the best location for human settlements is on the vicinity of a stream among a stream, an river and a sea, and not far from a ridge. The researcher chose one of best village which is called Yougokmaeul in Bonghwa-Gun, Kyungsang-Do. This village was created a gathering village with the same surname, can be translated as a hen and the front mountain can be seen as a rooster in the view of the shape of geographical features. As it were, the shape of this village and the cultivated land seems to be an egg inside a nest of a parent's chicken in the respect of the analogy of the theory of P'ungsuchiri which is known as Feng Shui in China and geomancy in the western world, and to effect the defensive psychology of the living environment in the terrain inland. This village is the studying place, Suckchunjungsa as the lecturing and studying place for their following students within the Chunghadonchun, the studying Yougok village, and even the ritual place performing ancestral sacrifices and the first incoming ancestor's graves in the same geographical system. The house site of the first incoming resident is surrounded the countian and is located in the front of Backsulryount which is the main mountain through Moonsu-san in the branch mountain of Korean's mountain system. Backsulryoung which is to be seen as the white peak, is symbolized the head of a hen which is to relate to a mysterious turtle in the view of P'ungsuchiri. And the pavilion which is called Chungamjung is sited on the rock of a shape of turtle which is symbolized to live longer. In the section of the mountain and water, Lee Jung Hwan mentioned a living place near the mountain stream is the best residential area and a landscape which is composed by a stream between mountains make a pleasure spirit and a bright feeling and make a refined person. If one can reach in the graceful mountain make a pleasure split and a bright feeling and make a refined person. If one can reach in the graceful mountain half day away, this kind of place must be a best living residential area to live. But this village was structured all in one place. And one of the ideas tangibly reflected in traditional Korean society's view of life and nature is the seclusion based on the Taoism. This kind of a dreamy thoughts make a dream to keep the paradise in our ancestors' mind. This kind of utopia is Chunghadonchun which is structured 5 aspects from the utopian gate near the Samgaesuewon to the village. These 5aspects is expressed by some Confucian thoughts as a small cosmos individually. On the third aspects which is the center among these aspects, the Suckchunjungsa which was made a seclusion place to devoting himself to his studies with refined tastes. The word of Jiju-am, Gangpung-dae, Jaewol-dae and Biryoung-pock are all expressed to cultivate one's moral character and to seek the truth by the Confucius'theory through the nature.