• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1057-1060
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• 2014

In our previous articles, an approach has been proposed for the evaluation of the uncertainty of overall result from multiple measurements. In the approach, uncertainty sources were classified into two groups: the first including those giving same 'systematic' effect on each individual measurement and the second including the others giving 'random' effect on each individual measurement and causing a variation among individual measurement results. The arithmetic mean of the replicated measurements is usually assigned as the value for the overall result. Uncertainty of the overall result is determined by separately evaluating and combining an overall uncertainty from sources of the 'systematic' effect and another overall uncertainty from sources of the 'random' effect. This conceptual approach has been widely adopted in chemical metrology society. In this study, further logical proof with more detailed mathematical expressions is provided on the approach.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.291-305
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• 1989

Present experiment was performed to establish the optimal reaction conditions for measurement of urinary gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase(${\gamma}$-GTP), N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (AGS) and alanine aminopeptidase(AAP) activities in bovine and to investigate in vitro stability of the enzymes, within-run imprecision of the methods, and normal ranges. 1. The optimal wavelength for measurement of ${\gamma}$-GTP activity was 545nm. 2. The optimal pH of Tris-HCI buffer containing glycylglycine for measurement of urinary ${\gamma}$-GTP activity was 7.6～7.8(37$^{\circ}C$). 3. Coefficient of variance for within-run imprecision of urinary ${\gamma}$-GTP activity ranged from 4.8 to 7.2% and there was no significant difference among replications, 4. The optimal wavelength for measurement of urinary AGS activity was 405nm. 5. The optimal pH of citrate buffer for measurement urinary of AGS activity was 4.0(37$^{\circ}C$). 6. Coefficient of variance for within-run imprecision of urinary AGS activity ranged from 3.9 to 6.1％ and there was no significant difference among replications. 7. The optimal wavelength for measurement of urinary AAP activity was 400nm. 8. The optimal pH of phosphate buffer for measurement of urinary AAP was 7.8. 9. Coefficient of variance for within-run imprecision of urinary AAP activity ranged from 2.5 to 4.8% and there was no significant difference among replications. 10. ${\gamma}$-GTP and AGS activities were increased significantly by gel-filtration. 11. Turbidity interfered with measurement of urinary AAP activity in bovine unless the specimen was gel-filterated. 12. Preservation of the specimen at 5$^{\circ}C$ or -20$^{\circ}C$ did not affect the AGS activity at least for 7 days after collection. 13. Preservation of the specimen at 5$^{\circ}C$ or 20$^{\circ}C$ did not affect the ${\gamma}$-GTP and AAP activities statistically, but some individual specimens revealed fluctuation during preservation. 14. ${\gamma}$-GTP, AGS and AAP activities revealed fluctuation by the tine of the day when the specimen was collected. 15. The normal ranges of urinary ${\gamma}$ -GTP, AGS and AAP activities were 6.60${\pm}$3.26(2.36-14.50), 1.31 ${\pm}$ 0.81(0.33-3.78), and 1.73 ${\pm}$ 0.55(0.77-3.03)U/l. respectively.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.157-164
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• 2021

The aim of this study is to provide empirical evaluation of the accuracy of data-model fit using growing levels of invariance models. Overall model accuracy of factor solutions was evaluated by the examination of the order for testing three levels of measurement invariance (MIV) starting with configural invariance (model 0). Model testing was evaluated by the Chi-square difference test (∆𝛘²) between two groups, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) were used to evaluate the all-model fits. Factorial invariance result revealed that stability of the models was varying over increasing levels of measurement as a function of variable-to-factor ratio (VTF), subject-to-variable ratio (STV), and their interactions. There were invariant factor loadings and invariant intercepts among the groups indicating that measurement invariance was achieved. For VTF ratio (3:1, 6:1, and 9:1), the models started to show accuracy over levels of measurement when STV ratio was 6:1. Yet, the frequency of stability models over 1000 replications increased (from 69% to 89%) as STV ratio increased. The models showed more accuracy at or above 39:1 STV.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.482-488
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• 2017

The measurement based on reliable standard operating procedures (SOPs) is important for consistent information. The objective of this study is to investigate reliable SOPs of soil physical methods, including core method for bulk density, Yamanaka hardness, and air permeameter method for air permeability. The coefficients of variation in bulk density (core method), Yamanaka hardness, and air permeability were ranged of 1~6%, 8~13%, and 10~84%, respectively. The variation in situ measurement such as bulk density, hardness, and air permeability due to spatial variability at measuring site was larger due to the number of replicates, organic matter content, and soil texture. Nevertheless, air permeability had different values as different number of replicates, and thus, it is thought that more replicates can result in higher reliability. It suggested that investigation of soil physical properties for the target sites should required to consider about soil texture, organic matter content, and number of replications before measurement. In conclusion, core sampling for bulk density measurement in upland soil recommended to perform in 3 repetitions with 2 inch core, and 3 inch core sampling for higher organic matter content.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.243-252
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• 1999

The damage caused in the processes and distributions after harvesting the fruits and vegetables is attributed to the mechanical factors such as compressive and impact forces. Compression tests of biological materials provide an objective method for determining the apparent modulus of elasticity and mechanical properties which are significant in quality evaluation and control, and them maximum allowable compressive forces for minimizing mechanical damage. This study was performed to determine the mechanical properties of apple and pear, and to investigate effect of specimen shapes on the mechanical properties of them. A computer program was developed for measuring the mechanical properties and analyzing the data obtained from the measurement. Compression tests on the sample were performed with then replications at each treatment and at 25 mm/min loading rate. Mechanical properties of the apple was generally shown the higher value than those of the pear, and it was though that data obtained form the cylindrical specimen removed from the sample was more reliable than from the specimen cut in half.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2004

Density is a physical property which contains information relating to the internal quality of fruits and vegetables, and can be used as an index for nondestructive quality evaluation. Density sorting has been employed by farmers for some agricultural products since ancient times. In this study, an automatic density measuring system based on the platform scale or water displacement method was developed for density sorting of watermelon. It consisted of water tan, load cell, net tray, electric motor, limit switch, control system and its program. The resolution of density was 0.001 g/㎤. In order to calibrate and evaluate the accuracy, the density was measured using a balloon kept in cold water. It showed 1.002 g/㎤ which almost correspond to real density of water. Test results with 6 watermelons and 3 replications showed that the standard deviations of the dens were 0.001∼0.004 g/㎤. The relationship between density and internal quality of watermelon was investigated using the system. The densities of hollow watermelons were less than 0.950 g/㎤, it was apparent that the density of the watermelon was related to the degree of hollowness. But the soluble solid contents and internal defects could not be estimated from the density.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.229-235
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• 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary onion (Allium cepa) extract (OE) supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract retention (ATTR), blood profile, carcass characteristics and meat quality in broilers. Methods: Four hundred male broiler chicks (Ross 308, 3-d old) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments for 28 d feeding trial. Each treatment has five replications with 20 birds each. Four dietary treatments were designated according to the OE supplementation levels (0 as control, 5, 7.5, and 10 g of OE per kg of basal diet respectively). On d 28, a total of 20 birds from each treatment were subjected for ATTR, serum biochemical assay, carcass characteristic and organ weight measurement. Results: Overall weight gain of OE 7.5 g/kg group was higher (p = 0.04) than control group. The ATTRs of dietary energy (p<0.01) and ether extract (p = 0.04) linearly increased with increasing levels of dietary OE. However, no difference in ATTR of dry matter and crude protein was evident. Furthermore, serum IgG concentration increased linearly (p<0.01) and quadratically (p = 0.03) with increasing OE supplementation. No differences in carcass dressing weight and amount of abdominal fat by treatments were observed. Also, the weight of organ including immune organ was not different among the treatments. The TBARS values of 10 d stored breast meat decreased linearly (p<0.01) and quadratically (p<0.01) with increasing dietary OE levels. The meat color was also affected, with lower (p<0.01) redness score in meats from OE supplemented groups. This study showed that dietary OE improved broiler weight gain presumably by increasing feed intake and ATTR of both energy and ether extract. The dietary OE increased serum IgG level and meat anti-oxidation capacity. Conclusion: This study implies that the recommended level of dietary OE supplementation could be beneficial for improving broiler performance and meat quality.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.55-68
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• 1989

This experiment was carried out to investigate the crack of coated Nitrocellulose Lacquer on flatand edge-grained boards of Quercus acutissima, ring-porous wood, and Betula platyphylla var. japonica, diffuse-porous wood, by variations of moisture contents at 7, 13 and 21%. Cold check system was used as an accelerating method for crack development, in which one cycle of the system consisted of 10 replications of each unit cycle, $60^{\circ}C$ for 4hr followdd by $-20^{\circ}C$ for 4hr. The analysis of Nitrocellulose Lacquer characteristics was made by means of water permeation measurement, F.T.I.R. spectroscopy, N.M.R. spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, gas chromatography, and D.S.C. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The number of cracks increased with the increasing moisture content of board. 2. The crack of coated film on flat-grained board was fewer in number than on edge-grained board. 3. The crack occurred in Quercus acutissima was more numerous on edge-grained board but less frequent on flat-grained board compared with that in Betula platyphylla var. japonica, respectively. 4. The cold crack vertically developed to the grain both in Quercus acutissima and Betula platyphylla var. japonica. 5. Water permeability in intermediate coated film was lower than in under and top coated film, but the difference was not confirmed between under and top coated film.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.46-52
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• 2018

Background: The hamstring muscles in the lower extremity are highly important for knee joint stability and can be classified into medial and lateral hamstrings according to the anatomical position, which have some different functions. To measure the strength of the individual hamstring muscles, manual muscle testing is clinically performed by dividing rotation postures into internal and external postures. However, this has no sufficient scientific background. Objects: This study aimed to test the difference that the tibial rotation would cause in the muscle activity of the medial and lateral hamstrings. Methods: The muscle activities of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus were measured in a total of three different postures (neutral position and internal and external rotations) with 3 replications. During the maximal isometric contraction, resistance was constantly provided by the string attached to the strap, not by manual resistance of the examiner. Before and after electromyography measurements, the participants underwent hamstring flexibility measurement using the active knee extension test in the supine position on the treatment table. Results: The semitendinosus had a 12.56% reduction in muscle activity in external rotation as compared with that in neutral position. The biceps femoris and semimembranosus showed reduced muscle activities in both external and internal rotations as compared with those in neutral position. Only the women showed significant decreases in the comparison between pre and post-active knee extension. Conclusion: Only the semitendinosus muscle was consistent with the anatomical speculation. However, the reduction in the muscle activity of the semitendinosus as compared with that in neutral position was only 12.56%, the clinical value of which may be difficult to justify.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.598-607
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the amount of nitrogen (N) top dressing based on the normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) by ground based sensors for leaf perilla under the polyethylene house. Experimental design was the randomized complete block design for five N fertilization levels and conventional fertilization with 3 and 4 replications in Gumsan-gun and Milyang-si field, respectively. Dry weight (DW), concentration of N, and amount of N uptake by leaf perilla as well as NDVIs from sensors were measured monthly. Difference of growth characteristics among treatments in Gumsan field was wider than Milyang. SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter reading explained 43.4% of the variability in N content of leaves in Gumsan field at $150^{th}$ day after seedling (DAS) and 45.9% in Milyang at $239^{th}$ DAS. Indexes of red sensor (RNDVI) and amber sensor (ANDVI) at $172^{th}$ day after seedling (DAS) in Gumsan explained 50% and 57% of the variability in N content of leaves. RNDVI and ANDVI at $31^{th}$ DAS in Milyang explained 60% and 65% of the variability in DW of leaves. Based on the relationship between ANDVI and N application rate, ANDVI at $172^{th}$ DAS in Gumsan explained 57% of the variability in N application rate but non significant relationship in Milyang field. Average sufficiency index (SI) calculated from ratio of each measurement index per maximum index of ANDVI at $172^{th}$ DAS in Gumsan explained 73% of the variability in N application rate. Although the relationship between NDVIs and growth characteristics was various upon growing season, SI by NDVIs of ground based remote sensors at top dressing season was thought to be useful index for recommendation of N top dressing rate of leaf perilla.