• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.63 no.7
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• pp.889-895
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• 2014

Korea electric power industry had been under vertical monopoly but is typically getting restructured for free competition. An ideal pricing system under the competitive market system is 'unbundled pricing system' and 'marginal pricing system', but the current pricing system still adheres to the traditional bundled system and the average cost pricing system. Especially, progressive electricity rates for residential use reflect governmental policy-making which is focused on income redistribution & welfare, industrial supports and energy saving. This study proposes new and reasonable residential electricity pricing systems which are Time-Of-Use (TOU) and Real-Time Pricing (RTP) to reflect variations in the wholesale price of electricity. It also presents examples of various tariffs for residential electricity pricing systems.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.203-208
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• 2008

The purpose of the study is to establish the concept of residential standard, and at the same time to investigate the area of the minimum residential standard in the countries of the world through the preceding studies. In addition, it also aims at establishing the objective residential standard by comparing the residential standard of Korea with that of foreign countries, examining the problems and finding out the matters to be improved through the comparison of the residential standard in advanced countries with the minimum residential standard of Korea. The standard residential area, derived from the process of examining the minimum residential standard, will be used as the basic material for the calculation of the reasonable area in the surface plan for the study of low-cost housing development. The method of the study is to establish the concept of residential standard and at the same time to find out the problems in the minimum residential standard of Korea and improvement methods through the comparison of the residential standards in other countries. As the result of the studies focused on the area among the residential standards, it is found out that the Korea's residential area per capita is established as the least in comparison with that of advanced countries. The real area decided depending on the size of social space suitable for living can play a role in improving the degree of satisfaction in the person's living in the residential area. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to make a depth study on the surface area of the minimum residential standard, and it is also required to propose the residential standard and directions for the improvement of the qualitative level rather the quantitative expansion of residential structures.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.31-44
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• 1996

This study focuses on the evaluation of the streets on residential areas. For this purpose, pedestrain and vehicle occupancy indicators on residential areas are proposed, and vehicle, pedestrain flow and status of on-street parking on residential streets are analyzed. Also, according to the suggested occupancy indicator, occupancy status of pedestrain and vehicle are identified. At the end, evaluation of residential streets are conducted. The suggested occupancy indicator is a quantitative indicator which can represent the traffic situation on street. It can also be represente din the same dimension among pedestrain, vehicle flow, packed vehicle. Also, occupancy indicator can be utilized for the allocation and evaluation of transportation modes on residential street. Except on-street parking during the day time, moving vehicle occupancy rate contains the more than 80 precent when it is estimated based on the vehicle flow and pedestrain only. As the streets on residential area are occupied by the pedestrain approximately 20 percent during the day time, it is identified quantitatively that the necessity of space for pedestrain.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2022

Background: Residential areas have some factors on the external exposure of residents, who usually spend a long time in these areas. Although various survey has been carried out by the government or the research institutions after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, the mechanism of radiocesium inventory in the terrestrial zone has not been cleared. To better evaluate the radiation environment, this study investigated the temporal changes in air dose rate and ¹³⁷Cs inventories (Bq/m²) in residential areas and agricultural fields. Materials and Methods: Air dose rate and ¹³⁷Cs inventories were investigated in residential areas located in an evacuation zone at 5-8 km from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. From December 2014 to September 2018, the air dose rate distribution was investigated through a walking survey (backpack survey), which was conducted by operators carrying a γ-ray detector on their backs. Additionally, from December 2014 to January 2021, the ¹³⁷Cs inventories on paved and permeable grounds were also measured using a portable γ-ray detector. Results and Discussion: In the areas where decontamination was not performed, the air dose rate decreased faster in residential areas than in agricultural fields. Moreover, the ¹³⁷Cs inventory on paved surfaces decreased with time owing to the horizontal wash-off, while the ¹³⁷Cs inventory on permeable surfaces decreased dramatically owing to the decontamination activities. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the horizontal wash-off of ¹³⁷Cs on paved surfaces facilitated the air dose rate decrease in residential areas to a greater extent compared with agricultural fields, in which the air dose rate decreased because of the vertical migration of ¹³⁷Cs. Results of this study can explain the faster environmental restoration in a residential environment reported by previous studies.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2012

Compared to Packaged Terminal Air Conditioning Systems, Radiant Cooling Systems have the advantage of energy saving and thermal comfort. Thermally Activated Building System (TABS) is one of the radiant heating and cooling systems. The main difference between TABS and other radiant systems lies in the usage of the time-lag effect of storing heat energy in the concrete. Current energy usage in summer time is concentrated within a specific time by using Packaged Terminal Air-Conditioner (PTAC). Due to the time-lag effect of TABS, energy usage can be distributed to other time zones. To maximize this effect, it is important to determine the appropriate operating mode, which for TABS is dependent upon the cooling load generated by the occupancy schedule. In this study, occupancy schedules are determined for various residential types. The operating modes of TABS for these residential types are estimated by using a dynamic computational simulation method. The results indicate that the operating modes of TABS can be determined by residential type and occupancy schedule. The load handled ratio by TABS is set up differently according to the cooling load profile obtained from residential type and occupancy schedule. By using TABS, energy consumption could be reduced by 20% compared to PTAC.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.875-882
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• 2015

In 2013, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that outdoor air pollution is carcinogenic to humans, with the particulate matter component of air pollution most closely associated with sufficient evidence of increased cancer incidence by exposure to particulate matter component of air pollution. Motor vehicles are one of a major emission sources of fine particle ($PM_{2.5}$) in urban areas. A large number of epidemiological studies have reported a positive association of morbidity or mortality with distance from the roadside. We conducted this study to assess the association of $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations measured at roadside hotspots with those at adjacent residential sites using real-time $PM_{2.5}$ monitors. We conducted real-time $PM_{2.5}$ measurements for rush hour periods (08:00~10:00 and 18:00~20:00) at 9 roadside air monitoring Hotspot sites in metropolitan Seoul over 3 weeks from October 1 to 21, 2013. Simultaneous measurements were conducted in residential sites within a 100 m radius from each roadside air monitoring site. A SidePak AM510 was used for the real-time $PM_{2.5}$ measurements. Medians of roadside $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations ranged from $9.8{\mu}g/m^3$ to $38.3{\mu}g/m^3$, while corresponding median values at adjacent residential sites ranged from $4.4{\mu}g/m^3$ to $37.3{\mu}g/m^3$. $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations of residential sites were 0.97 times of hotspot roadside sites. Distributions of $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in roadside and residential areas were also very similar. Real-time $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations at residential sites, (100 m adjacent), showed similar levels to those at roadside sites. Increasing the distance between roadside and residential sites, if needed, should be considered to protect urban resident populations from $PM_{2.5}$ emitted by traffic related sources.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.1251-1260
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• 2013

This paper presents the optimal scheduling of hourly consumption in a residential community (community, neighborhood, etc.) based on real-time electricity price. The residential community encompasses individual residential loads, communal (shared) loads, and local generation. Community-aggregated loads, which include residential and communal loads, are modeled as fixed, adjustable, shiftable, and storage loads. The objective of the optimal load scheduling problem is to minimize the community-aggregated electricity payment considering the convenience of individual residents and hourly community load characteristics. Limitations are included on the hourly utility load (defined as community-aggregated load minus the local generation) that is imported from the utility grid. Lagrangian relaxation (LR) is applied to decouple the utility constraint and provide tractable subproblems. The decomposed subproblems are formulated as mixed-integer programming (MIP) problems. The proposed model would be used by community master controllers to optimize the utility load schedule and minimize the community-aggregated electricity payment. Illustrative optimal load scheduling examples of a single resident as well as an aggregated community including 200 residents are presented to show the efficiency of the proposed method based on real-time electricity price.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.66-70
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• 2004

With its rapid modernization and the unparalleled rate at which its society is aging, South Korea faces the need for a dramatic increase in its supply of nursing homes. Among the spacial components of nursing homes, residential units are considered as an essential part because the older person in nursing homes usually spend most of their time in residential units and the nursing homes are mainly composed of various residential units. It is necessary, therefore, to prepare a guideline for the plan of residential units in order to design the healthy and efficient nursing homes. This paper has first identified the concept of residential unit and analyzed 55 cases in the 51 nursing homes from 4 countries. On the basis of this analysis, architectural prototypes of residential units have been proposed and the architectural characteristics of them have been compared analytically.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 2000

Current techniques of residential planning are based upon planning theories and experiences which have evolved over time. These techniques are prerequisite conditions in establishing a firm foundation upon which residential sites can be developed. Residential planning techniques, which have been introduced to Korea from such areas as Western Europe, North America and Japan, have been changing as a result of attempt to properly acculturate these foreign influences into a traditional, yet rapidly progressing Korean society. It has been this objective of Korean planners, of considering domestic conditions while incorporating planning experiences of other countries, that has spearheaded Korea's phenomenal development in recent times. In this study, the changes and perspectives of residential planning concepts are examined from a historically comparative point of view. This approach allows for a macroscopic perspective on the various theories of residential planning which are constantly changing.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.39-49
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• 2004

With its rapid modernization and unparalleled speed of aging, South Korea faces the need for dramatic increase in its supply of nursing homes. Among the spacial components of nursing homes, residential units are considered as an essential part because the older person in nursing homes usually spend most of their time in residential units and the nursing homes are mainly composed of various residential units. It is necessary, therefore, to prepare a guideline for the plan of residential units in order to design the healthy and efficient nursing homes. This paper has first identified the concept of residential unit and analyzed 66 cases in the 62 nursing homes from 4 countries. And 4 nursing homes in Korea have been surveyed for the in-depth study. On the basis of this analysis, architectural prototypes of residential units have been proposed and the architectural characteristics of them have been compared analytically.