• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.341-349
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• 2001

Dental caries is the most common oral disease. There are many factors contributing to its development, but complete understanding and prevention are not fully known. However, it is possible to remineralize the early enamel curious lesion by fluoride containing remineralization solution. Recently the pH-cycling model has been used to examine the effect of fluoride solution on remineralization of artificial caries in vitro as it can closely simulate the conditions encountered in vivo within a carefully controlled environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralizing effects of supersaturated buffer solutions under pH-cycling model. The specimen with 3mm-diameter was made using mature bovine incisors which has no caries and has sound enamel surface. Early curious lesions were produced by suspending each specimens into demineralization solution at pH 5.0 for 33 hours and the specimen whose surface hardness value ranged from 25 to 45 VHN were used. The pH cycling treatment regimen consisted of 5 min soaks of three treatment solutions four times per days for 15 days and the continuous cycling of demineralization and remineralization were carried out for 15 days. Following the pH-cycling treatment regimen, the specimens' surface microhardness were measured by the Vickers hardness test (VHN) and analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple-range test. 1. The surface microhardness value of supersaturated solution, Senstime, and Gagline groups were increased after pH cycling, and that of supersaturated solution was significantly Increased compared to saline group(P<0.05). 2. The surface remineralization effect of fluoride containing solutions was accelerated by saliva under pH-cycling mode 3. The pH cycling model was considered appropriate to mimic the intra-oral pH changes when evaluating demineralization and remineralization in vitro. Under the results of above study, salivary remineralization effect can be improved by fluoride containing remineralization solution. The pH-cycling model was considered appropriate to mimic the intra-oral pH changes when evaluating demineralization and remineralization in vitro.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.5602-5609
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• 2014

This study examined the remineralization effect of CPP-ACFP according to the etching time and the frequency of application. A CPP-ACFP paste was formed from a combination of CPP-ACP paste and fluorine. The remineralization effect of CPP-ACFP was measured according to the etching time and the frequency of applications of CPP-ACFP. The microhardness of 64 teeth was measured as the sound sample and observed by scanning electron microscopy. As a result, the effect on remineralization of the enamel increased with increasing etching time and frequency of application. Therefore, a CPP-ACP paste combination to fluorine in the tooth mineral CPP-ACFP paste fluoride application can be supplied with the material-advisable enamel remineralization.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.740-752
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was carried out to examine the effect of varnish fluoride and APF gel on the acid resistance and the remineralization of the enamel. Methods : At first, the microhardness changes of enamel surface were measured after demineralizing the fluoride treated tooth surface. Next, the changes were measured after fluoride application to the demineralized enamel surface. Results : 1. Acid resistance was higher in varnish fluoride groups than APF gel groups and the difference was significant(p<0.001). 1) Varnish fluoride groups Microhardness of enamel surface showed $297.76{\pm}9.89$ after fluoride treatment and $260.90{\pm}28.67$ after drmineralization. The changes of Vickers hardness number(VHN) were $-36.86{\pm}27.30$. 2) APF gel groups Microhardness of enamel surface showed $298.79{\pm}17.28$ after fluoride treatment and $43.75{\pm}18.58$ after demineralization The changes of VHN were $-255.04{\pm}21.31$. 2. No significant changes were surveyed in both varnish fluoride groups and APF gel groups as for remineralization of enamel(p>0.05). 1) Varnish fluoride groups Microhardness of enamel surface showed $46.58{\pm}15.42$ after demineralization and $46.61{\pm}15.70$ after fluoride treatment. The changes of VHN were $0.02{\pm}3.75$. 2) APF gel groups Microhardness of enamel surface showed $47.13{\pm}19.31$ after demineralization and $42.59{\pm}16.12$ after fluoride treatment. The changes of VHN were $-4.54{\pm}5.06$. Conclusions : Varnish fluoride showed higher acid resistance than APF gel, however both of them were observed to have no effect on the remineralization of the enamel.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.560.2-560
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• 2001

Dental caries is a chronic disease that causes the destruction of tooth structure by the interaction of plaque bacteria, food debris, and saliva. There has been attempts to induce remineralization by supersaturating the intra-oral environment around the surface enamel, where there is incipient caries. In this study, supersaturated remineralized solution was applied to specimens with incipient enamel caries, and the quantitative analysis of remineralization was evaluated using microradiography.(omitted)

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.218-224
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• 2014

This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of 5% sodium fluoride-polyvinyl alcohol (NaF-PVA) tape influencing enamel remineralization by analysing enamel surface microhardness (SMH) and variation of ${\Delta}F$ of QLF. After enamel demineralizing of specimen, these 60 specimens with average KHN of microhardness ranging from 50 to 100 and with ${\Delta}F$ of QLF ranging from -15 to -25 were divided into four groups : group 1 (control group), group 2 (NaF-PVA), group 3 (fluoride varnish, FluoroDose$^{(R)}$ varnish), group 4 (Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, Tooth mousse plus$^{TM}$). These specimens were treated with materials and then immersed in artificial saliva. We measured remineralization rate each using surface microhardness (SMH) and Quantitative light-induced fluorescence digital (QLF-D). As a result, NaF-PVA tape is better than group 1, 4 and have comparable remineralization effect with group 3 (p < 0.05).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.266-276
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to compare the remineralization effect of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish on artificially induced enamel caries. The present study standardized the physiochemical characteristics of the tooth structure using bovine teeth, realized the wash-off action of agents using a saliva, reproduced an environment similar to mouth through pH-cycling, and comparatively assessed the remineralization effect of 38% SDF and 5% NaF varnish in a non-destructive method using micro-CT. And the remineralized enamel surface structure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS). In both SDF and NaF varnish, mineral density (△Hounsfield unit value) and the volume of enamel restored to normal mineral density through remineralization gradually increased with time. And the SDF showed a much higher level of increase in mineral density at all depths and remineralized volume than NaF varnish. According to SEM analysis, the surface roughness decreased in the order of artificial saliva, NaF varnish and SDF. In addition, EDS analysis showed that silver ion was precipitated on the enamel surface in SDF group. In conclusion, SDF had a greater remineralization effect than NaF varnish on demineralized enamel.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to observe and compare the dynamic change of artificially demineralized enamel by remineralization solutions of different degrees of saturation at pH 4.3. In this study, 30 enamel specimens were demineralized artificially by lactic acid buffered solution. Each of 10 specimens was immersed in pH 4.3 remineralization solution of three different degrees of saturation (0.22, 0.30, 0.35) for 10 days. After demineralization and remineralization, images were taken by a polarizing microscope (${\times}100$). The density of lesion were determined from images taken after demineralization and remineralization. During remineralization process, mineral deposition and mineral loss occurred at the same time. After remineralization, total mineral amount and width of surface lesion increased in all groups. The higher degree of saturation was, the more mineral deposition occurred in surface lesion and the amount of mineral deposition was not much in subsurface lesion. Total demineralized depth increased in all groups.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.168-176
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• 2013

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) was incorporated into toothpaste and its effect on the remineralization and restoration of dental enamel was evaluated. Different sets of toothpaste were incorporated with HAp levels of 0%, 5%, 10 %, and 15 %. The filler particles of the resulting toothpaste samples were observed via SEM and XRD and compared with compositions of several commercially available toothpastes, showing that the HAp was successfully incorporated into the toothpaste samples. Different sets of human enamel were inflicted with lesions and then treated with the different fabricated toothpaste samples for five minutes three times a day for seven days. During the treatment, the teeth were subjected to demineralization and remineralization cycles to simulate the effect of natural saliva. The surface of the enamel samples were observed using SEM before and after one week of treatment, showing the formation of HAp layers on the surfaces of the enamel samples. The effect of the toothpaste on the lesions was observed using an inverted light microscope and the lesion depth was found to decrease as the concentration of HAp in the toothpaste used increased. HAp was successfully incorporated in the toothpaste and its presence was found to lessen lesion depths and improve tooth remineralization.

• Journal of Korean Dental Hygiene Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2022

Background: This study aimed to compare the remineralization effects of sodium caseinate and other substances on artificially demineralized enamel. Methods: We selected 25 healthy human premolars and molars and produced a total of 75 specimens by dividing them into five groups: control group, with distilled water; experimental group 1 (EG1), with 3% sodium caseinate; EG2, with 10% sodium caseinate; EG3, with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP); and EG4, with 0.05% NaF. Subsequently, the specimens were immersed in an artificial demineralization solution for 60 min. The demineralized specimens were then immersed in a remineralization solution for 7 days. Surface microhardness was measured using a microhardness tester, and remineralized lesions were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Regarding statistical analysis, the paired t-test and analysis of variance were performed using the SPSS program. Results: Although the surface hardness of the remineralized lesions increased significantly in all groups (p<0.05), the average increment did not differ significantly between the groups. The surface microhardness of CPP-ACP was the highest, followed by that of 0.05% NaF and 10% sodium caseinate. The remineralization effect of sodium caseinate was similar to that of 0.05% NaF. SEM confirmed that all groups treated with the remineralization solution were remineralized. Conclusions: Although the remineralization effect of sodium caseinate was slightly lower than that of CPP-ACP, it was similar to that of 0.05% NaF. Therefore, to enhance the remineralization effect of sodium caseinate, the appropriate concentration and application time should be determined.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2002

The purpose of study was to assess the influence of acidic drinks on the erosion of tooth enamel and the effect of fluoridated saliva on the remineralization. Twenty five drinks were sampled. The erosive potential and remineralizing effect were measured by the tooth surface microhardness test. The pH of most drinks were below pH 5.5. Reduction rates of enamel surface hardness by the flavored carbonated drink were 16.90%, 25.11%, 35.10%, and 41.62% after 5, 10, 30, and 60 minutes of demineralization, and recovery rates by remineralizaing solution were 61.52%, 67.96%, 72.13% and 75.93% after 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours of remineralization, respectively. The results suggest that the most drinks in the markets have the potential to erode the teeth and that erosion occurs fast but remineralization proceeds slowly.