• 기본간호학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.78-95
• /
• 1999

The grafting of a kidney has been found to be the best medical treatment for patients who have renal insufficiency failure, but the patients still have experienced much trouble and apprehension. This study was done to further nursing theory developing for patients who have has a kidney graft from another person. The research method followed grounded theory methodology of Strauss and Corbin. The subjects were three female and four male patients. This study done befween Oct. 1997 and Mar. 1998. All of the subjects were interviewed by the author. Interview were done by the long interview technique and observation. In the process of data analysis, 'heart-boiling' was found to be the core phenomenon. The results were composed to 101 concepts. These concepts were grouped into nineteen categories, and then to twelve categories. There were 12 super-class categories as follows ; 'pain', 'heart-boiling', 'experience of dialysis', 'term of admission to a hospital', 'support of other person', 'dependence on God', 'direction', 'negative reaction', 'positive reaction', 'comfortable', 'lacking', 'acceptance'. In this process, 14 hypotheses were derived from the categories as follows ; (1) The more experience with dialysis that the patients have, the stronger the heart-boiling will tend to be. (2) The less experience with dialysis the patients have, the weaker the heart-boiling will tend to be. (3) The longer admission to hospital the patients have, the stronger the heart-boiling will be. (4) The shorter the admission to hospital the patients have, the weaker the heart-boiling will be. (5) The weaker the intense-grief is, the more positive the reaction to heart-boiling the patients wll have. (6) The stronger the intense-grief is, the more negative the reaction to heart-boiling the patients will have. (7) The stronger the support of other persons that the patients have, the more positive the reaction to heart-boiling the patients will have. (8) The weaker the support of other person that the patients have, the more negative the reaction to heart-boiling the patients will have. (9) The stronger the dependence on God that the patients have, the mure positive reaction to heart-boiling the patients will have. (10) The weaker the dependence on God that the patients have, the more negative reaction to heart-boiling the patients will have. (11) The more positive thoughts that the patients have, the more positive reaction to heart-boiling the patinets will have. (12) The more negative thoughts that the patients have, the more negative reaction to heart-boiling the patients will have. (13) The more positive reaction the patients have, the more free from heart-boiling the patients tend to be. (14) The more negative reaction the patients have, the less free from heart-boiling the patients tend to be. From the analysis of observed data and comparing each class, I concluded that there are four formula relation types between reaction of patients and heart-boiling. (1) If patients have the experience of dialysis, have a long term admission to hospital, are strong in heart-boiling, depend on God, have positive thoughts and another's strong support, they experience release by positive reaction to the intense-grief. (2) If patients have the experience of dialysis, have a short term admission to hospital, are weak in heart-boiling, do not depend on God, have negative thoughts, and have few supports from others, they experience attachment to heart-boiling though a negative reaction. (3) If patients have the experience of dialysis, have a long term admission to hospital, are strong in heart-boiling, do not depend on God, and have negative thoughts, they experience attachment to heart-boiling through negative reaction in spite of support from another. (4) If patients have the experience of dialysis, have a long term admission into hospital, are strong in heart-boiling and satisfaction is low, but they have positive thoughts, then they experience acceptance and harmony through the positive reaction to heart-boiling. The results of this study are expected to help the way nurses care for patients who have had a kidney graft from another.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.126-135
• /
• 2002

기존 철근콘크리트 구조물에 대한 보강 방법으로서 강판접착공법은 강판의 박리나 rip-off 등 조기 파괴의 문제점을 안고 있음에도 불구하고 가장 널리 이용되고 있다. 그러나, 아직까지도 이러한 조기 파괴 문제점은 강판 단부의 접착계면 주위의 국부적인 파괴메커니즘 관점에서 파악되지 않고 있다. 그러므로, 이 연구에서는 보강판의 파괴 메카니즘을 구명하고 접착계면에서의 박리기준을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이러한 목적으로 두 가지 방법에 의한 광범위한 실험이 수행되었는데, 그 하나가 순수 전단력이 작용하는 상태를 고려한 double lap pull-out test이고, 또 다른 하나는 휨과 전단이 동시에 작용하는 상태를 고려한 half beam test이다. 주요 실험변수로 강판의 두께, 접착제의 두께, 부착길이, 그리고 단부 처리방법 등을 채택하였으며, 이를 토대로 하여 각 변수에 의한 영향을 다각도에서 분석하였다. 강판의 길이방향으로의 변형률을 측정하여 그로부터 접착계면에서의 전단응력을 계산하였으며, 콘크리트와 강판의 상대 변위를 측정하여, 접착계면의 전단계수를 얻고자 하였다. 이러한 실험 결과를 이용하여 비선형 유한요소 해석결과와 비교를 통하여 실험의 검증 및 강판의 단부 접착계면에 발생하는 전단응력 및 법선응력을 도출하였다. 해석결과 최대 하중뿐만 아니라 균열패턴 등도 실험결과와 잘 부합되는 것으로 나타났다. 최종적으로, 해석으로부터 얻은 최대 전단응력과 법선응력의 관계를 이용하여 접착계면의 박리가 발생하는 기준치를 제시하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 강판 보강된 콘크리트 휨부재에 대하여 보다 현 실적인 설계 및 해석을 가능케 할 것으로 사료된다.mitted) = 369.4$_{A}$V sub p/ - l237.8 ＜기중양생>lpha$), head separation factor($\beta$), tail separation factor((equation omitted))값이 증가하였다.C$였다.$였다.X>였다..X>였다.할 것으로 생각되었으며, 향후 더 많은 환자들을 대상으로 장기간에 걸친 임상적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되었다.ang with P. japonica Powder had the least sweet taste. In the flavor and overall Preference, the Doenjang with P. japonica powder was the lowestEX>로 측정되었고, 계사내 지붕의 표면 온도는 최고 $29^{\circ}C$가 측정되었다. 계사 내 표면 온도 및 닭의 표면 온도는 계사내 공기온도의 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다.ill in a good agreement with those predicted by Rohsenow's formula, which was based on nucleate boiling. For the condenser, the wall temperatures were practically uniform, and the measured values of condensation heat transfer coefficient were 1.7 times higher than the predicted values obtained from Nusselt's film

• 비교문화연구
• /
• 제40권
• /
• pp.111-131
• /
• 2015

본 논문은 <공각기동대>의 주인공인 사이보그 여전사 쿠사나기 소령에 초점을 맞춰, 포스트휴머니즘과 퀴어이론의 시각에서 <공각기동대>를 재해석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 기존비평에서 쿠사나기 소령의 몸이 여성해방의 상징으로 극찬 받거나, 아니면 그 성적 함의로 인해 여성성의 상품화란 비난을 받았다면, 포스트휴머니즘과 퀴어 이론은 인간/비인간, 남성(성)/여성(성)이란 이분법을 넘어 소령의 몸을 보다 급진적으로 해석할 여지를 준다. 즉, 이분법의 해체를 통해 이미지에 함몰된 현실 속에서 과연 현실이라는 것이 얼마나 "현실적"이며, 현실 속의 다양한 대립범주들이 얼마나 인위적인 것인지 재고해 보게 해주는 것이다. 이러한 해석의 틀로 본다면, 쿠사나기 소령의 몸은 현실 속 여성상의 "반영"이라기보다 그 자체로 존재의의를 지닌 아니메 속 허구 존재, 인간/비인간, 여성/남성의 범주에 속하는 대신 SNS와 정보화사회 속에 점점 내면을 잃어가는 현대인의 불안을 구현해주는 혼종적 존재이다. 많은 포스트휴머니즘 이론가과 퀴어 이론가들이 경고하듯, "포스트휴먼"이나 "퀴어"란 용어는 너무도 종종 인간중심적 사고를 재확인하기 위해 대중문화텍스트에서 남용된다. 이런 점을 염두에 두며, 본 논문은 소령의 혼종적 몸이 인간과 기계의 결합이기에 의미 있는 몸이라고 단순하게 주장하거나, 혹은 피상적인 포스트모던 읽기를 통해 경계를 넘나드는 해방적 몸이라고 미화하지 않을 것이다. <공각기동대>가 거두고 있는 성취는, 소령의 몸 속에 어지럽게 구현되고 있는 개인성, 동물성, 그리고 기술의 결합이 인간이 "언제나, 항상" 포스트휴먼적 존재였음을 깨닫게 해주는 것이다. 본 논문은 <공각기동대>가 유려한 영상을 통해 그려내는 이러한 인식의 전환, 즉 억압적인 인간중심 휴머니즘에서 퀴어한 존재들과의 공존이라는 인식의 전환이 윤리적 함의를 지녔음을, 그리고 이러한 윤리적 시도가 바로 이 영화의 가장 핵심적인 성취이자 지속적인 매력임을 주장하려 한다.

• 대중서사연구
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.349-383
• /
• 2019

본 논문은 제니스 래드웨이의 『로맨스 읽기: 여성, 가부장제와 대중문학』(1984)을 중심으로 로맨스 연구의 의미와 과제에 대해 고찰했다. 이 책은 문화연구와 문학연구를 조합하여 여성독자들의 로맨스 독서의 의미를 고찰하고 로맨스 텍스트를 분석한 점에서 지금까지 대표적인 로맨스 연구서로 손꼽히고 있다. 제니스 래드웨이는 여성독자공동체를 대상으로 로맨스 독서 행위의 의미를 실증적으로 고찰했다. 즉, 설문조사와 심층면담을 토대로 여성들의 로맨스 독서가 부담스러운 가부장적 일상으로부터 벗어나 탈출의 해방감을 추구하며 정서적 구원을 안겨주는 '보상문학'이라는 점을 밝혀냈다. 여성들이 선호하는 로맨스는 '만남 → 시련 → 회복 → 해피엔딩'이라는 4단계와 13개의 서사단위로 구성되어 있다. 또한 항상 미성숙한 여주인공의 정체성 불안에서 출발하여 여성의 능력으로 배려 깊은 남자로 변모한 남자주인공에 의해 여성의 본래적 가치를 인정받는 행복한 결합으로 끝을 맺는 공식을 유지한다. 따라서 로맨스는 '여성 유토피아적 판타지'를 추구하며 여성을 가부장제와 화해시키는 역할을 담당한다는 것이다. 당대 페미니스트 비평가들은 이런 주장에 대해 신랄하게 비판했다. 그러나 로맨스독서는 '여성적 읽기'이며, 로맨스는 여성의 삶과 가부장제의 함수관계를 그린 문학이라는 점을 공유한다. 다만 누구의 관점으로 볼 것인가, 여성적 유토피아의 판타지가 무엇인가에 관한 관점의 차이를 보일 뿐이다. 최근 들어 여성들의 삶의 조건과 여성독자들의 의식과 상상력이 빠르게 변화하고 있다. 이에 따라 여성 유토피아적 판타지도 이전과 현격하게 달라지고 있다. 그럼에도 가부장적 체제 내 여성의 삶은 여전히 모순적이며, 여성들의 모험적 상상력은 서브컬쳐와 같은 대안공간에서 펼쳐지고 있다. 이런 점에서 로맨스란 무엇인가, 아울러 로맨스 연구의 의미와 과제는 무엇인가라는 질문은 여전히 우리에게 남겨진 숙제이다.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.3361-3394
• /
• 1974

The purpose of this thesis is to disclose some characteristics of water consumption in relation to the quantities of dry matters through the growing period for two statured varieties of paddy rice which are a tall statured variety and a short one, including the water consumption during seedling period, and to find out the various coefficients of evapotranspiration that are applicable for the water use of an expected yield of the two varieties. PAL-TAL, a tall statured variety, and TONG-lL, a short statured variety were chosen for this investigation. Experiments were performed in two consecutive periods, a seedling period and a paddy field period, In the investigation of seedling period, rectangular galvanized iron evapotranspirometers (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$65cm) were set up in a way of two levels (PAL-TAL and TONG-lL varieties) with two replications. A standard fertilization method was applied to all plots. In the experiment of paddy field period, evapotanspiration and evaporation were measured separately. For PAL-TAL variety, the evapotranspiration measurements of 43 plots of rectangular galvanized iron evapotranspirometer (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$65cm) and the evaporation measurements of 25 plots of rectangular galvanized iron evaporimeter (91cm${\times}$85cm${\times}$15cm) have been taken for seven years (1966 through 1972), and for TONG-IL variety, the evapotranspiration measurements of 19 plots and the evaporation measurements of 12 plots have been collected for two years (1971 through 1972) with five different fertilization levels. The results obtained from this investigation are summarized as follows: 1. Seedling period 1) The pan evaporation and evapotranspiration during seedling period were proved to have a highly significant correlation to solar radiation, sun shine hours and relative humidity. But they had no significant correlation to average temperature, wind velocity and atmospheric pressure, and were appeared to be negatively correlative to average temperature and wind velocity, and positively correlative to the atmospheric pressure, in a certain period. There was the highest significant correlation between the evapotranspiration and the pan evaporation, beyond all other meteorological factors considered. 2) The evapotranpiration and its coefficient for PAL-TAL variety were 194.5mm and 0.94∼1.21(1.05 in average) respectively, while those for TONG-lL variety were 182.8mm and 0.90∼1.10(0.99 in average) respectively. This indicates that the evapotranspiration for TONG-IL variety was 6.2% less than that for PAL-TAL variety during a seedling period. 3) The evapotranspiration ratio (the ratio of the evapotranspiration to the weight of dry matters) during the seedling period was 599 in average for PAL-TAL variety and 643 for TONG-IL variety. Therefore the ratio for TONG-IL was larger by 44 than that for PAL-TAL variety. 4) The K-values of Blaney and Criddle formula for PAL-TAL variety were 0.78∼1.06 (0.92 in average) and for TONG-lL variety 0.75∼0.97 (0.86 in average). 5) The evapotranspiration coefficient and the K-value of B1aney and Criddle formular for both PAL-TAL and TONG-lL varieties showed a tendency to be increasing, but the evapotranspiration ratio decreasing, with the increase in the weight of dry matters. 2. Paddy field period 1) Correlation between the pan evaporation and the meteorological factors and that between the evapotranspiration and the meteorological factors during paddy field period were almost same as that in case of the seedling period (Ref. to table IV-4 and table IV-5). 2) The plant height, in the same level of the weight of dry matters, for PAL-TAL variety was much larger than that for TONG-IL variety, and also the number of tillers per hill for PAL-TAL variety showed a trend to be larger than that for TONG-IL variety from about 40 days after transplanting. 3) Although there was a tendency that peak of leaf-area-index for TONG-IL variety was a little retarded than that for PAL-TAL variety, it appeared about 60∼80 days after transplanting. The peaks of the evapotranspiration coefficient and the weight of dry matters at each growth stage were overlapped at about the same time and especially in the later stage of growth, the leaf-area-index, the evapotranspiration coefficient and the weight of dry matters for TONG-IL variety showed a tendency to be larger then those for PAL-TAL variety. 4) The evaporation coefficient at each growth stage for TONG-IL and PAL-TALvarieties was decreased and increased with the increase and decrease in the leaf-area-index, and the evaporation coefficient of TONG-IL variety had a little larger value than that of PAL-TAL variety. 5) Meteorological factors (especially pan evaporation) had a considerable influence to the evapotranspiration, the evaporation and the transpiration. Under the same meteorological conditions, the evapotranspiration (ET) showed a increasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x), while the evaporation (EV) a decreasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters; 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ET=al+bl logl0x (bl>0) EV=a2+b2 log10x (a2>0 b2<0) At the base of the weight of total dry matters, the evapotranspiration and the evaporation for TONG-IL variety were larger as much as 0.3∼2.5% and 7.5∼8.3% respectively than those of PAL-TAL variety, while the transpiration for PAL-TAL variety was larger as much as 1.9∼2.4% than that for TONG-IL variety on the contrary. At the base of the weight of rough rices the evapotranspiration and the transpiration for TONG-IL variety were less as much as 3.5% and 8.l∼16.9% respectively than those for PAL-TAL variety and the evaporation for TONG-IL was much larger by 11.6∼14.8% than that for PAL-TAL variety. 6) The evapotranspiration coefficient, the evaporation coefficient and the transpiration coefficient and the transpiration coefficient were affected by the weight of dry matters much more than by the meteorological conditions. The evapotranspiratioa coefficient (ETC) and the evaporation coefficient (EVC) can be related to the weight of dry matters (x) by the following equations: 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ETC=a3+b3 logl0x (b3>0) EVC=a4+b4 log10x (a4>0, b4>0) At the base of the weights of dry matters, 800kg/10a∼2000kg/10a, the evapotranspiration coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.968∼1.474 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.939∼1.470, the evaporation coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.504∼0.331 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.469∼0.308, and the transpiration coefficients for TONG-IL variety were 0.464∼1.143 and those for PAL-TAL variety, 0.470∼1.162. 7) The evapotranspiration ratio, the evaporation ratio (the ratio of the evaporation to the weight of dry matters) and the transpiration ratio were highly affected by the meteorological conditions. And under the same meteorological condition, both the evapotranspiration ratio (ETR) and the evaporation ratio (EVR) showed to be a decreasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x) as follows: 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, ETR=a5+b5 logl0x (a5>0, b5<0) EVR=a6+b6 log10x (a6>0 b6<0) In comparison between TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties, at the base of the pan evaporation of 343mm and the weight of dry matters of 800∼2000kg/10a, the evapotranspiration ratios for TONG-IL variety were 413∼247, while those for PAL-TAL variety, 404∼250, the evaporation ratios for TONG-IL variety were 197∼38 while those for PAL-TAL variety, 182∼34, and the transpiration ratios for TONG-IL variety were 216∼209 while those for PAL-TAL variety, 222∼216 (Ref. to table IV-23, table IV-25 and table IV-26) 8) The accumulative values of evapotranspiration intensity and transpiration intensity for both PAL-TAL and TONG-IL varieties were almost constant in every climatic year without the affection of the weight of dry matters. Furthermore the evapotranspiration intensity appeared to have more stable at each growth stage. The peaks of the evapotranspiration intensity and transpiration intensity, for both TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties, appeared about 60∼70 days after transplanting, and the peak value of the former was 128.8${\pm}$0.7, for TONG-IL variety while that for PAL-TAL variety, 122.8${\pm}$0.3, and the peak value of the latter was 152.2${\pm}$1.0 for TONG-IL variety while that for PAL-TAL variety, 152.7${\pm}$1.9 (Ref.to table IV-27 and table IV-28) 9) The K-value in Blaney & Criddle formula was changed considerably by the meteorological condition (pan evaporation) and related to be a increasing logarithmic function of the weight of dry matters (x) for both PAL-TAL and TONG-L varieties as follows; 800kg/10a x 2000kg/10a, K=a7+b7 logl0x (b7>0) The K-value for TONG-IL variety was a little larger than that for PAL-TAL variety. 10) The peak values of the evapotranspiration coefficient and k-value at each growth stage for both TONG-IL and PAL-TAL varieties showed up about 60∼70 days after transplanting. The peak values of the former at the base of the weights of total dry matters, 800∼2000kg/10a, were 1.14∼1.82 for TONG-IL variety and 1.12∼1.80, for PAL-TAL variety, and at the base of the weights of rough rices, 400∼1000 kg/10a, were 1.11∼1.79 for TONG-IL variety and 1.17∼1.85 for PAL-TAL variety. The peak values of the latter, at the base of the weights of total dry matters, 800∼2000kg/10a, were 0.83∼1.39 for TONG-IL variety and 0.86∼1.36 for PAL-TAL variety and at the base of the weights of rough rices, 400∼1000kg/10a, 0.85∼1.38 for TONG-IL variety and 0.87∼1.40 for PAL-TAL variety (Ref. to table IV-18 and table IV-32) 11) The reasonable and practicable methods that are applicable for calculating the evapotranspiration of paddy rice in our country are to be followed the following priority a) Using the evapotranspiration coefficients based on an expected yield (Ref. to table IV-13 and table IV-18 or Fig. IV-13). b) Making use of the combination method of seasonal evapotranspiration coefficient and evapotranspiration intensity (Ref. to table IV-13 and table IV-27) c) Adopting the combination method of evapotranspiration ratio and evapotranspiration intensity, under the conditions of paddy field having a higher level of expected yield (Ref. to table IV-23 and table IV-27). d) Applying the k-values calculated by Blaney-Criddle formula. only within the limits of the drought year having the pan evaporation of about 450mm during paddy field period as the design year (Ref. to table IV-32 or Fig. IV-22).

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.861-876
• /
• 1965

During my stay in the Netherlands, I have studied the following, primarily in relation to the Mokpo Yong-san project which had been studied by the NEDECO for a feasibility report. 1. Unit hydrograph at Naju There are many ways to make unit hydrograph, but I want explain here to make unit hydrograph from the- actual run of curve at Naju. A discharge curve made from one rain storm depends on rainfall intensity per houre After finriing hydrograph every two hours, we will get two-hour unit hydrograph to devide each ordinate of the two-hour hydrograph by the rainfall intensity. I have used one storm from June 24 to June 26, 1963, recording a rainfall intensity of average 9. 4 mm per hour for 12 hours. If several rain gage stations had already been established in the catchment area. above Naju prior to this storm, I could have gathered accurate data on rainfall intensity throughout the catchment area. As it was, I used I the automatic rain gage record of the Mokpo I moteorological station to determine the rainfall lntensity. In order. to develop the unit ~Ydrograph at Naju, I subtracted the basic flow from the total runoff flow. I also tried to keed the difference between the calculated discharge amount and the measured discharge less than 1O~ The discharge period. of an unit graph depends on the length of the catchment area. 2. Determination of sluice dimension Acoording to principles of design presently used in our country, a one-day storm with a frequency of 20 years must be discharged in 8 hours. These design criteria are not adequate, and several dams have washed out in the past years. The design of the spillway and sluice dimensions must be based on the maximun peak discharge flowing into the reservoir to avoid crop and structure damages. The total flow into the reservoir is the summation of flow described by the Mokpo hydrograph, the basic flow from all the catchment areas and the rainfall on the reservoir area. To calculate the amount of water discharged through the sluiceCper half hour), the average head during that interval must be known. This can be calculated from the known water level outside the sluiceCdetermined by the tide) and from an estimated water level inside the reservoir at the end of each time interval. The total amount of water discharged through the sluice can be calculated from this average head, the time interval and the cross-sectional area of' the sluice. From the inflow into the .reservoir and the outflow through the sluice gates I calculated the change in the volume of water stored in the reservoir at half-hour intervals. From the stored volume of water and the known storage capacity of the reservoir, I was able to calculate the water level in the reservoir. The Calculated water level in the reservoir must be the same as the estimated water level. Mean stand tide will be adequate to use for determining the sluice dimension because spring tide is worse case and neap tide is best condition for the I result of the calculatio 3. Tidal computation for determination of the closure curve. During the construction of a dam, whether by building up of a succession of horizontael layers or by building in from both sides, the velocity of the water flowinii through the closing gapwill increase, because of the gradual decrease in the cross sectional area of the gap. 1 calculated the . velocities in the closing gap during flood and ebb for the first mentioned method of construction until the cross-sectional area has been reduced to about 25% of the original area, the change in tidal movement within the reservoir being negligible. Up to that point, the increase of the velocity is more or less hyperbolic. During the closing of the last 25 % of the gap, less water can flow out of the reservoir. This causes a rise of the mean water level of the reservoir. The difference in hydraulic head is then no longer negligible and must be taken into account. When, during the course of construction. the submerged weir become a free weir the critical flow occurs. The critical flow is that point, during either ebb or flood, at which the velocity reaches a maximum. When the dam is raised further. the velocity decreases because of the decrease\ulcorner in the height of the water above the weir. The calculation of the currents and velocities for a stage in the closure of the final gap is done in the following manner; Using an average tide with a neglible daily quantity, I estimated the water level on the pustream side of. the dam (inner water level). I determined the current through the gap for each hour by multiplying the storage area by the increment of the rise in water level. The velocity at a given moment can be determined from the calcalated current in m3/sec, and the cross-sectional area at that moment. At the same time from the difference between inner water level and tidal level (outer water level) the velocity can be calculated with the formula $h= \frac{V^2}{2g}$ and must be equal to the velocity detertnined from the current. If there is a difference in velocity, a new estimate of the inner water level must be made and entire procedure should be repeated. When the higher water level is equal to or more than 2/3 times the difference between the lower water level and the crest of the dam, we speak of a "free weir." The flow over the weir is then dependent upon the higher water level and not on the difference between high and low water levels. When the weir is "submerged", that is, the higher water level is less than 2/3 times the difference between the lower water and the crest of the dam, the difference between the high and low levels being decisive. The free weir normally occurs first during ebb, and is due to. the fact that mean level in the estuary is higher than the mean level of . the tide in building dams with barges the maximum velocity in the closing gap may not be more than 3m/sec. As the maximum velocities are higher than this limit we must use other construction methods in closing the gap. This can be done by dump-cars from each side or by using a cable way.e or by using a cable way.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.371-379
• /
• 2019

관상동맥 조영술(CAG)의 씨네(Cine) 촬영에서 엑스선 촬영 조건의 변화가 입사 표면 선량(ESD)과 흡수선량(DAP)에 미치는 관계를 알아보고자 하였고 image J 프로그램을 통해 촬영된 혈관 조영 영상의 SNR과 CNR을 측정 분석하여 조건 변화가 선량관계 및 영상의 질에 미치는 유용성을 분석하고자 하였다. 2017년 11월부터 2018년 3월까지 본원에서 CAG를 시행한 33명(남24, 여9)의 데이터를 대상으로 하였고, 연령대는 37-76세(평균 $59{\pm}10$세), 몸무게53-104kg (평균 $72{\pm}10kg$), 키150-185cm (평균 $166.82{\pm}9.5kg$), BMI 18.3-33.2(평균 $25.8{\pm}3.2$)이었다. 촬영조건 및 데이터 획득은 관전류(mA)를 높게 한 A그룹(397.2mA)과 mA를 낮게 한 B그룹(370.7mA)의 ESD와 DAP를 후향적으로 획득하여 비교 분석 하였고 Image J를 통한 SNR과 CNR 측정 분석은 획득한 데이터를 공식에 대입하여 결과 값을 도출하였다. 통계프로그램은 SPSS (PASW)를 사용하여 촬영조건 변화에 따른 ESD와 DAP 및 SNR CNR의 상관관계 등을 분석하였다. 촬영조건의 mA에 변화를 주어 촬영한 A그룹과 B그룹의 ESD($A:483.5{\pm}60.1$, $B: 464.4{\pm}39.9$)와 DAP($A:84.3{\pm}10.7$, $B:81.5{\pm}7$)간의 관계는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(p>0,05). Image J를 통한 SNR과 CNR의 관계에선 B그룹의 좌심장동맥(LCA)을 촬영해 얻은 영상의 SNR($5.451{\pm}0.529$), CNR($0.411{\pm}0.0432$)이 A그룹 좌심장동맥(LCA)의 SNR($4.976{\pm}0.433$), CNR($0.459{\pm}0.0431$)보다 SNR $0.475{\pm}0.096$, CNR $-0.048{\pm}0.0$로 차이가 있었으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다(p<0.05). 우심장동맥(RCA)을 촬영해 획득한 SNR과 CNR에선 A그룹의 SNR($4.731{\pm}0.773$)과 CNR($0.354{\pm}0.083$)이 B그룹의 SNR($3.24{\pm}0.368$), CNR($0.166{\pm}0.033$)보다 SNR $1.491{\pm}0.405$, CNR $0.188{\pm}0.005$로 증가된 수치를 나타냈으며 그 중 CNR이 통계적으로 유의했다(p<0.05). 상관관계 분석 결과에서는 SNR (LCA) & CNR (LCA), SNR (RCA) & CNR (RCA), ESD & DAP, ESD & sec, DAP & CNR (RCA), DAP & sec간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타냈다(p<0.05). SNR과 CNR이 높을수록 선명하고 좋은 화질을 나타냄을 의미하는데 화질평가 및 선량변화 유용성에 관한 분석 연구를 진행한 결과 mA를 증가시켜 촬영 한 CAG의 RCA영상에서 SNR과 CNR이 증가된 수치를 보였다. 특히, CNR이 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타낸 것을 보았을 때 RCA촬영 시 mA를 향상시켜 촬영 할 경우 영상의 질 중 대조도가 한층 더 향상 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.