• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.717-729
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• 1999

Although many studies on the cytotoxicity of the dental cast base metal alloys and their components have been carried out, the results are rather conflicting because of the different type of cells used and the various experimental procedures taken. Recently a number of scientists have claimed that it would be preferable to focus on the use of cells from relevant specific location of the human bodies. Consequently, the primary cultured oral keratinocyte derived from oral mucous along with nickel chloride and several of widely used dental cast base metal alloys(two Ni-Cr alloys and one Co-Cr alloy)in domestic were selected for this study, from which 1) The amounts of released metal ions were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry, 2) The cytotoxicity of nickel chloride and dental cast base metal alloys was evaluated via MTT assay, and finally, 3) The amounts of released metal ions and the cytotoxicity of nickel chloride were correlated with the cytotoxicity of dental cast base metal alloys And, the results were summarized as follows; 1. Nickel ion from Ni-Cr alloys and Cobalt ion from Co-Cr alloys resulted in maximum releasing rate during first 2h hours, followed by a decrease in releasing rate with time. Chromium ion were found to be minimal in all alloys. 2. In cytotoxic test. with $40{\mu}M,\;80{\mu}M$ of nickel chloride, there were observed an increase in the relative cell number compared to control samples after 24 hours. With $160{\mu}M$, there was found to be no difference in the relative cell number with control, except that 48 hour showed a increase in relative cell number. With $320{\mu}M$, the relative cell number remained constant and decreased after 48 hours, and with $640{\mu}M$, a continuing decrease in relative cell number was observed throughout test period. 3 The sensitivity of primary cultured oral epithelium to nickel was lower compared to the cells used in other studies. 4. CB-80 Soft and Regalloy showed no cytotoxicity to primary cultured oral epithelium and New crown resulted in a slight cytotoxicity. In conclusion, it was shown that the primary cultured oral keratinocytes could be applied successfully as testing cells in cytotoxicity test. Futhermore, the dental cast base metal alloys used in this study were found to be biocompatible.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.43
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• pp.185-209
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• 2016

Pattern refers to singular or repetitive decorative form in a blank surface, Also pattern is not just something to simply fill in the blanks, and has more meanings. Pattern reflects the specific culture or regional feature. So Depending on which pattern to use, creator can give particular of identity. which is generally utilized in visual arts such as painting, architecture, craft, as well as animation. Pattern in animation plays a role of decorating background or surfaces of characters' outfits or props. And Parttern is effective way to describe the story of the times and space environment of the background. Tomm Moore, an animation director in in Ireland mainly produces animations based on traditional folk stories or myths. He usually utilizes cultural and artistic factors related to the themes in his work production. One example is the insertion of pattern closely associated with the narratives and backgrounds of animations to create profound scenes. Tomm Moore used the Irish Celt pattern in Secret of Kells (2009) and Song of Sea (2014) and Islam geometric pattern and plant pattern in a short nimation named On Love from Kahlil Gibran's The Prophe (2014). This study attempts to examine the historical and cultural foundation and the narratives of these two animations, Song of Sea(2014) and Kahlil Gibran's The Prophet: On Love (2014) in which Tomm Moore participated as the director and producer, exploring their relevant traditional patterns. Moreover, it also attempts to analyze how these traditional patterns are utilized in the animations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 2007

Structural design, like other complex decision problems, involves many trade-offs among competing criteria. Although mathematical programming models are becoming increasingly realistic, they often have design limitations, that is, there are often relevant issues that cannot be easily captured. From the understanding of these limitations, a decision-support system is developed that can generate some useful alternatives as well as a single optimum value in the optimization of steel frame structures. The alternatives produced using this system are "good" with respect to modeled objectives, and yet are "different," and are often better, with respect to interesting objectives not present in the model. In this study, we created a decision-support system for designing the most cost-effective moment-resisting steel frame structures for resisting lateral loads without compromising overall stability. The proposed approach considers the cost of steel products and the cost of connections within the design process. This system makes use of an optimization formulation, which was modified to generate alternatives of optimum value, which is the result of the trade-off between the number of moment connections and total cost. This trade-off was achieved by reducing the number of moment connections and rearranging them, using the combination of analysis based on the LRFD code and optimization scheme based on genetic algorithms. To evaluate the usefulness of this system, the alternatives were examined with respect to various design aspects.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.47-52
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• 2017

The recent tragic outbreak of fire at the Grenfell Tower in the United Kingdom compels all branches of government to reexamine and reassess the safety measures against fires in high-rise buildings from a broad perspective. Accordingly, this study examined what problems stem from the current evacuation codes by comparative analysis of the high-rise apartment evacuation codes that range over various individual laws before introducing a new evacuation code. The outcome of this study can be utilized as basic data for amending the existing evacuation codes for high-rise buildings. The codes related to high-rise building evacuation include the Building Act, the Housing Act, the Skyscraper Disaster Management Act, and the Fire-Fighting System Act. Some local governments have also drawn up their own codes and put them into practice. Comparative analysis of the major evacuation codes has helped identify a variety of problems, such as different codes being applied to each individual law and ordinance, the use of additional codes other than the provisions of laws and ordinances, and the in effectiveness of evacuation codes. Most of these problems occur when diverse codes are applied to a single building, which means that cooperation among the relevant ministries is urgently needed to improve the related codes in the future.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2016

In the study, we developed and evaluated a uracil N-glycosylase (UNG)-supplemented single-tube nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (UsnRT-PCR) assay that can carried out first-round RT-PCR and second-round nested PCR in a reaction tube without reaction tube opening and can simultaneously detect EU- and NA-PRRSV. The UsnRT-PCR confirmed to have a preventing ability of mis-amplification by contamination of pre-amplified PRRSV DNA from previous UsnRT-PCR. Primer specificities were evaluated with RNAs extracted from 8 viral strains and our results revealed that the primers had a high specificity for both genotypes of PRRSV. The sensitivity of the UsnRT-PCR was 0.1 $TCID_{50}$/0.1 mL for EU- or NA-PRRSV, respectively, which is comparable to that of previously reported real time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR). Clinical evaluation on 110 field samples (60 sera and 50 lung tissues) by the UsnRT-PCR and the RRT-PCR showed that detection rates of the UsnRT-PCR was 70% (77/110), and was relatively higher than that of the RRT-PCR (69.1%, 76/110). The percent positive or negative agreement of the UsnRT-PCR compared to RRT-PCR was 96.1% (73/76) or 90.9% (30/33), showing that the test results of both assays may be different for some clinical samples. Therefore, it is recommend that diagnostic laboratory workers use the two diagnostic assays for the correct diagnosis for the relevant samples in the swine disease diagnostic laboratories. In conclusion, the UsnRT-PCR assay can be applied for the rapid, and reliable diagnosis of PRRSV without concerns about preamplified DNA carryover contamination that can occurred in PCR process in the swine disease diagnostic laboratories.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.454-475
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• 2013

In 2011, Daegu hosted the International Association of Athletics Federation Championships and attempted to use this event strengthen its global profile. Organizers hoped Daegu 2011 would strengthen knowledge about Daegu internationally and help the city overcome recent economic stagnation by bolstering tourism and investment on the global scale. Written from the perspective of a foreigner living in Korea, this interpretive article uses mixed-method cultural geographic analysis to evaluate the momentum Daegu 2011 produced in these directions. The article draws on a tripartite "territorialisation" approach to mega-event tourism's production of space, focusing on representational efforts during the approach to the championships and the event itself. Promotional materials receive particular attention. Interviews with international tourists during 2011 strengthen conclusions drawn from analysis of promotional materials. After reviewing relevant conceptual literature, Daegu's history, and the background of Daegu 2011, the article devotes three subsections to analysis. The first uses critical discourse analysis of a key promotional video to argue that Daegu's self-promotions betrayed insecurity about the city's place within the global tourism market. A second analysis subbsection finds that additional promotional materials did not fully overcome that problem. These materials also produced an overload of Daegu images and aspirations. The third subsection further develops these arguments, pointing to a partial mismatch between images emphasized by promotions and experiences available in the tourism landscape. This subsection also argues that while Daegu 2011 undoubtedly produced positive effects for the city, key challenges remain if Daegu will be placed on the map of globally acknowledged cities.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.416-425
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• 1999

복잡한 무결성 제약 조건을 효율적으로 확인하기 위해 제약 조건들을 룰 베이스(rule base)에 저장하고 별도의 룰 관리 시스템과 제약 조건 관리 시스템을 통해 제약 조건을 확인하는 기법이 많은 연구자들에 의해 연구되고 발표되었다. 그러나 제약 조건 관리 시스템이 실행시간에 응용 프로그램을 항상 모니터링하고 있다가 데이타의 수정이 요청될 때마다 개입하여 프로세스를 중단시키고 관련 제약 조건을 확인하는 기존의 방법들은 처리 시간의 지연을 피할 수 없다. 본 논문은 컴파일 시간에 제약 조건 확인 코드를 응용 프로그램에 미리 삽입할 것을 제안한다. 응용 프로그램 자체 내에 제약 조건 확인 코드가 삽입되기 때문에 실행 시간에 다른 시스템의 제어를 받지 않고 직접 제약 조건의 확인 및 데이타베이스의 접근이 가능해져서 처리 시간의 지연을 피할 수 있을 것이다. 이를 위해 어떤 구문이 제약 조건의 확인을 유발하는 지를 추적하였고, 컴파일러가 그러한 구문을 어떻게 전처리 과정에서 검색하는지 그리고 그러한 구문마다 어떻게 해당 제약 조건 확인 코드를 삽입할 수 있는 지를 객체지향1) 데이타베이스 언어인 Objectivity/C++에 대해 gcc의 YACC 코드를 변경함으로써 보여 주었다.Abstract To cope with the complexity of handling integrity constraints, numerous researchers have suggested to use a rule-based system, where integrity constraints are expressed as rules and stored in a rule base. A rule manager and an integrity constraint manager cooperate to check the integrity constraints efficiently. In this approach, however, the integrity constraint manager has to monitor the activity of an application program constantly to catch any database operation. For each database operation, it has to check relevant rules with the help of the rule manager, resulting in considerable delays in database access. We propose to insert the constraints checking code in the application program directly at compile time. With constraints checking code inserted, the application program can check integrity constraints by itself without the intervention of the integrity constraint manager. We investigate what kind of statements require the checking of constraints, show how the compiler can detect those statements, and show how constraints checking code can be inserted into the program, by modifying the GCC YACC file for Objectivity/C++, an object-oriented database programming language.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.321-336
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• 2020

The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (HERP) represents the upper-most level of Japan's earthquake disaster prevention governance. Its policy committee establishes the national earthquake investigation research promotion plan. The earthquake investigation committee of HERP collects survey geo-data and evaluates the research results of each earthquake disaster prevention agency. The establishment of an earthquake-related geo-resilience research strategy is both necessary and desirable for Korea. The concept of geo-resilience entails the ability to improve disaster resilience through the application of research results and the convergence of geoscience with science and technology (S&T) including the humanities and social sciences. The achievement of geo-resilience requires a national long-term roadmap and strategy for earthquake prediction research, the development of earthquake disaster prediction and prevention technology, Geo-ICT convergence technology development, implementation of a geocyber physics system (Geo-CPS), the use of geo-mimetics, and geoscientific R&D as it relates to local communities. Through such efforts, the national research institutes of Korea will be able to develop earthquake prediction capacities in relevant fields, reinforce proactive response capabilities, enhance community-level confidence in geodata and its research results, foster next-generation geoscientific manpower, and expand geoscientific infrastructure.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.15-39
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• 2015

This paper investigates the determinants of port service quality from a resources-based approach. The research model is derived from the relevant literature in port management, service quality, and resource-based theory. It is hypothesized that tangible and intangible resources contribute to port service quality, which in turn leads to the enhancement of reputation and loyalty to ports. To test this, a questionnaire survey is undertaken on three major ports in Korea: Busan, Incheon, and Gwangyang; the collected data are then analyzed using partial least squares. It is suggested that both tangible resources and intangible resources have a positive influence on general service quality and that general service quality has a positive influence on customer satisfaction, thus improving port reputation and loyalty. The contribution to the literature is that resource-based theory is applied to a port service quality model and the model is verified. In addition, an augmented model is adopted to examine the effect of individual resources on service quality. It is also possible for port managers to use the constructs to monitor their resources and develop more specific strategies to gain reputation and loyalty from customers.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.146-154
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• 2007

The u-City construction project has become a hot topic In the construction market because it seems economic value-added field for construction firms. However, construction firms don't willingly participate in the u-City construction market because the future business environments for the u-City are very uncertain. Scenario planning is a very powerful method in managing this complex planning situation and is based on scenarios that help each enterprise appropriately adapt itself to its own business environments. Therefore it Is based on the main principles of systems thinking and multiple futures. For the purpose of dealing with such uncertainties, this paper attempts to develop the possible market scenarios of the u-City construction market through a scenario planning approach. From this perspective, we considered various aspects of the u-City construction such as market demands, technology development, policy level and management environment. After considering the relevant issues, we identified the main trends and key uncertainties. Then, we developed three coherent u-City construction market scenarios. On the basis of the proposed scenarios, the business strategies of potential construction firms in the u-City construction market has been formulated. Therefore, construction firms can use these scenarios as a basic data for market analysis and business strategy. Therefore, this paper is able to enhance the participation of construction firms in the u-City construction market.