• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 1985

Because Ceramium fastigiatum Harvey (1834) is a later homonym of C. fastigiatum Roth (1806), a quite different plant from the former, it becomes illegitimate and must be rejected under the Article 64 of International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. For this reason, we suggest to give a new name, Ceramium fastigiramosum Boo et Lee, to the former species, keeping the original specific epithet‘fastigiatum’. The morphology of vegetative and reproductive structures is re-examined. The life history is confirmed as a Polysiphonia-type in laboratory culture.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.74-79
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• 1982

Recently in Korea, integration of F.P. & MCH programs for effective and efficient implementation of the health programs has been discussed actively. In fact, categorical health workers in fields have been trained and changed as an integrated health workers by government. But one of the most important problems that had to be solved for successful integration of F.P. and MCH programs, is that there must be a common indicator for the evaluation of the two health services (integrated indicator). We regarded reproductive efficiency (=R.E.) that had been proposed by Charlotter M$\ddot{u}$ller et al, as the good integrated indicator. The object of this brief article is to introduce the meaning of reproductive efficiency and to illustrate the usefulnesses of R.E. as the integrated health indicator by applying this indicator to the data from preliminary survey of Seosan demonstration project for integration of F.P. & MCH service supported by WHO. The results and conclusions are as follows 1) Definition of R.E. is the percentage of pregnancies that succeed in production normal, surving children after taking into account the frequency of all measurable types of adverse outcomes (End point for evaluation of survival is one year of age). 2) On the basis of the past pregnant history, reproductive efficiency of the 2,484 eligible women (15-44 years) was roughly 75% (But, in the concept of good births, it is not regarded whether the survived infant is normal health or not). 3) Compared with the results of the other two surveys of the rural area in Korea, reproductive efficiency has been slightly decreased than before, in spite of family planning and MCH services for past 20 years. Because the quantity of increased abortion rate overwhelmed that of the decreased infant mortality rate. 4) Reproductive efficiency has the object for measure many events during the period from the conception (Wanted pregnancy) to an normal surviving children as an 1 year of age. So these heterogenous adversities, ie, induced abortion, still births, spontaneous abortion, neonate & infant death, are aggregated as R.E. However, if the information of these important events and reproductive efficiency were given, R.E. is used as the comprehensive evaluation indicator for F.P. and M.C.H. after meticulous analysis the various components of R.E. 5) Economic loss for adverse outcomes of preg were pregnancy were calculated applying the medical cost at the relatively small sized hospital of small city. Economic loss for 100 cases of adverse outcome is 10,420,000 won, and economic loss for infant death is 46.1% of the total loss. So, it is rational to invest much more effort and than before to MCH programs.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 2010

Objective: To testify whether the increased peripheral blood natural killer (pbNK) cells fraction and their cytolytic activity could coincide with patient's history of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and to evaluate these factors are can be valuable diagnostic markers in RSA. Methods: Women with a history of RSA comprised the patient group (n=35). Normal fertile women, who were experienced at least one healthy term birth without history of infertility or recurrent miscarriage, were included as the healthy control group (n=15). The pbNK cells of $CD3^-/CD56^+/CD16^+$ and their cytolytic activities against K562 cells were measured by flow cytometry and the values were compared between study and control groups. Results: Proportions of pbNK cells among peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) ($14.2{\pm}5.2$ vs. $9.4{\pm}3.7%$, p=0.002, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8 to 7.8) was significantly higher in the patient group. The odds ratio of having RSA history was increased as 8.4 folds (59% of sensitivity, 80% of specificity, and 95% CI: 2.0 to 35.8) in patients who showed pbNK cells fraction above 12.1% which was determined as cut-off value by using ROC curve analysis. The cytolytic activities of pbNK cells which measured by three different ratio of effecter pbNK cells to target K562 cells and calculated by the percent of cytolytic K562 cells, were significantly higher in study group than that of control group (in 50:1 ratio, $48.3{\pm}19.0$ vs. $31.3{\pm}11.9%$, p=0.002; in 25:1 ratio, $37.0{\pm}18.1$ vs. $20.2{\pm}9.2%$, p<0.001; in 12.5:1 ratio, $23.5{\pm}12.7$ vs. $12.4{\pm}7.3%$, p=0.001). With the cut-off values of cytolytic activity of pbNK cells as 43.1% (50:1), 26.9% (25:1), and 17.4% (12.5:1) each, the risk of having RSA history was increased by 10.0, 11.4, and 15.0 folds in patients who had increased in each effector of pbNK to target of K562 cells ratio. Conclusion: The analysis of pbNK cells fraction and their cytolytic activity can be valuable diagnostic markers for RSA. We are going to planning the large scaled studies which include the data of obstetric outcomes in subsequent pregnancies to clarify our results of this study.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.289-297
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• 2014

Objectives: This community-based cohort study was performed to investigate the incidence of and factors related to self-reported fragility fractures among middle-aged and elderly women living in rural Korea. Methods: The osteoporosis cohort recruited 430 women 40 to 69 years old in 1999, and 396 of these women were followed over 11 years. In 1999, questionnaires from all participants assessed general characteristics, medical history, lifestyle, menstrual and reproductive characteristics, and bone mineral density. In 2010, self-reported fractures and the date, site, and cause of these fractures were recorded. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs). Results: Seventy-six participants among 3949.7 person-years experienced fragility fractures during the 11-year follow-up. The incidence of fragility fractures was 1924.2 per 100 000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 1491.6 to 2356.8). In the multivariate model, low body mass index (HR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.13 to 6.24), a parental history of osteoporosis (HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.18 to 3.49), and postmenopausal status (HR, 3.50; 95% CI, 1.05 to 11.67) were significantly related to fragility fracture. Conclusions: Fracture prevention programs are needed among postmenopausal, rural, Korean women with a low body mass index and parental history of osteoporosis Korea.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.725-734
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• 2018

Ovaries of 21 bitches presented with gynecopathies were surgically removed and histologically examined. Standard histological, as well as immunohistochemical, classification of 193 cystic structures resulted in the classification of 72 cysts of subsurface epithelial structures (SES), 61 follicular cysts (FCs), 38 cystic rete ovarii (CRO), 13 lutein cysts (LCs), and 9 non-classifiable cysts (NCCs). In addition to the histological classification, results were interpreted according to subject medical history, clinical examination outcome, and macroscopic observations during ovariohysterectomy. Dogs with ovarian cysts (OCs) and associated reproductive perturbations were mostly nulliparous, of large breed, and had an average of $9.5{\pm}3$ years. Prolonged or shortened inter-estrus intervals of past heats, however, seemed to be relatively low-risk factors for the development of OCs in dogs. Furthermore, we provide histological observations of a rarely seen canine LC including a degenerated oocyte in the central cavity.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.389-396
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• 2006

Objectives: A community-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine theprevalence of osteoporosis and to evaluate the effects of body composition, health behaviors and reproductive history on bone density in postmenopausal women. Methods: The study subjects were 362 postmenopausal women, aged 45 years old or over, who were invited to the hospital. Information on their socio-demographic characteristics and the potential risk factors such as their past medical history, smoking, alcohol intake, exercise, diet and menstrual/reproductive histories were collected by trained interviewers. Weight, height, the body mass index ($kg/m^{2}$), and body composition variables were measured. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: The prevalence of osteoporosis was 30.6% in the $45{\sim}64$ years old women, 52.5% in the elderly women aged $65{\sim}74$, and 68.7% in the women aged 75 years or over. After adjustment for the effect of potential covariates, those women in the highest 25% (4th quartile) of the lean body mass are less likely to have osteoporosis (aOR=0.31, 95% CI=0.12-0.76), compared with the lowest quartile group. More parity also had significantly detrimental effects on osteoporosis. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women increased with age from 46.3% of those aged 45-64 to 68.7% for those aged 75 and over. Lean body mass and parity appeared significant contributor to bone mineral density in postmenopausal women in this population.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.44-47
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• 2018

Onco-testicular sperm extraction is used to preserve fertility in patients with bilateral testicular tumors and azoospermia. We report the case of a testicular tumor in the solitary testis of a patient who had previously undergone successful contralateral orchiectomy and whose sperm was preserved by onco-testicular sperm extraction. A 35-year-old patient presented with swelling of his right scrotum that had lasted for 1 month. His medical history included a contralateral orchiectomy during childhood. Ultrasonography revealed a mosaic echoic area in his scrotum, suggesting a testicular tumor. The lesion was palpated within the normal testicular tissue along its edge and semen analysis showed azoospermia. Radical inguinal orchiectomy and onco-testicular sperm extraction were performed simultaneously. Motile spermatozoa were extracted from normal seminiferous tubules under microscopy and were frozen. Eventual intracytoplasmic sperm injection using the frozen spermatozoa is planned. Onco-testicular sperm extraction is an important fertility preservation method in patients with bilateral testicular tumors or a history of a previous contralateral orchiectomy.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.393-398
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• 1997

Cytogenetic analysis was performed in 1321 couples and 141 women with history of abnormal reproductive outcome during 1988-1996. The use of high resolution banding technique and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the chromosome analysis has made the precise evaluation of chromosome aberrations. The prevalence of balanced chromosomal translocation carriers were 3.74% (104/2783 patients). 70 cases (2.52%) were reciprocal translocation carriers and 34 (1.22%) had Robertsonian translocations. Chromosome aberrations were more frequent in women (73 cases) than in men (31 cases). No phenotypical abnormalities were found in all carriers, but they experienced abnormal reproductive outcomes such as recurrent spontaneous abortions, anomalous offsprings or infertility problem. Prenatal diagnosis was carried out on 36 subsequent pregnancies in balanced translocation carriers. The fetal karyotypes showed that 12 cases (33%) were normal, 22 (61%) were balanced translocations, and two (6%) were unbalanced translocations. It is concluded that the prevalence of balanced chromosomal translocations in patients with abnormal reproductive outcome is higher than that of the normal population. Most of the fetal samples showed normal karyotypes or balanced translocations. Although the incidence of chromosomal imbalance in the fetuses was relatively low in prenatal diagnosis, individuals with balanced translocations are predisposed to abnormal offspring with partial trisomy or monosomy. Therefore we recommend that genetic counselling and cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis for translocation carriers have to be offered to prevent recurrent chromosomal abnormal babies.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 1988

Retrograde ejaculation, an infrequent cause of male infertility, may be the sequala of prostate or bladder neck surgery or the result of interruption in the sympathetic innervation, the diagnosis is established by history and examination of urine. Infertile couple artificial insemination homologous(AIH) using retrograde ejaculate recovered from bladder has been successfully acomplished. In this case, ovulation was induced by clomiphene citrate, osmorality and pH of urine was controlled by buffer solution and immediately specimen collection, to improve sperm mobility. We had experienced a successful pregnancy and delivery case by above method. So here reported with brief review of literature.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1993

Human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG) and intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) treatment were attempted as a novel therapeutic approach for unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion(RSA). Forty-four and 3 women with a history of RSA were treated with hCG and IVIG, respectively, during pregnancy. Of these patients, serum blocking factor assay was performed before and after each treatment, in 15 patients; 12 cases with hCG and 3 cases with IVIG. The results were as follows: 1. Of 44 women who receive hCG during pregnancy, 24 delivered healthy infants at term, 10 patients suffered repeat abortion, and 10 women are still pregnant under 28 weeks. Over all success rate of hCG treatment was 70.6% (24/34). Although there is no statistical significance, absolute serm blocking level was decreased after treatment(N=12). 2. Of 3 women who receive IVIG during pregnancy, all 3 women are still pregnant under 28 weeks. Serum blocking level was increased after treatment, however, this increment was not statistically significant. Although no conclusion could be extracted from the patients who received IVIG, the therapeutic effect of hCG is comparable to that of the other therapeutic regimens, such as allogeneic leukocytes. It was postulated that actual etiology of unknown RSA would be classified as hormonal origin although combined etiologies are common in Korean women.