• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 1973

The influence of guanethidine on the renal function was investigated in the rabbit. Guanethidine, 1-10mg/kg, i.v., produced no marked change in the renal function, while second and successive doses of guanethidine elicited a significant increase in urine flow and electrolyte excretion as well as renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate. It was suggested that the diuretic action was brought about by improvement of hemodynamic state in the kidney ; increased filtration as a result of increased renal perfusion. Atropine alone did not significantly influence the renal function but pretreatment of animals with atropine, 4 mg/kg i.v., completely abolished the diuretic action of guanethidine. It is suggested that guanethidine influences the renal function by activating parasympathetic nervous system or some cholinergic mechanism in the kidney.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.213-221
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• 1990

Effect of Jeo Ryong-Tang water Extract on Renal Function in Rabbit and Dog. In order to investigate the Pharmacological action of Jeo Ryoung-Tang on renal function, this study was performed in rabbit and dog, making use of it's water extract. Jeo Ryoung-Tang water extract (JRWE), when given into ear vein of rabbits, produced diuresis in a small dose, but antidiuresis in a large dose. Diuretic action of JRWE accompanied the increase of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF) and amounts of $Na^+$ in exdreated in urin, but fractional excretion of filtered $Na^+$ was not changed. JRWE, when injected into proleg's vein of dog, produced diuresis, At this time, changes of renal function were similar to that of diuresis in rabbit. JRWE, when infused into a renal artery of dog, exhibited the diuresis in both kidney. It is thought that JRWE, when given into vein of rabbit or dog, induces the diuresis, and the mechanism of it's diuresis is the increase of renal plasma flow through secondary action by some endogenous humoural substance.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.561-570
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• 1993

Renal action of domperidone known as dopamine receptor blocker and effect of domperidone on renal function of dopamine were investigated in dog. Domperidone, when administered into vein, produced diuretic action by the improvement of renal hemodynamic state, when given into a renal artery, elicited diuretic action accompanied with natriuresis in only experimental kidney, whereas domperidone given into carotid artery exhibited antidiuretic action by the decrease of Na$^{+}$ excretion in urine. Diuretic action of dopamine was not influenced by domperidone given into vein or into a renal artery, was blocked by domperidone given into carotid artery. Above results suggest that domperidone produced both peripheral diuretic and central antidiuretic action, and domperidone do not block diuretic action by renal hemodynamic improvement of dopamine in kidney.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.135-145
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• 1988

Dopamine when given icv induces antidiuresis along with transient natriuretic tendency, and it has been suggested that both subtypes of central dopamine receptors may influence renal function differentially. This study was undertaken to delineate the role of central $D_2$ receptors employing domperidone (DOM), a selective $D_2$ antagonist. DOM icv elicited antidiuresis and antinatriuresis in doses ranging from 15 to $135{\mu}g/kg$. GFR and RPF as well as sodium excretion decreased. Systemic blood pressure increased slightly. Intravenous DOM did not elicit significant changes in sodium excretion. Denervation of the kidney abolished the hemodynamic change induced by icv DOM, but sodium excretion decreased on both innervated and denervated kidneys. No diuretic tendency was uncovered by the denervation. Dopamine, $150{\mu}g/kg$ icv, produced antidiuresis along with decreases in hemodynamics. These effects were not affected by DOM-pretreatment, and no natriuretic tendency was unveiled. Bromocriptine, a $D_2$ receptor agonist, $200{\mu}g/kg$ icv, elicited marked diuresis and natriuresis, which were completely abolished by DOM-pretreatment. Apomorphine, another prototype of $D_2$ agonist, $150{\mu}g/kg$ icv, produced diuresis and natrituresis with increases in renal hemdoynamics, followed by decreases in all parameters. DOM-pretreatment did not affect the renal hemodynamic effects, wherease the increases in urine flow and sodium excretion were markedly reduced by DOM, Present study suggests that central $200{\mu}g/kg$ receptors mediate natriuretic and diuretic influence to the kidney, possibly through mediation of natriuretic humoral factor, and provide further evidence supporting the hypothesis that central $200{\mu}g/kg$ receptors mediate antidiuretic influence via nerve pathway, whereas natriuresis are brought about through mediation of central $200{\mu}g/kg$ receptors.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.sup1
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• pp.126-129
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• 2008

Renal cell carcinoma is the most common histological type of renal malignancy, predominant in men and the primary treatment modality of this tumor is surgery. The role of diagnostic imaging in the management of this tumor is the evaluation of extent of disease as well as the detection and characterization of renal mass. US has long been a routine screening tool for kidney but tomographic imaging modalities such as CT and MRI begin to be also commonly used these days. On the other hand, the sensitivity of $^{18}F-FDG-PET$ in detection of renal mass is relatively low because of inherent limitation caused by FDG excretion pathway despite avid uptake of FDG to tumor cell per se. Many studies revealed FDG PET scan could play an important role in detection of metastatic lesions although the sensitivity for the detection of primary lesion is not so high. Furthermore, development of PET/CT scanner will make it possible to expand the indication of FDG PET scan in this malignancy.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.120-131
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• 2010

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a metabolic acidosis due to impaired excretion of hydrogen ion, or reabsorption of bicarbonate, or both by the kidney. These renal tubular abnormalities can occur as an inherited disease or can result from other disorders or toxins that affect the renal tubules. Disorders of bicarbonate reclamation by the proximal tubule are classified as proximal RTA, whereas disorders resulting from a primary defect in distal tubular net hydrogen secretion or from a reduced buffer trapping in the tubular lumen are called distal RTA. Hyperkalemic RTA may occur as a result of aldosterone deficiency or tubular insensitivity to its effects. The clinical classification of renal tubular acidosis has been correlated with our current physiological model of how the nephron excretes acid, and this has facilitated genetic studies that have identified mutations in several genes encoding acid and base ion transporters. Growth retardation is a consistent feature of RTA in infants. Identification and correction of acidosis are important in preventing symptoms and guide approved genetic counseling and testing.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.149-160
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• 1984

In order to certify the diuretic mechanism of dopamine, this study was performed in dog. The following results were obtained. Dopamine, when given intravenously, produced diuresis, and increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), and amount of sodium excreted in urine. When infused directly into a renal artery, dopamine elicited a marked diuresis confined only to the infused side, with concomitant rises in osmolar clearance and sodium excretion as well as a slight increase in free water clearance. Simultaneously total renal plasma flow and medullary plasma flow increased markedly with a increase of glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. Medullary concentration gradient of sodium also markedly lowered in the infused kidney. These changes were not observed during mannitol diuresis and renal action of dopamine were not apparent in dog pretreated with haloperidol. From the above experimental results, it is thought that dopamine, when given into a vien or infused directly into a renal artery, induces diuresis, and the mechanism of its action is due to dual actions which are hemodynamic effect along with glomerular filtraction rate, and the increased response in the medullary blood flow.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.568-578
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• 1994

This study was performed in order to investigate the effect of diltiazem, which is a $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker of benzothiazepine derivatives, on renal function in the dog. Diltiazem, when infused into the vein or carotid artery, produced the antidiuresis accompanied with the decreased excretion rates of sodium and potassium in urine$(E_{Na},\;E_K)$ and the increased reabsorption rates of sodium and potassium in renal tubules$(R_{Na},\;R_K)$. Diltiazem, when infused into a renal artery, exhibited the diuresis along with the increased renal plasma flow(RPF), osmolar clearance$(C_{osm})$, $E_{Na}$ and $E_K$, and decreased $R_{Na}$ and $R_K$ in only infused kidney. Above results suggest that diltiazem possess both antidiuretic action through central action and diuretic action by direct inhibition of electrolytes reabsorption rates in renal tubules, mainly distal tubule.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.7 no.1_4
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• pp.13-21
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• 1977

This study on the biliary excretion of sulfadiazine has been established in the rats. 1. Sulfadiazine, administered intravenously to rats with ligated renal pedicles and a cannulated bile duct, rapidly appeared in the bile in high concentration. 2. Between 0-30min. and 30-60 min. after administration, the bile-to-plasma concentration ratios(B/P) of the sulfadiazine were 1. 02-2.67, 1.14-3.79 for 1mg/kg dose, 1.48-3.89, 1.30-3.81 for 10mg/kg, 1.97-4.27, 2.11-4.07 for 50mg/kg, and 1.70-4.21, 1.71-5.34 for 100mg/kg. Thus, B/P ratios at any doses of sulfadiazine greatly exceeded 1.0 at all experimental periods. 3. Furthermore, the biliary excretion of sulfadiazine was inhibited by probenecid significantly. 4. Hepatic clearance of sulfadiazine in the rats was increased from 0.515 to 1.780 ml/60 min. when the dose was raised from 1.0mg/kg to 50.0mg/kg of sulfadiazine, but at 100mg/kg, decreased to 1.250ml/60min. All these results indicate that sulfadiazine is excreted into the bile by active transport process in the rats with ligated renal pedicles and a cannulated bile duct.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.742-747
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• 2007

In order to investigate the mechanism of adaptation to long-term heat stress, six female buffalo calves of about 7 to 8 months age, were exposed to the cool-comfort environment (THI 65) for 21 days to obtain normal values of blood acid-base. An adaptive response of acid-base regulation was determined to long term (21 days) exposure of buffalo calves to hot-dry (THI 80) and hot-humid (THI 84) conditions. Higher rectal temperature and respiratory rate was recorded under hot-humid exposure compared to hot-dry. Significant reduction in the rectal temperature and respiratory rate on day 21 of hot-dry exposure indicated early thermal adaptation compared to hot-humid. Decreasing rectal temperature and respiratory rate from day 1 to 21 was associated with concurrent decrease in blood pH and pCO2. Increased plasma chloride concentration with low base excess in blood and in extracellular fluid suggested compensatory response to respiratory alkalosis. Reduced fractional excretion of sodium with increased fractional excretion of potassium and urine flow rate indicated renal adaptive response to heat stress.