• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.15
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• pp.51-79
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• 2013

This paper examines the characteristics of post-modern self-portrait photography. Characteristics of postmodernism associated with the "loss of centeredness," such as the death of the author, interdisciplinarity, and intertextuality, brought about a number of changes within the self-portrait. The distinction between post-modern and modern self-portraiture can be characterized by the following qualities: appropriation, the use of photography, and the utilization of the human body as an art. The characteristics of post-modern self-portrait photography can be represented through the works of Cindy Sherman, Orlan, and Morimura Yasumasa. By presenting prototypical women in her works, Cindy Sherman not only represents images of those women, but also exposes her fictitious role in the work. She creates a distance between herself in the works and herself in reality and discloses a paternalistic gaze. Meanwhile, Orlan transforms her face into a distorted image and presents it as an alternative identity that is representative of postmodernism. She corrodes the standard concept of identity through plastic surgery and treats the face not as a place where the identity stays, but as a simple body part or fragment of skin. Orlan's post-human face is malleable according to the artist's desire to raise the issue of what the human face is, and opposes the structure of modernism. Morimura Yasumasa also appropriates images from masterpieces and presents a hybrid identity between Eastern and Western, male and female, original and replica, and subject and object. In order to dissect social prejudice, he puts forth every single structural dichotomy that coexists in his self-portrait and suppresses a strong ego. He also studies the relationship between 'seeing' and being 'seen' by trading the painter's role from that of the subject to that of the object.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.26 no.4_2
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• pp.561-570
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• 2023

This study was to evaluate the effect of different rinsing times and methods on the accuracy of temporary prostheses fabricated by 3D printing method. Sixty temporary prostheses were fabricated with LCD types of 3D printer(Halot-Sky, Creality, Shenzhen, China) and divided into six groups (n = 10) based on rinsing times and methods. All specimens were rinsed with 99% isopropanol alcohol for 5 and 10 min using three methods-hand washed, ultrasonic cleaning, and automated washing. All specimens were polymerized for 3 minutes under the same conditions. The marginal and internal gaps of specimens were examined using a replica technique. The light-body silicone thickness was measured at 6 reference points(Absolute marginal discrepancy, Marginal, Chamfer, Axial, Angle, and Occlusal gap). All measurements were performed by a stereomicroscope. Reference point images were taken at 100× magnification and then measured using an image analysis program. Statistical analysis was performed using Two-way ANOVA, One-way ANOVA, and the Kruskal-Wallis test (p = .05). The marginal and internal gaps were statistically different according to the rinsing methods and rinsing times(p < .001). In the rinsing time, the temporary prosthesis rinsed for 5 minutes group showed higher accuracy than 10 minutes group. In the rinsing method, the hand washing group showed higher accuracy than the automated washing group.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology and intercellular junctions of the odontoblast of dental pulp in the rat incisor by means of the freeze fracture electron microscopy. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $150{\sim}200g$ were used. After being anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml sodium pentobarbital per kg in body weight(60 mg/ml) the animals were perfused with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-2% paraformaldehyde fixative in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2 through the ascending aorta for one hour. The incisors were carefully extracted from the jaws and demineralized by suspending them in 0.1 M EDTA in 3% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.2) for two weeks. After demineralization, the specimens were obtained from the portion divided into five equal parts. For freeze-fracture replication, demineralized tissues were infiltrated for several hours with 10%, 25% glycerol in 0.1M cacodylate buffer as a cryoprotectant and then frozen in liquid Freon 22 and stored in liquid nitrogen. Fracturing and replication were done in Balzers BAF 400D high-vacuum freeze-fracture apparatus at $-120^{\circ}C$ under routine $5X10^{-7}$ Torr vacuum. The tissue was immediately replicated with platinum unidirectionally at $45^{\circ}$ angle and reinforced with carbon at $90^{\circ}$ angle unidirectionally or by using a rotary stage. The replication process was monitored by a quartz-crystal device. The replicas were immersed in 100% methanol overnight. The tissue was then digested from the replica by clorox (laundry bleach), placed into 5% EDTA, and washed repeatedly with distilled water. The replicas were picked up on 0.3% formvar-coated 75 mesh grids and examined in the JEOL 100B electron microscope. The results were as follows; 1. Both in thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas, three types of intercellular junctions were recognizable in the plasma membrane of odontoblast: gap junction, tight junction and desmosome-like junction. 2. The nuclear pores were evenly distributed over the nuclear envelope. The pore complex formed a ring about 70 nm in diameter. 3. Gap junctions were found between odontoblasts as well as odontoblasts and neighbouring pulp cells (fibroblast, subodontoblastic cell process, nerve-like fibre). Gap junctions, which were round, ellipsoid and pear-shaped and 600 nm in diameter, were observed in the odontoblast. 4. Numerous round and ellipsoid gap junctions could be frequently seen on the plasma membranes in cell body and apical part of the odontoblasts. On the P face, the junctions were recognized as a cluster of closely packed particles, measuring about 9 nm in diameter, and on the E face, the junctions were recognized as a shallow grooves.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.25
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

This study investigated White Porcelain Water Dropper with Openwork Lotus Scroll Design and Eight Trigram Design in Cobalt-blue Underglaze (hereinafter, the "water dropper") in the collection of the National Museum of Korea using computed tomography (CT). A replica was produced to examine both the structure and its original production method. The CT scanning identified no joint lines or pores in the clay, which suggests that the body (the lower part of the water dropper) was shaped in a single piece using a mold and was then matched with a mold-formed lid (the upper part of the water dropper). The inner container of the body portion was roughly trimmed with a bamboo knife so that its upper surface could be securely attached to the bottom of the lid and prevent any leakage in the joined surface. It appears that the inner container for storing water was made first in a cylindrical shape that met the unit of quantity used at the time and could be easily formed by molding. It was transformed into a trapezoid shape during the process of combining it with the lid. A cylindrical inner container was reproduced using silicon 3D printing to compare its capacity with that of the original inner container. The comparison revealed that the reproduced container had a capacity of 152.5㎖, whereas the original container holds approximately 168.6㎖, a figure similar to three hop (around 174㎖) in Joseon-period units of quantity. Since the capacity of the cylindrical inner container corresponds to a known measure from the late Joseon dynasty, it is likely that the water dropper was originally produced to contain a cylindrical inner container.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.2
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• pp.169-190
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• 2004

The purpose of this article is to delve into the problems of originality of the artwork by examining issues of reproduction within the contemporary art market. In contemporary arts, especially in terms of art production and consumption, we can't overlook society and its economic structure and its connection with of capitalism. As the purity of art creation has turned into an exchange value, art, especially an object as artwork, has fallen into the status of production in an economic marketing system. Walter Benjamin mainly referred to that point in his thesis Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit, which originated the sociology of plastic arts. This thesis, published in 1936, traced how the artistic functions of photograph and movie had been changed through the social development. His main concerns were movie and photograph but what I am concentrating from his point of view, is that even in the field of plastic arts, the manufacture of reproduction has been practiced as a primary method within the social and political contexts and development. Though I am referring to this in the main body of this article, reproduction in contemporary art strongly needs a new definition since it has been spread all over like a newest virus, not only by collector's personal taste or hut also by commercial circulations of these reproductions to the public. This relates to Benjamin's argument about the value of an exhibition at a museum(Ausstellungswert). Since the function of an artwork has been one of cultural industry, the manufacturing of reproduction raises unexpected problems, such as, the originality of the artwork, the value of an exhibition at a museum, its achievement as documentary and as a territory of art criticism. In this point of view, I want to inquire into the value and criteria of an exhibition in contemporary art through the review of the definitions and the intrinsic attributes of reproduction. Somehow in a broad sense, the reproduction is a product coming out of representation or copy (replica) of an original art work or an model. Therefore, the problems it presents differ from the Simulacre, which is an image without an original one. In terms of the Meanings of reproduction, we can distinguish it as reproductions, copies, and productions. These types of reproductions are not the original artworks reflected by the creative intention of the artists. For example, a publishing company reproduced some of lithographs of Salvador Dali in the 1960s. They are commercial copies in the form of representation or reproduction with no artistic and creative intention of the artist. However, In despite of this theoretical basis, reproductions of the famous artists are still displayed without any verification for of the public's quest for the artworks. Moreover, many commercial companies that are planning to exhibit art works of the world-famous artists only for their profits keep trying to speak ill of and judging by the law the honest art critics' articles which discuss the true values of exhibition. If freedom of expression is one of the ideals of democracy, even the judgment of the originality of the artworks should be freely expressed.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1998

Characteristics and distribution of the natural commensal flora in the surrounding environment and tissues of clam in Hadong area were studied under varying conditions of growth media and incubation temperatures. Total numbers of bacteria present in intestinal tract, gill, body fluid and surrounding mud were found to be not influenced by the used BHIA, STA and SNA media. Although the growth rate of bacteria at the condition of $15^{\circ}C$ incubation temperature was slower than that of $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$, it showed the highest number of total bacteria compared with other two different conditions of incubation temperature. Interestingly, the proportion of bacteria able to form colony on several selective media was higher in replica analysis from nutrient media to selective media than that in direct smearing from samples. The generic diversity of bacteria isolated from the tissues and analyzed by API 20E and API 20NE kit showed similar pattern with each other and distinct from that of environment. The distribution of bacteria in the surrounding mud or mantle fluid of clam indicated a high diversity comparable to that found for the gill or intestinal tract microflora, with Pseudomonas being the prevalent group. It implies that the tissues of clam may probide a selective habitat for a commensal microflora.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.512-519
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• 2012

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of macsumsuk and herb resources on the performances and meat quality of broiler chickens. Six hundreds (600) broiler chickens were randomly allocated into four groups (4 groups${\times}$50 chickens/group${\times}$3 replica), Control, Treatment 1 (T1; 0.3% macsumsuk), Treatment 2 (T2; 0.3% herb resources), and Treatment 3 (T3; 0.3% macsumsuk + 0.3% herb resources) and fed for 5 wk. T2 group showed higher total body weight gain and average daily gain of 1,812.5 g and 51.79 g, respectively, than the other groups. Control group showed the highest (p<0.05) mortality (8%) and total blood cholesterol (111.8 mg/dL) among experimental groups. T3 group (6.71 mg/dL) showed the highest (p<0.05) while control group (4.50 mg/dL) showed the lowest (p<0.05) in blood IgG levels. Cooking loss was 17.08, 16.14, 16.55, and 15.25%, shear force value was 1.91, 1.52, 1.55, and 1.47 $kg/cm^2$, and water holding capacity (WHC) was 54.40, 55.97, 56.01, and 55.70% for Control, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Cholesterol contents in breast meat of Control (88.91 mg/100 g) chickens showed the highest (p<0.05) levels comparing to either T1 (83.59 mg/dL), T2 (82.41 mg/dL), or T3 (80.81 mg/dL) chickens. In conclusion, the current study implies that feeding macsumsuk and herb resources to broiler chickens could decrease cholesterol contents in breast meat.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.93-105
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• 1993

This study was carried out to determine the concentrations of previtamin D$_3$(PreD$_3$), lumisterol$_3$(L3), tachystero1$_3$(73), vitamin D$_3$(VD$_3$) and provitamin D$_3$(ProD$_3$) in leg skins of broiler chicks exposed to UVB lights (maximum intensity at 297 nm) with dose of 0.204 or 0.409 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$(30 or 60 min irradiation) . The broiler Hubbard line day old chicks(2 dose $\times$9 elapsed time $\times$4 replica＋10 control＝82) were fed VD-deficient diet for 31 days in a windowless subdued light room. The skin was collected at 0, 6, 12, 18, 30, 42, 66, 90 or 138 hr after UVB irradiation. The skin lipid was extracted by 9％ ethyl acetate/n-hexane, and the fraction of VD$_3$ and its analogues was purified by Sep-Pak silica cartridge. The straight phase HPLC was utilized to analyze ProD$_3$ and its products. The mole ％(absolute level expressed in ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) of PreD$_3$ in leg skin (epidermis＋dermis) was 4.67％(44 ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) or 3.97％(37 ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) right after UVB irradiation by 0.204 or 0.409 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$(30 or 60 min) at 15 cm distance, respectively. It content in leg skin at 0 hr after exposure was 7.24％(12 ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) or 0.92％(9 ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$), respectively. The increase in irradiation dose did not affect proportionally the If synthesis.73 concentration in leg skin was 0.58％(S ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) or 0.57％(6 ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$), respectively 0 hr after irradiation. The VD$_3$ in leg skin of birds exposed to UVB light with dose of 0.204 or 0.409 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was 2.13％ (21 ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) or 0.97％ (16ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$), respectively at 0 hr after exposure, 2.72％(26ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) or 3.84％(37ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$), respectively at 6 hr, and 4.30％ ((33ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$) or 6.40％(76ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$), respectively at 12 hr. The peak concentration of VD$_3$ was presented at 18 or 30 hr when 0.204 or 0.409 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$) was treated, respectively. It was shown that 18~30 hr were necessary for the thermal conversion of PreD$_3$ into VD$_3$ in the leg skin of broiler chicks. The ProD$_3$ contents in leg skins of negative control, 0.204 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 0.409 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ treated birds were 966, 948 and 815 ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$, respectively at right before and after UVB exposure. It was estimated that 18 or 151 ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of ProD$_3$ was isomerized to PreD$_3$, L$_3$, T$_3$ and VD$_3$ when exposed to 0.204 or 0.409 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$, respective)y. Consequently it was shown that when double dose of UVB light was applied to irradiate the chick body, more but not double synthesis of VD$_3$ and its analogues was occured in leg skin of brolier chicks.