• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.457-464
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• 2023

The rendering residue generated by rendering disposal, an eco-friendly livestock carcass disposal method, is a useful agricultural resource. Methods for recycling this are being actively researched, and this study investigated the impact of applying rendered residue directly to soil on crop productivity and the agricultural environment. The chemical properties of the rendering residue were examined. The pH, OM, T-N, T-P, CaO, K₂O, and MgO content values were 5.47%, 59.8%, 9.22%, 2.96%, 2.16%, 0.51% and 0.10%, respectively. Treatment conditions were divided into control, inorganic fertilizer, and rendering residue, and rendering residue corresponding to 50, 100, and 200% nitrogen content was applied based on the amount of inorganic fertilizer nitrogen input. Greenhouse gases and ammonia were collected during the cultivation period. Rendering residue increased both the yield and growth of peppers and was effective in improving nutrients such as pH and OM of the soil after harvest. However, compared to inorganic fertilizer treatment, it increased emissions of nitrous oxide and methane as well as ammonia. It is judged that the direct agricultural use of rendering residue is difficult, and a utilization method is needed.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.236-244
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Liquid fertilizers can provide nutrients to crops effectively and quickly. Amino acid liquid fertilizers produced by decomposing the residues of rendered livestock carcasses are expected to be effective in improving the productivity and quality of crops. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatment conditions for maize cultivation were control (Cn), inorganic fertilizer (IF), inorganic fertilizer and rendering residue liquid fertilizer (IF+RALF), compost (CP), compost and rendering residue liquid fertilizer (CP+RALF). Crop productivity, sugar content, and nutrient uptake were investigated after maize harvest in the field applied with liquid fertilizers. Maize yields ranged from 87.6-158 g/plant, and the yield increased by 7.9% and 12.9% in IF+RALF IF+RALF and CP+RALF than in IF and CP, respectively. The maize sugar content increased in the range of 0.1-0.5 brix % by rendering residue liquid fertilizer (RALF) fertilization, and the sugar content was the highest in CP+RALF. There was no significant change in soil chemical properties of the soil due to liquid fertilizer treatment. CONCLUSION(S): RALF increased yield and sugar content in maize cultivation, and fertilization with organic fertilizers was more effective for maize cultivation than inorganic fertilizers. Residues of rendered livestock carcass can be recycled as amino acid fertilizers, which can be effectively used for crop production and quality improvement.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1980

이 연구(硏究)는 Trichoderma viride Cellulase에 의(依)한 수재가수분해(水材加水分解)에 관(関)한 것으로서 공시재료(供試材料)는 산오리나무, 상수리나무, 자작나무, 이태리포푸라, 버즘나무재(材)를 사용(使用)하였다. 그리고 환원당(還元糖) 생성(生成)을 위한 Cellulose 반응(反応)의 최적(最適) 처리조건(處理條件)과 효소처리(酵素處理) 잔사(残渣)를 재가열(再加熱)과 재분취(再粉醉)한 기질(基質)의 당생성량(糖生成量)을 비교(比較)하였다. Trichoderma viride 조효소액(粗酵素液)은 진탕배양법(振盪培養法)에 의(依)하여 생산(生産)하였고 이것을 염석효소법(塩析酵素液)을 제조(調製)하여 사용(使用)하였다. 기질(基質)은 산오리나무, 상수리나무, 자작나무, 이태리포푸라, 버즘나무재(材)의 톱밥을 과초산법(過醋酸法)에 의(依)하여 탈(脱)리그닌 한 것과 다시 이들의 효소처리잔사(酵素處理残渣)를 재가열(再加熱)함과 재분쇄(再粉碎)한 것을 사용(使用)하였다. 환원당(還元糖) 정량(定量)은 DNS 법(法)에 의(依)하였다. 1. Trichoderma viride Cellulase를 사용하여 최적조건(最適條件)에서 당화처리(糖化處理)하면 반응시간(反応時間) 96시간(時間)에서 평균(平均) 28.3%의 환원당(還元糖) 생성(生成)하였다. 2. 효소처리잔사(酵素處理残渣)를 수세(水洗)한 후(後) $60^{\circ}C$에서 건조(乾燥)하여 $190^{\circ}C$에서 45분간(分間) 재열처리(再熱處理)하여 60mesh로 재분쇄(再粉碎)한 기질(基質)은 동일기질(同一基質)에서 효소농도(酵素濃度)가 높아질수록 환원당(還元糖) 생성량(生成量)도 증가(増加)하였다. 3. 효소처리잔사(酵素處理残渣)를$60^{\circ}C$에서 건조(乾燥)하여 기질(基質)로 사용(使用)한 것의 환원당(還元糖) 생성량(生成量)은 대단(大端)히 저조(低調)하였으나(Fig1의 $S_1$ 곡선(曲線)) 최초(最初) 기질(基質)과 효소처리잔사(酵素處理残渣)를 재가열(再加熱)과 재분쇄(再粉碎)하여 사용(使用)한 기질(基質)에서 생성(生成)된 환원당량(還元糖量)은 비슷하였으며 또한 이들간(間)(최초(最初)의 기질(基質)($S_3$)과 효소처리잔사(酵素處理残渣)를 재처리(再處理)한 기질(基質)($S_2$)에는 환원당생성량(還元糖生成量)에 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되지 않았다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.591-599
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• 2009

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play important roles in nervous system functions and are involved in a variety of diseases. We previously demonstrated that ginsenosides, the active ingredients of Panax ginseng, inhibit subsets of nAChR channel currents, but not ${\alpha}7$, expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mutation of the highly conserved Leu247 to Thr247 in the transmembrane domain 2 (TM2) channel pore region of ${\alpha}7$ nAChR induces alterations in channel gating properties and converts ${\alpha}7$ nAChR antagonists into agonists. In the present study, we assessed how point mutations in the Leu247 residue leading to various amino acids affect 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ ($Rg_3$) activity against the ${\alpha}7$ nAChR. Mutation of L247 to L247A, L247D, L247E, L247I, L247S, and L247T, but not L247K, rendered mutant receptors sensitive to $Rg_3$. We further characterized $Rg_3$ regulation of L247T receptors. We found that $Rg_3$ inhibition of mutant ${\alpha}7$ nAChR channel currents was reversible and concentration-dependent. $Rg_3$ inhibition was strongly voltage-dependent and noncompetitive manner. These results indicate that the interaction between $Rg_3$ and mutant receptors might differ from its interaction with the wild-type receptor. To identify differences in $Rg_3$ interactions between wild-type and L247T receptors, we utilized docked modeling. This modeling revealed that $Rg_3$ forms hydrogen bonds with amino acids, such as Ser240 of subunit I and Thr244 of subunit II and V at the channel pore, whereas $Rg_3$ localizes at the interface of the two wild-type receptor subunits. These results indicate that mutation of Leu247 to Thr247 induces conformational changes in the wild-type receptor and provides a binding pocket for $Rg_3$ at the channel pore.