• KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering
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• v.3A no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2003

When a current transformer (CT) is saturated, the wave-shape of the secondary current is distorted and contains points of inflection, which correspond to the start or end of each saturation period. Discontinuity in the first-difference function of the current arises at points of inflection, where the second and third differences convert into pulses that can be used to detect saturation. This paper describes the design and evaluation of a CT saturation detection technique using the third-difference function and includes the countermeasure for a spike signal. Test results clearly demonstrate that the algorithm successfully detects the start and end of each saturation period irrespective of the remanent flux and magnetization inductance in the saturated region. This paper concludes by describing the results of hardware implementation of the algorithm using a DSP.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.9-11
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• 2008

A protection current transformer (CT) has been widely used for protection devices. When a fault occurs, a CT should provide the faithful reproduction of the primary fault current. However, a CT may saturates due to the magnitude of fault current, dc component primary time constant and the remanent flux of the iron core, and the secondary current of a CT is distorted. The distorted current can cause mal-operation or the operating time delay of a protection relay. This paper provides a modeling of CT saturation using EMTP-RV. The performance of the proposed CT saturation modeling was investigated under various fault conditions varying the fault distance, fault inception angle, and remanent flux of the iron core. The results indicate that the proposed EMTP-RV modeling can operate correctly, and the reasons for CT saturation are verified by EMTP-RV simulations.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.213-215
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• 2002

This paper proposes an advanced compensating algorithm of the secondary current of CTs. The exiting compensating algorithm for the current transformers calculates magnetic flux using the magnetization curve. In such a case, it is difficult to compensate for distorted secondary current when a remanent flux exists in a core at the beginning of the calculation. To make up for the drawback in the existing compensating algorithm, the algorithm detects the instant of saturation using difference of the secondary current and estimates flux at the instant of the beginning of the first saturation. After that, the algorithm calculates flux and compensates for distorted secondary current.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.879-884
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• 2009

A Method for detection of saturation of a current transformer(CT) is proposed. The algorithm is initiated when the end point of a saturation period is detected. This detection is achieved by checking the time interval between the adjacent zero-crossing points of the second derivative of the secondary current. Once the end point of the saturation period is detected, the beginning point of the corresponding saturation period is determined by backward examination of the sum of the secondary current from the end point. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated for a-g faults on a 345 kV 100km overhead transmission line. The Electromagnetic Transient Program(EMTP) was used to generate fault current signals for different fault inception angles and different remanent fluxes. The performance evaluation shows that the proposed algorithm successfully detects the saturation period even in the presence of a remanent flux.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.275-278
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• 2001

This paper presents an algorithm for detecting current transformer (CT) saturation. At the instants of beginning (or end) of saturation, as a magnetizing inductance of the core is changed significantly, the shapes of the secondary current are also changed significantly though secondary currents are continuous the instants. At the instants, the second-order of third-order difference of the secondary current has big values. Thus, the third difference of the current is used to detect the beginning/end of CT saturation in this paper. If the magnitude of third-order difference of the secondary current is larger than a threshold value, the CT begins of ends saturation at the instants. The proposed detection method is unaffected by the amount of residual flux. The results of various tests with residual flux from -80% to +80% indicate satisfactory performance of the method.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.308-310
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• 2003

This paper proposes a percentage current differential relaying algorithm for bus protection with a compensation algorithm of a CT. The compensating algorithm estimates the core flux at the start of the first saturation based on the value of the third-difference of the secondary current. It calculates the core flux and compensates distorted currents in accordance with the magnetization curve. The test results indicate that the algorithm can discriminate internal faults from external faults when the CT saturates. It can improve not only stability of the relay in the case of an external fault but sensitivity of the relay in the case of an internal fault.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.171-173
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• 2000

This paper presents a discriminating algorithm between magnetizing inrush and internal faults of transformers using difference of a differential current. Incase of inrush, change of magnetizing inductance repeats. Thus, second difference of differential current periodically shows pulse while periodic pulse is not represented in case of internal winding fault. The proposed algorithm is suitable irrespective of the amount of remanent flux.

• Proceedings of the Korean Magnestics Society Conference
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• 1992.03a
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• pp.30-31
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• 1992

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.882-887
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• 2004

The new magnetic porcelain materials have been studied by mixing magnetic St-ferrite powders with traditional porcelain materials before forming process. For the maintenance of magnetic characteristics after glaze firing process, the Sr-ferrite grains with the size of 1∼2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ were agglomerated as the isotropic granules with the size of 0.5∼2 mm. The high characteristics of magnetic porcelain materials were achieved at the following conditions; isotropic Sr-ferrite granules of 30 wt%, granule size of 1.4∼2 mm, and glaze firing temperature of $1250^{\circ}C$ in air The magnetic porcelain materials indicated the high magnetic properties, such as the remanent flux density of 240 G, the intrinsic coercivity of 3910 Oe, and the surface flux density of 178 G. The extraction properties of the magnetic tea cups were high compared to that of the traditional tea cups.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.537-540
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• 2003

This study was investigated to fabricate the porcelain materials with high magnetic characteristics. The high characteristics of the magnetic porcelain materials were achieved at the following conditions; powder sizes of isotropic Sr-ferrites with $1{\sim}2\;mm$ and magnetic powder infraction of 30 wt%. The magnetic tea cups with 3-mm-thick at the optimum conditions indicated the high magnetic characteristics such as the surface flux density of 178 G, the remanent flux density of 240 G, and the intrinsic coercivity of 3910 Oe.