• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.560.2-560
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• 2001

Dental caries is a chronic disease that causes the destruction of tooth structure by the interaction of plaque bacteria, food debris, and saliva. There has been attempts to induce remineralization by supersaturating the intra-oral environment around the surface enamel, where there is incipient caries. In this study, supersaturated remineralized solution was applied to specimens with incipient enamel caries, and the quantitative analysis of remineralization was evaluated using microradiography.(omitted)

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.96-105
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to observe and compare the remineralization tendencies of artificial enamel caries lesion by remineralization solutions of different degree of saturations at pH 5.5, using a polarizing microscope and computer programs (Photoshop, Image pro plus, Scion Image, Excel). For this study, 48 sound permanent teeth with no signs of demineralization, cracks, or dental restorations were used. The specimens were immersed in lactic acid demineralization solution for 2 days in order to produce artificial dental caries that consist of surface and subsurface lesions. Each of 9 or 10 specimens was immersed in pH 5.5 lactic acid buffering remineralization solution of four different degrees of saturation (0.507, 0.394, 0.301, and 0.251) for 12 days. After the demineralization and remineralization, images were taken by a polarizing microscope (${\times}100$). The results were obtained by observing images of the specimens, and using computer programs, the density of caries lesions were est mated. While the group with the lowest degree of saturation (0.251) showed total remineralization feature from the surface to the subsurface of the lesion, the group with the highest degree of saturation (0.507) showed demineralization mainly on the surface of the lesion at the constant organic acid concentration 0.01 M and pH 5.5.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.947-953
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the remineralization and acid resistance in fluoride varnish by Micro-computed tomography (micro CT). Methods : Specimens of bovine teeth enamel were embedded in resin, polished and randomly divided into 3 groups (a control group, a NaF solution group, a fluoride varnish group). Each group has 3 specimens that was standardized according to Vickers hardness number (VHN). Specimens were immersed in demineralization solution for 72 hours. The control group had no treatment, the NaF solution group was treated by a 5% NaF solution for 4 minutes, and the fluoride varnish group was treated by a fluoride varnish for one hour. All specimens were subjected to a chemical pH cycling method for 14 days. After a chemical pH cycling method, the density were measured using micro CT. Then, specimens were immersed in each demineralization solution for 72 hours. After demineralization processed, the density were measured using micro CT. Results : 1. The density was significantly higher in the fluoride varnish and 5% NaF solution group than that of the control group after 14 days cycling (p<0.05). And the density value of the fluoride varnish group was higher than that of the 5% NaF solution, with no significant difference. 2. The differences of density after acid resistance treatment were statistically significant among 3 groups(p<0.05). Conclusions : It is suggested that fluoride varnish showed the remineralizing effect and acid resistance effect on the enamel, and micro CT could be used to evaluate the change of enamel lesion.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of multi or single application of fluoride plus 0.05% NaF solution on the remineralization of dental caries lesion. The microhardness changes of enamel surface were measured after application of fluoride and precipitation of 0.05% NaF solution on 6 groups of cow's tooth on which the artificial carious lesions were formed first. Test groups were calssified into two step application with NaF, $SnF_2$ and APF under different application time conditions plus 0.05% NaF solution(group I, II, III, IV) and single application with APF plus 0.05% NaF solution (group V) and control(0.05% NaF solution only, group IV). The obtained results were as follows. 1. Regarding microhardness change of enamel surface. microhardness increments in group I(NaF for 1 minute+APF for 3 minutes+0.05% NaF solution for 1 minute), II($SnF_2$ 1 min+APF 3 min+NaF sol.), III($SnF_2$ 2 min+APF 2 min+NaF sol.), IV(NaF 2 min+APF 2 min+NaF sol.) and V(APF 4 min+NaF sol.) were significantly greater than group VI.(P<0.05) 2. Microhardness changes of shorter application time of $SnF_2$ (group II) were significantly greater than group III. (P<0.05) 3. Microhardness changes were variable with kinds of fluoride, application sequence and application time of fluoride. but had no relation with the number of fluoride application.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.481-492
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to observe and compare the remineralization tendencies of artificially demineralized enamel by remineralization solutions of different degree of saturations at pH 5.5, using a polarizing microscope and computer programs (Photoshop, Image pro plus, Scion Image, Excel). For this study, 36 sound permanent teeth with no signs of demineralization, cracks, or dental restorations were used. The specimens were immersed in lactic acid demineralization solution for 3 days in order to produce dental caries artificially that consist of surface and subsurface lesions. Each of 9 or 10 specimens was immersed in pH 5.5 lactic acid buffered remineralization solution of three different degrees of saturation (0.25, 0.30, 0.35) for 12 days. After the demineralization and remineralization, images were taken by a polarizing microscope $({\times}100)$. The results were obtained by observing images of the specimens, and using computer programs, the density of caries lesions were determined. In conclusion, in the group with the lowest degree of saturation, remineralization occurred thoroughly from the surface to the subsurface lesion, whereas in the groups with greater degree of saturation showed no significant change in the subsurface lesion, although there was corresponding increase in the remineralization width on the surface zones.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.389-399
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• 1996

Remineralization of acid-etched enamel across the time has been one of the curiosities in the context of the orthodontic biomechanics(Arends J. et al., IRL Press, 1, 1985), nevertheless, is so far controversial. It was the aim of this study to observe the remineralization patterns of acid-etched enamel across the time and whether the existence of fluoride might carry out any modifications. The intact buccal surfaces of the first bicuspids which was extracted for orthodontic treatment were ground smooth, and etched with a 38w/w% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds, The surface was observed by the scanning electron microscope and surface microhardness was measured after immersion in the fluoride or non-fluoride containing remineralizing solution for 0 hour, 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, and 42 days. The following results and conclusions were drawn; 1. Surface microhardness increased in both fluoride containing and non-fluoride containing solution group with time lapse. 2. In fluoride containing solution group, the surface microhardness sharply increased at the 12 hours group, on the other hand, surface microhardness increased at 3 days in non-fluoride containing solution group. 3. The difference in microhardness value between two groups manifested gradual decrease. 4. Scanning electron microphotographs disclosed that the fluoride containing solution group generated spiculate sub-stances in the 12 hours group, which was increased in number and size with time lapse. 7 days later, spherical composure was began to be produced, The spiculate substances so much increased in number that the etched enamel surface looked like flat in 42 days. 5. In non fluoride-containing solution group, there was no surface change at 42 days, perceivable in scanning electron microphotographs which could be defined as remineralization though the surface was a little rougher than the incipient etched surface. These results demonstrate that the action of the fluoride is exceedingly pertinent in the remineralization of acid-etched enamel and the remineralization process goes uninterruptedly with time lapse.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.817-826
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bamboo salts on remineralization effects on subsurface of artificial carious enamel. Methods: Incipient carious enamel was formed in permanent bovine incisors and then specimens were divided into three groups randomly: 3% bamboo salt (BS), 2% (NaF) and the solution of mixed 3% BS and 2% NaF. For remineralization, specimens of each of the three groups were treated for 24 hrs at $37^{\circ}C$ incubator. After treatment, specimens were analyzed using SEM and VHN. Statistical analysis used was one-way ANOVA. Results: In SEM observation, the BS group showed narrower distances between enamel rods than the cases of incipient subsurface caries enamel. The NaF and BS+NaF groups showed that the enamel rods near the surface were destructed, and innumerable round small particles were deposited near the surface of enamel. The BS+NaF group showed more minerals attachment between enamel rods than the cases of other groups. The differences in subsurface microhardness (${\Delta}VHN$) increased all of three groups in total by $80{\mu}m$. The ${\Delta}VHN$ of the BS+NaF group increased significantly more than NaF and BS groups in depth of $50{\mu}m$, $80{\mu}m$. Conclusions: The 3% bamboo salt with 2% NaF solution was found to increase subsurface hardness of incipient caries enamel. Thus, bamboo salt will be used to contribute to prevention on dental caries.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.183-191
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• 2007

Through out the world dental caries seems to be decreased as it is difficult to make an accurate diagnosis for dental caries. The traditional diagnostic method which is probing and x-ray taking has many limitations to diagnose the early caries, so there were recommendations for the needs of new equipments such as laser fluorescence(LF), digital imaging fiber-optic trans-illumination(DIFOTI), and quantitative light fluorescence (QLF) which were developed from various study results. Also confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) and ultrasonics are used for research progression. This study is to evaluate whether it is possible to monitor accurately for remineralization amount of enamel surface early caries using DIFOTI or LF After inducing artificial caries to bovine teeth to 10 participants remineralization was enhanced by 0 ppm and 500 ppm fluoride mouth rinse solution for 3 weeks. Then they were cross sectioned and analyzed using gold standard of the lesion depth measured by CLSM. The following results were obtained: 1. The measured percentage of light intensity(luminosity ratio) by DIFOTI increased with remineralization period, and showed significant reverse correlation with lesion depth measured by CLSM (p<0.01). 2. The measurement of laser fluorescence increased with remineralization period, and showed significant correlation with lesion depth measured by CLSM (p<0.01). 3. To the result for CLSM, 500 ppm fluoride mouth rinse group showed rapid rate for decreased tendency of lesion depth than 0 ppm fluoride mouth rinse group. In conclusion DIFOTI system was used to measure accurately for the remineralization amount of early surface caries, it is a very useful equipment to detect precisely the changes for early enamel caries remineralization during treatments.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.324-335
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• 2020

We investigated whether fluoride varnishes recover the hardness of bovine teeth under 20 days of demineralization/remineralization cycling. The fluoride varnish groups (two commercial fluoride varnishes [V-varnish (Vericom, Korea) and CavityShield (3M ESPE, USA)] and an experimental fluoride varnish including 5 wt.% NaF were compared with a control group without fluoride varnish. Vickers hardness was measured at baseline, 3 days after immersion in caries-inducing solution, 24 hours after application of a fluoride varnish, and after 10 and 20 days of demineralization/remineralization cycling. Afterward, tooth surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscope. After fluoride varnish application and the cycling 10 and 20 days, the experimental varnish group showed the highest hardness, while the CavityShield and the control groups demonstrated the lowest hardness. The experimental varnish group recovered the hardness of the baseline at 24 hours after application of the varnish, while it was recovered after 20 days of the cycling in case of the V-varnish. However, the CavityShield and the control groups did not recover the hardness even after 20 days of the cycling. The experimental fluoride varnish with fast recovery in the hardness of the baseline can be used as an effective fluoride varnish to resist demineralization and to facilitate remineralization.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2002

The purpose of study was to assess the influence of acidic drinks on the erosion of tooth enamel and the effect of fluoridated saliva on the remineralization. Twenty five drinks were sampled. The erosive potential and remineralizing effect were measured by the tooth surface microhardness test. The pH of most drinks were below pH 5.5. Reduction rates of enamel surface hardness by the flavored carbonated drink were 16.90%, 25.11%, 35.10%, and 41.62% after 5, 10, 30, and 60 minutes of demineralization, and recovery rates by remineralizaing solution were 61.52%, 67.96%, 72.13% and 75.93% after 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours of remineralization, respectively. The results suggest that the most drinks in the markets have the potential to erode the teeth and that erosion occurs fast but remineralization proceeds slowly.