• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.709-717
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• 2002

Hypoxemia is known to induce various physiological changes which can result in alteration in drug pharmacokinetics. To examine the effect of acute moderate hypoxemia on metoclopramide (MCP) pharmacokinetics, a continuous 14-hour infusion of MCP during a normoxemic, hypoxemic and subsequent normoxemic period was conducted in eight adult sheep. Arterial blood and urine samples were collected to examine the effects on the pharmacokinetics of MCP and its deethylated metabolites. MCP and its mono- and di-deethylated metabolites were quantitated using a GC/MS method. Steady-state concentrations of MCP were achieved in each of the three periods. During hypoxemia, MCP plasma steady-state concentration increased significantly from 50.72$\pm$1.06 to 63.62$\pm$1.79 ng/mL, and later decreased to 55.83$\pm$1.15 ng/mL during the post-hypoxemic recovery period. Total body clearance ($CL_{TB}$) of MCP was significantly decreased from 274.2$\pm$48.0 L/h to 205.40$\pm$28.2 L/h during hypoxemia, and later restored to 245.8$\pm$44.2 L/h during the post-hypoxemic period. Plasma mono-deethylated MCP concentration (32.78$\pm$1.73 ng/mL) also increased, compared to the control group (21.20$\\pm$1.39 ng/mL), during hypoxemia and subsequent normoxemic period. Renal excretion of MCP and its metabolites was also decreased during hypoxemia, while urine flow was increased with a concomitant decrease in urine osmolality. Thus, the results indicate that acute moderate hypoxemia affects MCP pharmacokinetics.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.136-142
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• 2012

Purpose: Urinary excretion of N acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidase (NAG) and ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin (${\beta}_2$-M) was increased in the presence of proximal tubular damage. Based on these urinary materials, we investigated the ability of expecting renal function in chronic glomerular diseases. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) urinary NAG, and urinary ${\beta}_2$-M. Methods: We evaluated 52 children with chronic kidney disease at the Chung-Ang University Hospital between January 2003 and August 2009. We investigated the 24-hour urinalysis and hematologic values in all 52 patients. Serum creatinine, creatinine clearance (Ccr), serum cystatin C, urinary ${\beta}_2$-M and urinary NAG were measured. Results: Out of 52 patients, there were 13 children with minimal change in disease, 3 children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 17 children with immunoglobulin A nephropathy, 15 children with Henoch-Sch$\ddot{o}$nlein purpua nephritis, 3 children with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and 1 child with thin glomerular basement membrane disease. In these patients, there were significant correlation between the Ccr and urinary NAG (r=-0.817; $P$ <0.01), and between the GFR (as determined by Schwartz method) and urinary NAG (r=-0.821; $P$ <0.01). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the GFR (as determined by Bokencamp method) and urinary NAG (r=-0.858; $P$ <0.01). Conclusion: In our study, there was a significant correlation between the GFR and urinary NAG, but there was no correlation between the GFR and urinary ${\beta}_2$-M, suggesting that the GFR can be predicted by urinary NAG in patients with chronic glomerular disease.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2017

■ Objectives This case is to report the effect of Oryeong-san and acupuncture therapy on serum creatinine level of a cerebral infarction patient with diabetic nephropathy. ■ Methods A female Korean patient was treated with Oryeong-san, acupuncture for total 32 days. We observed renal function test, input/output balance, body weight, hand and foot circumferences, and other symptoms like edema, urination, and any adverse event. ■ Results After treatment, serum creatinine level was improved to 2.48mg/dL from 3.45mg/dL at admission, and foot circumference was decreased to 18.5~18.9cm from 22.0~22.5cm without any adverse event. However, we couldn't find any significant differences on input/output balance, body weight, or symptoms of urination. ■ Conclusion This case suggests that Oryeong-san and acupuncture therapy could be effective in improving serum creatinine clearance of cerebral infarction patient with diabetic nephropathy.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.49.1-49.15
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• 2020

C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) regulates the trafficking of various immune cells to sites of infection. In this study, we showed that expression of CCR5 and its ligands was rapidly increased in the kidney after systemic Candida albicans infection, and infected CCR5^-/- mice exhibited increased mortality and morbidity, indicating that CCR5 contributes to an effective defense mechanism against systemic C. albicans infection. The susceptibility of CCR5^-/- mice to C. albicans infection was due to impaired fungal clearance, which in turn resulted in exacerbated renal inflammation and damage. CCR5-mediated recruitment of NK cells to the kidney in response to C. albicans infection was necessary for the anti-microbial activity of neutrophils, the main fungicidal effector cells. Mechanistically, C. albicans induced expression of IL-23 by CD11c⁺ dendritic cells (DCs). IL-23 in turn augmented the fungicidal activity of neutrophils through GM-CSF production by NK cells. As GM-CSF potentiated production of IL-23 in response to C. albicans, a positive feedback loop formed between NK cells and DCs seemed to function as an amplification point for host defense. Taken together, our results suggest that CCR5-mediated recruitment of NK cells to the site of fungal infection is an important step that underlies innate resistance to systemic C. albicans infection.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2010

Purpose : This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between glomerular basement membrane (GBM) alterations to epithelial cell (EpC) structure and renal function in Alport Syndrome (AS) patients. Methods : Fifteen patients diagnosed with AS (4-26yrs) were examined. The GBM in AS was categorized as : C1) normal, C2) minor alterations (widening of lamina rara interna or externa without lamina densa change), C3) nonspecific splitting of lamina densa, C4) basket-weaving pattern of lamina densa splitting. The length of each GBM portion along the epithelial side was measured on the systematically obtained electron microscopic photographs. Furthermore to obtain an objective assessment of the degree of glomerular EpC foot process change, the number of slit pores along $10\;{\mu}m$ of peripheral GBM in each category was obtained. Results : The percentage of normal GBM portion (C1) correlated inversely with daily protein excretion (g/day/$m^2$, P<0.05) and sum of the percentage of abnormal GBM portion (C2+C3+C4) had direct correlation with daily protein excretion (g/day/$m^2$, P<0.05). There were no significant relationships between the percentages of other categories of GBM alterations and creatinine clearance or protein excretion. There were no significant relationships between of creatinine clearance in relation to normal GBM(C1) portion as well as that in relation to sum of the percentage of abnormal GBM portion (C2+C3+C4). GBM abnormality did not correlate with age at biopsy. Conclusion : The extent of GBM structural abnormality is related to proteinuria in AS but the epithelial response is uniform even though the GBM ultrastructural lesions are not.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.25-28
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• 2019

Purpose In patients with unusual kidney position after $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ renal dynamic imaging study, the GFR(Glomerular Filtration Rate) values are significantly different according to the depth of the kidney. Thus, we tried to compare the difference of the GFR values between the depth measurement methods and in-vitro test. 30 adult patients who were subjected to renal study. 27 patients were in usual position and 3 patients were in unusual. $555{\pm}37MBq$ of $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ was administrated to all patients. GE infinia gamma camera was used. GFR values were obtained in-vivo(gates method) and in-vitro(blood). The kidney depth in-vivo was calculated by three methods(tonnensen, manual, taylor). In-vitro, GFR was performed by blood test. Differences in the mean values of GFR and correlation between depth and GFR values were evaluated using the SPSS 12.0 statistical program. The GFR values for 27 patients with kidney in the usual position are as follows(1.tonnensen 2.manual 3.taylor 4.invitro); $69.3{\pm}4.2$, $88.2{\pm}5.6$, $77.8{\pm}4.3$, $82.2{\pm}5.8ml/min$. The three unusual cases are as follows, first(congenital renal anomaly): 66.4, 101.24, 69.07, 94.8 ml/min. second(transplantation kidney): 12.22, 29.99, 19.36, 23.5 ml/min. third(horseshoe kidney): 37.37, 93.54, 35.9, 92.5 ml/min. There was a difference between tonnensen and manual in the usual position of the kidney(p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the other methods. However, there was a significant difference in case of the unusual position of the kidneys. Correlation analysis between both kidney depth and GFR value shows person correlation as follows; Rt kidney: 0.298, Lt kidney: 0.322. When compared with the GFR values in-vitro test, it was useful to calculate the GFR value by measuring the kidney depth using a manual formula in the unusual position of the kidneys. GFR values and kidney depth were significantly related.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.479-492
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• 1997

Background : Isoniazid(INH) and rifampicin(RFP) are potent antituberculous drugs which have made tuberculous disease become decreasing. In Korea, prescribed doses of INH and RFP have been different from those recommended by American Thoracic Society. In fact they were determined by clinical experience rather than by scientific basis. Even there has been. few reports about pharmacokintic parameters of INH and RFP in healthy Koreans. Method : Oral pharmacokinetics of INH were studied in 22 healthy native Koreans after administration of 300 mg and 400mg of INH to each same person successively at least 2 weeks apart. After an overnight fast, subjects received medication and blood samples were drawn at scheduled times over a 24-hour period. Urine collection was also done for 24 hours. Pharmacokinetics of RFP were studied in 20 subjects in a same fashion with 450mg and 600mg of RFP. Plasma and urinary concentrations of INH and RFP were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Results : Time to reach peak serum concentration (Tmax) of INH was $1.05{\pm}0.34\;hrs$ at 300mg dose and $0.98{\pm}0.59\;hrs$ at 400mg dose. Half-life was $2.49{\pm}0.88\;hrs$ and $2.80{\pm}0.75\;hrs$, respectively. They were not different significantly(p > 0.05). Peak serum concentration(Cmax) after administration of 400mg of INH was $7.14{\pm}1.95mcg/mL$ which was significantly higher than Cmax ($4.37{\pm}1.28mcg/mL$) by 300mg of INH(p < 0.01). Total clearance(CLtot) of INH at 300mg dose was $26.76{\pm}11.80mL/hr$. At 400mg dose it was $21.09{\pm}8.31mL/hr$ which was significantly lower(p < 0.01) than by 300mg dose. While renal clearance(CLr) was not different among two groups, nonrenal clearance(CLnr) at 400mg dose ($18.18{\pm}8.36mL/hr$) was significantly lower than CLnr ($23.71{\pm}11.52mL/hr$) by 300mg dose(p < 0.01). Tmax of RFP was $1.11{\pm}0.41\;hrs$ at 450mg dose and $1.15{\pm}0.43\;hrs$ at 600mg dose. Half-life was $4.20{\pm}0.73\;hrs$ and $4.95{\pm}2.25\;hrs$, respectively. They were not different significantly(p > 0.05). Cmax after administration of 600mg of RFP was $13.61{\pm}3.43mcg/mL$ which was significantly higher than Cmax($10.12{\pm}2.25mcg/mL$) by 450mg of RFP(p < 0.01). CLtot of RFP at 450mg dose was $7.60{\pm}1.34mL/hr$. At 600mg dose it was $7.05{\pm}1.20mL/hr$ which was significantly lower(p < 0.05) than by 450mg dose. While CLr was not different among two groups, CLnr at 600 mg dose($5.36{\pm}1.20mL/hr$) was significantly lower than CLnr($6.19{\pm}1.56mL/hr$) by 450mg dose(p < 0.01). Conclusion : Considering Cmax and CLnr, 300mg, of INH and 450mg RFP might be sufficient doses for the treatment of tuberculosis in Koreans. But it remains to be clarified in the patients with tuberculosis.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.118-122
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• 2016

Integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$ plays an important role in the tumor metastases and angiogenesis. Arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptide motif binds to the integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$. General $^{68}Ga$-labeled cyclic RGD peptides was rapidly eliminated from the circulatory system by renal excretion because of its hydrophilic property. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel $^{68}Ga$-labeled cyclic RGD peptides, which could acquire enhanced PET tumor images with improved pharmacokinetics by adopting biphenyl group between chelator and RGD peptides. $^{68}Ga$-DOTA-2P-c(RGDyK) was demonstrated a 12% higher lipophilicity level than $^{68}Ga$-DOTA-c(RGDyK) as a reference compound. In the animal PET, $^{68}Ga$-DOTA-2P-c(RGDyK) represented relatively lower blood-clearance, and an increased signal to noise ratio compared to $^{68}Ga$-DOTA-c(RGDyK). From these perspective, $^{68}Ga$-DOTA-2P-c(RGDyK) could be a good candidate for in integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$-expressed tumor imaging.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.347-355
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• 2006

A study was conducted to predict the rumen microbial protein production based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives in buffaloes fed a diet of wheat straw and concentrate (40:60) at four fixed levels of feed intake. (95, 80, 60 and 40% of preliminary voluntary feed intake) following experimental protocol of IAEA (Phase I). The buffaloes were allocated according to a $4{\times}4$ latin square design. The urinary allantoin, uric acid, total PD excretion (mmol/d) in treatments L-95, L-80, L-60 and L-40 was 20.13, 16.00, 12.96 and 9.17; 1.88, 2.12, 2.11 and 2.15; 22.01, 18.12, 15.07 and 11.32, respectively and were significantly (p<0.05) different among treatments except for uric acid. The rate of PD excretion (mmol/d) was positively correlated with the digestible organic matter intake. Variations were observed in PD and creatinine concentration in spot samples collected at 6-hour interval. However, daily PD:Creatinine ratio (PDC index) appears to be a reasonably good predictor of microbial-N supply. The contribution of basal purine excretion to total excretion of purine derivatives (PD) was determined in pre-fasting period followed by a fasting period of 6 d (Phase II). Daily PD and creatinine excretion (mmol/kg $W^{0.75}$) during fasting averaged 0.117 and 0.456 respectively for buffaloes. The excretion rates of PD decreased significantly (p<0.01) during fasting compare to pre-fasting period, the urinary creatinine excretion remained almost similar. Except for creatinine, plasma concentration of target parameters significantly (p<0.01) declined during fasting. Likewise, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal clearance of allantoin and uric acid also decreased. Based on the PD excretion rates during fasting and at different levels of feed intake obtained in this study, a relationship between daily urinary PD excretion (Y-mmol) and microbial purine absorption (X-mmol) was developed for buffaloes as Y = 0.74X+0.117 kg $W^{0.75}$. The microbial N supply (g/kg DOMI) remained statistically similar irrespective of dietary treatment. The results showed that excretion of urinary purine derivatives is positively correlated with the levels of feed intake in Murrah buffaloes and thus, estimation of urinary purine derivatives and PDC index could be used to determine microbial nitrogen supply when there is large variation in level of feed intake.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.159-169
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• 1999

Osteomalacia is syndrome of diverse etiology. characterized pathophysiologically by a failure of normal mineralization of bone and epiphyseal cartilage. This study was performed to investigate causes of disease, pathogenic mechanisms, symptoms, therapies and precriptions through the successive medical literatures. recent chinese medical literatures and chinese medical journals. It is similar to atrophic debility of bones, bone leaning, bone exhaustion, rheumatism involving the bone, osteodynia and cold and heat of bone etc. of oriental medicine. The most principal cause of this is deficiency of kidney. similar to hypophosphatemia caused by increased renal clearance and deficiency of vitamin D, and the rest are senility, deficiency of spleen, deficiency of qi and deficiency of blood. There are nourishing the kidney and spleen, nourishing the qi and blood, warming and passing the muscle and mac, passing an articulation an invigorating the muscle and bone, in principal therapy. And in medical herbs are rehmanniae radix preparat, corni fructus, discoreae rhizoma, cuscutae semen, tigridis os, juglandis semen, hominis placenta, drynariae rhizoma, eucommiae cortex, cynomorii herba, cervi cornus colla, cervi pantotrichum cornu, moutan cortex, polygoni multiflori radix, angelicae gigantis radix, achyranthis bidentatae radix, cibotii rhizoma, hirudo, eupolyphaga, spatholobi caulis, salviae miltiorrhizae radix, draconis resina, curcumae longae rhizoma. In care there are a sun-bath, exercise, high protein diet and taking vitamin D. And they reduce smoking, coffee, drinking etc.