• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.3 s.110
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• pp.216-226
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to test and compare the accuracy and reliability of soft tissue profile predictions generated from two computer software programs (Quick Ceph Image $Pro^{TM}$ (ver 3.0) and $V-Ceph^{TM}$(ver 3.5)) for mandibular set-back surgery. The presurgical and postsurgical lateral cephalograms of 40 patients (20 males and 20 females) were traced on the same acetate paper with the reference taken as the cranial base outline. The presurgical skeletal outlines were digitized onto each computer program and the mandible was moved to mimic the expected surgical procedure with reverence to the mandibular anterior border and lower incisor position of the actual postsurgical skeletal outline. The soft tissue profile was generated and the amount and direction of skeletal movement was calculated with each software. The predicted soft tissue profile was compared to the actual postsurgical soft tissue profile. There were differences between the actual and the predicted surgical soft tissue profile charges in the magnitude and direction, especially the upper lip. lower lip and the soft tissue chin (P<0.05). Quick Ceph had more horizontal measurement errors and thickness errors for the upper lip and lower lip, but V-Ceph had more vertical measurement errors of the lower lip (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the prediction errors and the amount of mandibular movements in the vertical position of Sn, the horizontal position of Ls and the upper lip thickness for V-Ceph, and there was a negative correlation in the horizontal position and the thickness of the lower lip for Quick Ceph (P<0.05). However all of the Prediction errors of both imaging softwares were ranged within 3mm, and this was considered to be allowable clinically.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.89-116
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• 2008

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is regarded as a core technology of ubiquitous computing. Although it has some technical limitations such as technological standardization of RFID tags as well as economical limitations, many companies around the world have already accepted RFID to improve their management efficiency. In this regard, this study is to meet with results that the adoption of RFID technology willbring opportunities that companies' operational process are improved and customer satisfaction is highly strengthened. This research focuses on providing more understanding for building RFID marketing strategy to suppliers who want to sell their RFID products to customers through analyzing purchasing process. The findings are as follows; First, the study shows that buying center members usually take product reliability and precision of technical specification in the case of new-task buying situation while they put their first purchasing priority on prices in the straight rebuy. Second, the finding presents that in new-task buying situation and the straight rebuy purchasing personnel get information about new products through product performance test, organizational engineers, opinions from other companies' purchasing personnel, and checking out samples. Third, this research demonstrates when it comes to purchasing risk in their first purchasing, the persons who are in charge of material purchasing are inclined to be aware of the risk most in technical problems, followed by financial problems and time delay problems in order. And in addition to those risks are mentioned above, once-again-purchasers take the risk like an opportunity loss for better products into consideration. Fourth, the study shows that the role of concerning departments makes no difference in each purchasing stage. Accordingly marketers need to beef up the differentiated strategy to persuade their customers Fifth, the findings of this study demonstrate that purchasing decision making is much influenced by the final users. So suppliers are supposed to perform the most active marketing strategy at the first stage of purchasing through various resources. Finally, the study presents that the suppliers who will have had close relationships with their customers need to give consistent information to them so that their customers can have lower motive in purchasing products from competitors.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.238-252
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• 1998

Reumatic arthritis is a disease with joint pain being one of the key symptoms. The patient suffers from the pain, stiff sensation and edema due to the inflammation taking Place In one or more joints. Accompanying these problems are fatigue, unusual exhaustion, fever, tachycardia and weakness. Inaddition, joints are often deformed and muscles shrink along with the progress of edema, coupled with depression and psychological instability resulting from the loss of the mobile function and limitations on the daily life. Some patients become fed up with the long and hard flight with the disease and just give up, which aggravates the symptoms. Others come to the hospital only when the conditions have become serious. We need to prevent these and guide the patients in the right direction. Against this backdrop, this study aims to look into the relations between the knowledge on the part of the patients together with their feeling of self-efficacy and the compliance. The results are expected to help the patients improve their life, In addition to providing useful materials for setting up appropriate plan for nursing intervention. The study was conducted by distributing questionnaire to 88 patients selected from the out-patient department of a university hospital in Inchon, from April 6 to 27, 1998. The following tools were used the yardstick of self-efficacy, developed in 1997 by the Society for the Health of Rheumatism Patients, was used for measuring the levels of knowledge and the feeling of self-efficacy. The degree of compliance was measured by the data collected from documents in addition to the results of the analysis of the interviews with the patients. The reliability of the tools was confirmed. In the analysis, the general characteristics were expressed in figures and percentages. The levels of knowledge, feeling of self-efficacy, and compliance were expressed in the average values and standard deviations. The relations among the variables following the general characteristics were analysed by the t-test and one-way ANOVA. The Pearson correction coefficient was used for the analysis of factors. Multiple-loop analysis was used to identify the variables affecting the compliance. The following are the results of this study. 1. Among the 88 patients, 18 were men and the remaining 70 were women, with a ratio 1 : 3.87. Regarding the age groups, 23 were between 50 and 59 years old, with those between 50 and 69 accounting for 51.1% of the total. High school graduates or higher amounted to 58%. Religious patients was 67% or 59 persons. Fifty nine percent were unemployed, and 58.3% (49 persons) had two children or fewer. The period of suffering from rheumatism varied between 2 months and IS years, with 70% less than years. 2. The average figure In relation to the of knowledge was 17.63 points over 30 or 58. 76%, which means a medium level. 3. The average figure of the feeling of self-efficacy was 60.06 points. 4. The level of compliance was 3.26, which was above average. 5. The relation between the feeling of self-efficacy and compliance showed an "r" value of 0.37, which was significant. It means that the higher the feeling, the greater the compliance points. 6. The analysis of the knowledge level revealed that the difference is found only between the college graduates and junior-high graduates or lower. 7. The feeling of self-efficacy varied along with the age and education level. 8. The general characteristics of patients as discussed above did not show significant difference with the compliance. 9. Regarding the elements influencing the compliance, the number of children, period of suffering, income, age, feering of self-efficacy, knowledge, and compliance had 54% of significance. In conclusion, rheumatism victims can lead a better life if they are appropriately educated, based on efficient training program from the early days of the disease ; if they become able to manage themselves thanks to the training ; and if they are helped by a program focusing on the increase of the feeling of self-efficacy aimed at changing patient's behavior.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.189-204
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• 2014

This study is aimed to identify the relationship between Korean restaurant selection attributes and behavioral intention regarding foodservice consumption tendency. In order to achieve the purpose of research, frequency analysis, factor and reliability analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, chi-square test, variance analysis, and multiple regression analysis were conducted using SPSS 18.0. As a result of variance analysis, accessibility did not appear to have a significant difference in all clusters, food quality appeared to have a significant result (F=5.587, $p{\leq}.001$), employees' service appeared to have a significant difference (F=5.186, p<.01), and price discounts also showed a significant difference (F=4.921, p<.01). Therefore, the first hypothesis that the foodservice consumption tendency has a difference in the Korean restaurants selection attributes was partially selected. In order to verify the hypothesis that the Korean restaurants selection attributes affect behavioral intention, the sub-factors of the Korean restaurant selection attributes (accessibility of restaurants, food quality, employees' service, price discounts) were set as independent variables, and the behavioral intention of foodservice consumers was set as a dependent variable. As a result, the accessibility of restaurants (${\beta}=.092$) and price discounts (${\beta}=.299$) have a non-significant effect on behavioral intention. However, a significant result was shown in food quality (${\beta}=.379$, p<.001) and employees' service (${\beta}=.251$, p<.001). Thus, the hypothesis that the Korean restaurant selection attributes have a positive effect on behavioral intention was partially selected. Based on the results, foodservice managers need to build up strategic management to improve food quality with better ingredients, sanitation, adequate quantity, and consistent taste of food. In addition, they should provide better service with well-trained employees.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.31-41
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• 2004

Background : The cun measurement system, an essential and convenient method in locating acupoints, has been widely used in the practice of acupuncture. However, traditional cun measurement has been criticized for its lack of reliability. Objectives : The purposes of this study are to determine if one cun measured by the directional methods have a consistency with that of proportional methods and to investigate which factors are related with these differences, especially in forearm. Methods : The distance between the elbow crease and the wrist crease of forearm was compared to a reference value of one cun obtained by the directional method. In this method, one cun is one third of the distance between index finger and small finger of a subject, measured at proximal interphalangeal joint. In addition, to investigate the factors influencing the differences between these two methods, we measured the height and body weight and calculated body mass index (BMI). Finally we analyzed the factors correlated with these lengths by linear regression test. Results : The results showed that one cun obtained by the directional methods were significantly different from one cun by the proportional methods in forearm. It was demonstrated that the length acquired with the directional method was more correlated with body weight and body mass index, while the length obtained by the proportional method was more correlated with the height. Conclusion : These findings suggest that the directional method is less likely dependable in locating acupoints than the proportional method because the influencing factors are different.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.327-334
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• 2016

This study was conducted to establish the standard method for the contents of biotin in milk formulas. To optimize the method, we compared several conditions for liquid extraction, purification and instrumental measurement using spiked samples and certified reference material (NIST SRM 1849a) as test materials. LC-MS/MS method for biotin was established using $C_{18}$ column and binary gradient 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid/water mobile phase is applied for biotin. Product-ion traces at m/z 245.1 ${\rightarrow}$ 227.1, 166.1 are used for quantitative analysis of biotin. The linearity was over $R^2=0.999$ in range of $5{\sim}60{\mu}g/L$. For purification, chloroform was used as a solvent for eliminating lipids in milk formula. The linearity was over 0.999 in range of 5~60 ng/mL. The detection limit and quantification limit were 0.10, 0.31 ng/mL. The accuracy and precision of LC-MS/MS method using CRM were 103%, 2.5% respectively. Optimized methods were applied in sample analysis to verify the reliability. All the tested milk formulas were acceptable contents of biotin compared with component specification and standards for nutrition labeling. The standard operating procedures were prepared for biotin to provide experimental information and to strengthen the management of nutrient in milk formula.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 2015

In a sodium-cooled fast reactor, which is a Generation-IV reactor, refueling is conducted by rotating, but not opening, the reactor head to prevent a reaction between the sodium, water and air. Therefore, an inspection technique that checks for the presence of any obstacles between the reactor core and the upper internal structure, which could disturb the rotation of the reactor head, is essential prior to the refueling of a sodium-cooled fast reactor. To this end, an ultrasound-based inspection technique should be employed because the opacity of the sodium prevents conventional optical inspection techniques from being applied to the monitoring of obstacles. In this study, a ranging inspection technique using a plate-type ultrasonic waveguide sensor was developed to monitor the presence of any obstacles between the reactor core and the upper internal structure in the opaque sodium. Because the waveguide sensor installs an ultrasonic transducer in a relatively cold region and transmits the ultrasonic waves into the hot radioactive liquid sodium through a long waveguide, it offers better reliability and is less susceptible to thermal or radiation damage. A 10 m horizontal beam waveguide sensor capable of radiating an ultrasonic wave horizontally was developed, and beam profile measurements and basic experiments were carried out to investigate the characteristics of the developed sensor. The beam width and propagation distance of the ultrasonic wave radiated from the sensor were assessed based on the experimental results. Finally, a feasibility test using cylindrical targets (corresponding to the shape of possible obstacles) was also conducted to evaluate the applicability of the developed ranging inspection technique to actual applications.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.203-208
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• 1999

Purpose: The information on the change of the relative renal function after operation is essential to set the initial treatment plan in unilateral hydronephrosis. So we analyzed the preoperative and postoperative relative renal function, and observed the functional changes by operation and reliability of the various factors in those changes. Materials and Methods: A retrospective trial was done of 81 patients, 35 ureteropelvic junction(UPJ) obstruction and 46 vesicoureteral reflux(VUR), among 393 patients undergoing operations at our institution from March. 1992 to February. 1997. The patients who had infravesical abnormalities, abnormal contralateral kidney and insufficient research data were excluded. We determined the relative renal functions using DTPA and MAG3 scan in UPJ obstruction and DMSA scan in VUR. The mean observation period after operation was 2.01(0.25-4) years. Results: A. UPJ Obstruction 1. The relative renal function was improved significantly after operation(P=0.0007). 2. The kidneys which have preoperative functions between 20% and 40% improved significantly in relative renal function comparing to the kidneys of the other functions(P=0.0046). B. VUR 1. The renal functions didn't improve significantly after operation(P>0.05). 2. There was no significant factor affecting the prognosis in renal functions. Conclusions: 1. The kidneys with UPJ Obstruction show the difference in functional improvement after operation according to the degree of the preoperative renal function, but more investigations about the exact value are needed. 2. In VUR there was no difference between preoperative and postoperative functions, the theoretical basis on objectives of the operation could be the symptoms or factors except the operation.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.207-228
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• 2007

Measuring Information Technology(IT) organizations' activities have been limited to mainly measure financial indicators for a long time. However, according to the multifarious functions of Information System, a number of researches have been done for the new trends on measurement methodologies that come with financial measurement as well as new measurement methods. Especially, the researches on IT Balanced Scorecard(BSC), concept from BSC measuring IT activities have been done as well in recent years. BSC provides more advantages than only integration of non-financial measures in a performance measurement system. The core of BSC rests on the cause-and-effect relationships between measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures, communication, and realization of the corporate strategy and incentive controlled actions. More recently, BSC proponents have focused on the need to tie measures together into a causal chain of performance, and to test the validity of these hypothesized effects to guide the development of strategy. Kaplan and Norton[2001] argue that one of the primary benefits of the balanced scorecard is its use in gauging the success of strategy. Norreklit[2000] insist that the cause-and-effect chain is central to the balanced scorecard. The cause-and-effect chain is also central to the IT BSC. However, prior researches on relationship between information system and enterprise strategies as well as connection between various IT performance measurement indicators are not so much studied. Ittner et al.[2003] report that 77% of all surveyed companies with an implemented BSC place no or only little interest on soundly modeled cause-and-effect relationships despite of the importance of cause-and-effect chains as an integral part of BSC. This shortcoming can be explained with one theoretical and one practical reason[Blumenberg and Hinz, 2006]. From a theoretical point of view, causalities within the BSC method and their application are only vaguely described by Kaplan and Norton. From a practical consideration, modeling corporate causalities is a complex task due to tedious data acquisition and following reliability maintenance. However, cause-and effect relationships are an essential part of BSCs because they differentiate performance measurement systems like BSCs from simple key performance indicator(KPI) lists. KPI lists present an ad-hoc collection of measures to managers but do not allow for a comprehensive view on corporate performance. Instead, performance measurement system like BSCs tries to model the relationships of the underlying value chain in cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, to overcome the deficiencies of causal modeling in IT BSC, sound and robust causal modeling approaches are required in theory as well as in practice for offering a solution. The propose of this study is to suggest critical success factors(CSFs) and KPIs for measuring performance for IT organizations and empirically validate the casual relationships between those CSFs. For this purpose, we define four perspectives of BSC for IT organizations according to Van Grembergen's study[2000] as follows. The Future Orientation perspective represents the human and technology resources needed by IT to deliver its services. The Operational Excellence perspective represents the IT processes employed to develop and deliver the applications. The User Orientation perspective represents the user evaluation of IT. The Business Contribution perspective captures the business value of the IT investments. Each of these perspectives has to be translated into corresponding metrics and measures that assess the current situations. This study suggests 12 CSFs for IT BSC based on the previous IT BSC's studies and COBIT 4.1. These CSFs consist of 51 KPIs. We defines the cause-and-effect relationships among BSC CSFs for IT Organizations as follows. The Future Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Operational Excellence perspective. Then the Operational Excellence perspective will have positive effects on the User Orientation perspective. Finally, the User Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Business Contribution perspective. This research tests the validity of these hypothesized casual effects and the sub-hypothesized causal relationships. For the purpose, we used the Partial Least Squares approach to Structural Equation Modeling(or PLS Path Modeling) for analyzing multiple IT BSC CSFs. The PLS path modeling has special abilities that make it more appropriate than other techniques, such as multiple regression and LISREL, when analyzing small sample sizes. Recently the use of PLS path modeling has been gaining interests and use among IS researchers in recent years because of its ability to model latent constructs under conditions of nonormality and with small to medium sample sizes(Chin et al., 2003). The empirical results of our study using PLS path modeling show that the casual effects in IT BSC significantly exist partially in our hypotheses.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 2005

To evaluate the reliability of binocular vision measurements by phorometry. 90 students volunteered to participate in this study. 25 subjects were males, and 65 were females, they ranged in ages from 21 to 30 years. All subjects had normal ocular and systematic health, and all of them had at least 1.0 visual acuity with their best correction. At negative relative convergence(NRC) measurement in distance, the percentage of subjects is included in expected value(blur point/break point/recovery point) was 78%/61%/67%, divergence excess(DE) was 9%/31%/33%, and divergence insufficience(DI) was 13%/8%/9%, respectively. And positive relative convergence(PRC) measurement, includes expected value was 20%/46%/39%, convergence excess(CE) was 22%/14%/16%, and convergence insufficience(CI) was 35%/40%/45%. AC/A ratios of 42 subjects were normal. 38 were low, and the rest of them high. A low AC/A ratio is usually the result of a small vergence response in relation to accommodation. Negative relative convergence(NRC) at near, includes expected value was 26%/29%/44%, divergence excess(DE) was 61%/33%/24%, and divergence insufficience(DI) was 3%/38%/32%. And PRC at near, includes expected value was 33%/40%/31%, convergence excess(CE) was 61%/23%/42%, and convergence insufficience(CI) was 6%/37%/27%. For the near point of convergence(NPC) test, 58% of their subjects had a break of ${\leq}8cm$ with the accommodative target. In case of NRA(PRA) measurement, the expected value was 41%(33%). Accommodative insufficiency (AI) was 33%(43%), and accommodative excess(AE) was 26%(24%), respectively. AE was related to respectively low values of NRA. AI and CE are associated with high value of NRA, and the dysfunction of convergence excess combined with AE was related to a normal-high values of NRA. PRA in AI was related to a low value, wheres the dysfunction are associated with high values of PRA.