• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2011

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder, which is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) that is typically associated with cataplexy, sleep fragmentation and other REM sleep-related phenomenon such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucination. Narcoleptic symptoms can be developed from various medical or neurological disorders. A 17-year-old male patient admitted for the evaluation of EDS which started three-month ago. He slept more than 18 hours a day with cataplexy and hypnagogic hallucination. He was obese with body mass index (BMI) of 30.4 kg/$m^2$. After admission he was newly diagnosed to the thyrotoxicosis. T3 391.2 ng/dL (60-181), free T4 4.38 ng/dL (0.89-1.76), TSH <0.01 ${\mu}IU$/mL (0.35-5.5) were measured. His pulse rate ranged 70-90 beats per minute and blood pressure ranged 150/100-120/70 mmHg. Polysomnography revealed many fragmentations in sleep with many positional changes (81 times/h). Sleep onset latency was 33.5 min, sleep efficiency was 47.9%, and REM latency from sleep onset was delayed to 153.6 min. REM sleep percent was increased to 27.1%. Periodic limb movement index was 13.4/h. In the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), average sleep latency was 0.4 min and there were noted 3 SOREMPs (Sleep Onset REM sleep period) on 5 trials. We couldn't discriminate the obvious sleep-wake pattern in the actigraph and his HLA DQB1 $^*0602$ type was negative. His thyroid function improved following treatment with methimazole and propranolol. Vital sign maintained within normal range. Cataplexy was controlled with venlafaxine 75 mg. Subjective night sleep continuity and PLMS were improved with clonazepam 0.5 mg, but the EDS were partially improved with modafinil 200-400 mg. Thyrotoxicosis might give confounding role when we were evaluating the EDS, though sleep fragmentation was one of the major symptoms of narcolepsy, but enormous amount of it made us think of the influence of thyroid hormone. The loss of sleep-wake cycle, limited improvement of EDS to the stimulant treatmen, and the cataplexy not supported by HLA DQB1 $^*0602$ should be answered further. We still should rule out idiopathic hypersomnia and measuring CSF hypocretin level would be helpful.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.203-213
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• 2013

Objecives : The purpose of the study was to evaluate treatment outcome of mandibular advancement device(MAD) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients using full night polysomnography and cephalometry. Methods : Twenty-seven OSA patients were confirmed by full night, lab-attended polysomnography. Cephalometric examinations were conducted to obtain SNA, ANB, $AH{\bot}MP$, AH-C3, SPT, PNS-U, NAS, SOAS, MOAS, and HAS. Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) were fabricated and delivered for all subjects. After acclimation period of MAD, the second polysomnographic examinations were conducted in the same manner. Polysomnographic variables were compared between before and after MAD placement. Also, correlation coefficients were calculated between apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and each item of cephalometric parameters. Results : There were significant improvements in total AHI, lowest $SpO_2$, and total arousal index after MAD therapy. Also, there were significant improvements in NREM $SpO_2$ and NREM AHI, but not in REM $SpO_2$ and REM AHI with MAD. Stratifying the sleep stage, there were significant decrease in stage I and significant increases in stage II and REM, but change in stage III was not significant. SNA and SOAS were significantly correlated with total AHI and NAS was significantly correlated with supine AHI. ANB was significantly associate with the effect of MAD. Conclusions : MAD is an effective treatment in OSA patients comparing polysomnographic variables before and after treatment. Cephalometric examination can be useful to evaluate OSA patients and predict treatment outcome of MAD.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 2000

Objectives Summary: A 20-year-old man was presented with a history of difficult waking for 10 years. He suffered from morning headache, chronic fatigue and mild daytime sleepiness but had no history of irresistible sleep attack, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucination or sleep paralysis. Methods: Night polysomnography (PSG), multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and HLA-typing were carried out. Results: The PSG showed short sleep latency (4.0 min) and REM latency (2.5 min), increased arousal index (15.7/hour), periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS index=8.1/hr) with movement arousal index 2.1/hr and normal sleep efficiency (97.5%). The MSLT revealed normal sleep latency (15 min 21 sec) and 4 times sleep-onset REM (SOREM). HLA-typing showed DQ6- positive, that corresponded at the genomic level to the subregion DQB1*0601, which was different from the usual locus in narcolepsy patients (DQB1*0602 and DQA1*0102). Conclusion: Differential diagnosis should be made with circadian rhythm disorder and other causes of primary waking disorder. The possibility of a variant type of narcolepsy could be suggested with an unusual clinical manifestation and a new genetic marker.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to the relationship between sleep disturbances and Burning mouth syndrome(BMS). BMS presents as a chronic burning sensation in the oral mucous membrane that is frequently associated with sleep disturbances. BMS is considered neuropathic pain condition with dysfunction of small diameter afferent sensory fiber. A review of the studies reveals, BMS suggested peripheral and cental nervous system changes. Sleep disruption or Rem sleep deprivation cause an inhibition of opioid protein synthesis and a reduced affinity of ${\mu}$ and ${\delta}$ opioid receptors. Let me say that sleep disturbances suggest a risk factor For BMS and support to evaluate as a part of BMS treatment. Further study will be required to ascertain the relationship between distruption of sleep continuity or Rem sleep deprivation and BMS and the evidence of altered neurochemical degeneration of BMS.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 1997

To assess the reliability of chronobiological models of sleep/wake regulation, it is necerssary that the models predict the data which has been studied in sleep research, and they should be generalized across all ages. To date, many adult human data on such models have accumulated, yet it is evident that a comprehensive theory of the biorhythmic aspects of sleep/wake states has not established. Circadian rhythms such as the time going to bed, sleep onset, slow wave sleep pressure, periodicity of REM sleep, daytime performance, and early evening alertness are resumed everyday. Even in adult humans, sleep is inherently polyphasic. In both the disentrained and entrained states, naps when allowed tend to recur in a temporally lawful manner. The monophasic sleep pattern of most industrial societies therefore appears to be purely of social origin. The endogenous biorhythmic nature of circasemidian sleep tendency is supported by the ubiquity of the phenomenon across all ages. The NREM/REM sleep cycle within sleep with its inherent physiological, endocrine, and neurochemical fluctuations represents the best-documented ultradian sleep rhythms. Also, a daytime ultradian variation in sleepiness with a periodicity similar to nocturnal NREM/REM cycle(BRAC hypothesis) is suggested. This review article provides a brief synoptic review of the evidences for circadian, circasemidian, and ultradian sleep/wake rhythms, and then the authour will suggest the issues which expedite fuller modeling of sleep/wake system, to be further discussed.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2012

Polysomnography is used to diagnose many types of sleep disorders including sleep apnea, periodic limb movement disorder, REM sleep behavior disorder, parasomnias, and narcolepsy. It is a comprehensive recording of the biophysiological changes that occur during sleep. The polysomnography monitors many body functions parameters including EEG, EOG, EMG, ECG, respiratory airflow, respiratory effort, and pulse oximetry during sleep. Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) is performed for diagnosing narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness. It is usually to be done after an overnight polysomnography. The test consists of four or five 20-minute nap opportunities that are scheduled two hours apart.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1997

다량의 방사선에 피폭되는 경우 인체에 해로운 영향을 미치는 것은 틀림이 없으나 미량의 방사선인 경우에는 다량의 방사선인 경우와 다른 효과를 나타내며 심지어 정반대의 영향을 나타내기도 한다고 볼 수 있으며 여러 역학조사에서 이러한 사실이 증명되고 있다. 1991년의 국제방사선방어기구(ICRP) 보고서 및 1994년의 UNSCEAR 보고서는 미량의 방사선에 대한 적응반응을 인정하고 있다. 일부 학자들은 소량의 방사선에 지속적으로 피폭(연간 1 rem)됨으로써 암사망률을 감소시킬 수 있다고 주장하면서 현재의 개념을 수정하여 피폭한계 및 법적 제한 등을 변경하여 환경방사능을 증가시킴으로써 향후 인류의 생활의 질을 향상시켜야 한다고 주장하고 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Communication Sciences Conference
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• 1986.10a
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• pp.92-102
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• 1986

In this paper, Modular cell approach was applied to custom IC design or RS decoder. For the design of RS decoder by modular cells, 3 basic cells and one extra circuit are designed, these are, SYN cell for syndrome calculation, AL cell for error locator polynomial calculation, and REM cell for remaining error transform calculation. RS decoder design by these basic cells is very simple and regular, and naturally suitable for VLSI RS decoder design.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.361-364
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• 2003

Acanthopanax species (Araliaceae) has been traditionally used as tonic, analgesic, stimulant of immune system, and replenishment of body function. The antioxidant activities of leaf and root bark of Acanthopanax species were determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay and relative electrophoretic mobility (REM) on human plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL). Acanthopanax divaricatus var. albeofructus and Acanthopanax for. nambunensis showed potent antioxidant activities.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 1984

Basic research on the formation of monolithic glasses from metal alkoxide has been done concerning gelling of silicon alkoxides and dehydration of those gells. The felling time were increased with increasing of Carbon number of alkyl radical of alkoxide and am-ount of water and the lower pH value of water. Large portions of water and organic materials were rem-oved below 25$0^{\circ}C$ and shrinkage of glass took place above 80$0^{\circ}C$ Therefore heating up to 25$0^{\circ}C$ and above 75$0^{\circ}C$ must be done gradually with rate of 0.5$^{\circ}C$/min.