• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.65-86
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• 2012

The $20^{th}$ century was the era of manufacturer brands which built higher brand equity for consumers. Consumers moved from generic products of inconsistent quality produced by local factories in the $19^{th}$ century to branded products from global manufacturers and manufacturer brands reached consumers through distributors and retailers. Retailers were relatively small compared to their largest suppliers. However, sometime in the 1970s, things began to slowly change as retailers started to develop their own national chains and began international expansion, and consolidation of the retail industry from mom-and-pop stores to global players was well under way (Kumar and Steenkamp 2007, p.2) In South Korea, since the middle of the 1990s, the bulking up of retailers that started then has changed the balance of power between manufacturers and retailers. Retailer private labels, generally referred to as own labels, store brands, distributors own private-label, home brand or own label brand have also been performing strongly in every single local market (Bushman 1993; De Wulf et al. 2005). Private labels now account for one out of every five items sold every day in U.S. supermarkets, drug chains, and mass merchandisers (Kumar and Steenkamp 2007), and the market share in Western Europe is even larger (Euromonitor 2007). In the UK, grocery market share of private labels grew from 39% of sales in 2008 to 41% in 2010 (Marian 2010). Planet Retail (2007, p.1) recently concluded that "[PLs] are set for accelerated growth, with the majority of the world's leading grocers increasing their own label penetration." Private labels have gained wide attention both in the academic literature and popular business press and there is a glowing academic research to the perspective of manufacturers and retailers. Empirical research on private labels has mainly studies the factors explaining private labels market shares across product categories and/or retail chains (Dahr and Hoch 1997; Hoch and Banerji, 1993), factors influencing the private labels proneness of consumers (Baltas and Doyle 1998; Burton et al. 1998; Richardson et al. 1996) and factors how to react brand manufacturers towards PLs (Dunne and Narasimhan 1999; Hoch 1996; Quelch and Harding 1996; Verhoef et al. 2000). Nevertheless, empirical research on factors influencing the production in terms of a manufacturer-retailer is rather anecdotal than theory-based. The objective of this paper is to bridge the gap in these two types of research and explore the factors which influence on manufacturer's private label production based on two competing theories: S-C-P (Structure - Conduct - Performance) paradigm and resource-based theory. In order to do so, the authors used in-depth interview with marketing managers, reviewed retail press and research and presents the conceptual framework that integrates the major determinants of private labels production. From a manufacturer's perspective, supplying private labels often starts on a strategic basis. When a manufacturer engages in private labels, the manufacturer does not have to spend on advertising, retailer promotions or maintain a dedicated sales force. Moreover, if a manufacturer has weak marketing capabilities, the manufacturer can make use of retailer's marketing capability to produce private labels and lessen its marketing cost and increases its profit margin. Figure 1. is the theoretical framework based on a strategic market management perspective, integrated concept of both S-C-P paradigm and resource-based theory. The model includes one mediate variable, marketing capabilities, and the other moderate variable, competitive intensity. Manufacturer's national brand reputation, firm's marketing investment, and product portfolio, which are hypothesized to positively affected manufacturer's marketing capabilities. Then, marketing capabilities has negatively effected on private label production. Moderating effects of competitive intensity are hypothesized on the relationship between marketing capabilities and private label production. To verify the proposed research model and hypotheses, data were collected from 192 manufacturers (212 responses) who are producing private labels in South Korea. Cronbach's alpha test, explanatory / comfirmatory factor analysis, and correlation analysis were employed to validate hypotheses. The following results were drawing using structural equation modeling and all hypotheses are supported. Findings indicate that manufacturer's private label production is strongly related to its marketing capabilities. Consumer marketing capabilities, in turn, is directly connected with the 3 strategic factors (e.g., marketing investment, manufacturer's national brand reputation, and product portfolio). It is moderated by competitive intensity between marketing capabilities and private label production. In conclusion, this research may be the first study to investigate the reasons manufacturers engage in private labels based on two competing theoretic views, S-C-P paradigm and resource-based theory. The private label phenomenon has received growing attention by marketing scholars. In many industries, private labels represent formidable competition to manufacturer brands and manufacturers have a dilemma with selling to as well as competing with their retailers. The current study suggests key factors when manufacturers consider engaging in private label production.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.175-190
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• 1994

In order to get fundamental information for prediction of landslide hazard, both forest and site factors affecting slope stability were investigated in many areas of active landslides. Twelve descriptors were identified and quantified to develop the prediction model by multivariate statistical analysis. The main results obtained could be summarized as follows : The main factors influencing a large scale of landslide were shown in order of precipitation, age group of forest trees, altitude, soil texture, slope gradient, position of slope, vegetation, stream order, vertical slope, bed rock, soil depth and aspect. According to partial correlation coefficient, it was shown in order of age group of forest trees, precipitation, soil texture, bed rock, slope gradient, position of slope, altitude, vertical slope, stream order, vegetation, soil depth and aspect. The main factors influencing a landslide occurrence were shown in order of age group of forest trees, altitude, soil texture, slope gradient, precipitation, vertical slope, stream order, bed rock and soil depth. Two prediction models were developed by magnitude and frequency of landslide. Particularly, a prediction method by magnitude of landslide was changed the score for the convenience of use. If the total store of the various factors mark over 9.1636, it is evaluated as a very dangerous area. The mean score of landslide and non-landslide group was 0.1977 and -0.1977, and variance was 0.1100 and 0.1250, respectively. The boundary value between the two groups related to slope stability was -0.02, and its predicted rate of discrimination was 73%. In the score range of the degree of landslide hazard based on the boundary value of discrimination, class A was 0.3132 over, class B was 0.3132 to -0.1050, class C was -0.1050 to -0.4196, class D was -0.4195 below. The rank of landslide hazard could be divided into classes A, B, C and D by the boundary value. In the number of slope, class A was 68, class B was 115, class C was 65, and class D was 52. The rate of landslide occurrence in class A and class B was shown at the hige prediction of 83%. Therefore, dangerous areas selected by the prediction method of landslide could be mapped for land-use planning and criterion of disaster district. And also, it could be applied to an administration index for disaster prevention.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.447-454
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• 1985

As a part of serial study for comparing lipid components in freshwater fishes, this work was undertaken to compare the lipid components among wild and cultured carp, Cyprinus carpio, and Israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus. The lipid components of cultured carp were analyzed and compared with those of wild and Israeli carp. In the content of total lipid, the lipid content in cultured carp was slightly lower than that in wild one, but similar to that in Israeli carp. The lipid contents in viscera of wild and cultured carp were 2 times higher than those in edible portion, but the lipid content in viscera of Israeli carp showed a similar trend to that in edible portion. In the fatty acid composition of neutral lipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in cultured carp wire higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{20:4}\;and\;C_{20:5}$ lower, and percentage of $C_{18:2}$ in Israeli carp was noticeably higher than that in wild and cultured carp. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{18:0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3}\;and\;_C{22:6}$ in cultured carp were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5}\;and\;C_{22:5}$ lower. The unsaturation (TUFA/TSFA) of neutral lipid in cultured carp was slightly higher than that in wild one, but slightly lower than that in Israeli carp. In the case of phospholipid, the unsaturation showed a similar trend to that of neutral lipid. The essential fatty acid content(TEFA) of neutral lipid in edible portion of cultured carp was higher than that of wild one, but that in viscera lower. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, the essential fatty acid content in Israeli carp was slightly higher than that in wild and cultured carp, and that in wild one was higher than that in cultured one. The w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid contents(w3 HUFA) of neutral lipid almost showed a similar trend to the essential fatty acid contents in wild and cultured carp, and Israeli carp. In the case of phospholipid, the w3 HUFA in Israeli carp was considerably higher than those in cultured and wild carp. In the ratio (A/C) of fatty acid content(A) in cultured carp to that(C) in diet, the A/C ratios of $C_{20:5}\;w3(0.12),\;C_{22:5}\;w6(0.53),\;C_{22:5}\;w3(0.68)\;and\;C_{22:6}\;w3(0.26)$ were much lower and in the ratio (B/C) of fatty acid content (B) in Israeli carp, the B/C ratios of $C_{18:3}\;w3(0.61),\;C_{20:5}\;w3(0.11),\;C_{22:4}\;w6(0.16),\;C_{22:5}\;w6(0.07)\;and\;C_{22:6}\;w3(0.79)$ were also lower than the other fatty acid. Consequently, it is considered that the ratios of w3 HUFA is related to the biosynthesis of polyenoic acid and growth rates of cultured and Israeli carp.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.439-446
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• 1985

This study was designed to compare the lipid components among wild and cultured eel, Anguilla japonica, and conger eel, Astroconger myriaster. The lipid components of cultured eel were analyzed and compared with those of wild and conger eel. In the content of total lipid, the lipid content in cultured eel was slightly higher than that in wild one, but 2 times higher than that in conger eel. The lipid contents in edible portion of wild and cultured eel were 5 times higher than those in viscera, but the lipid content in edible portion of conger eel showed a similar trend to that in viscera. In the fatty acid composition of neutral lipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{14:0},\;C_{16:0}\;and\;C_{18:1}$ in cultured eel were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ lower, and percentages of $C_{18:0},\;C_{20:4}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in conger eel were noticeably higher than those in wild and cultured eels. In the case of phospholipid in edible portion, percentages of $C_{18:0}\;and\;C_{18:2}$ in cultured eel were higher than those in wild one, while percentages of $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ lower. The unsaturation (TUFA/TSFA) of neutral lipid was no significant difference among wild and cultured eel, and conger eel, but that of phospholipid in wild eel was higher than that in cultured eel and conger eel. The essential fatty acid content(TEFA) of neutral lipid in edible portion of wild eel was 3 times higher than that of cultured one. but the TEFA of phospholipid in edible portion was no significant difference among wild and cultured eels, and conger eel. The w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content (w3 HUFA) of neutral lipid in edible portion of wild eel was 2.0 to 2.5 times higher than that of cultured eel and conger eel, but the w3 HUFA of phospholipid in edible portion of wild eel was noticeably higher than that of cultured eel and conger eel. In the ratio (A/B) of fatty acid content (A) in cultured eel to that (B) in diet, the A/B ratios of $C_{18:2}\;w6,\;C_{18:3}\;w3,\;C_{20:5}\;w3\;and\;C_{22:6}\;w3$ were 0.23 to 0.48 much lower than the other fatty acid. Consequently, it is considered that the ratios of w3 HUFA is related to the biosynthesis of polyenoic acid and growth rate of cultured eel.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.24-50
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• 1985

Five different populations of Parafossarulus manchouricus (Chongpyung, Chinju and Kunsan, Korea; and Japan and Taiwan), a population of Bitbynia (Gabbia) misella (Gongju, Korea) and two different populations of Bithynta tentaculata (Michigan, U.S.A. and Bodensee, Germany) were compared in regard to eff-laying characteristics, morphology, chromosome cytology, natural infections of parasites and ecology of habitats. A satisfactory culture method was devised for laboratory rearing of the snails. Tropical fish food (Terra SML) and powdered green leaves (Ceralife) were used as the main food sources for the snails. Benthic diatoms such as Navicula and Gomphonema from the periphyton were also essential for satisfactory growth, especially for the baby snails. The aquaria were stabilized with small stones from a local stream. Young P. manchouricus snails grew to adult size in about 54 days after hatching. They laid eggs 150-156 days after hatching. The whole cycle (birth to egg-laying) took approximately 5 months. The three species of bithyniid snails are iteroparous and lay eggs once a year. There were no major morphological differences in the shells of genera or subgenera studied here. They did exhibit the following rather minor differences. The shell of Parafossarulus has spirally raised ridges, and its apex is usually eroded; the other two genera lack these characteristics. The shell of B. (Gabbia) misella is small, nor exceeding 7.5 mm in length, while the shells of the other two species are larger, being more than 10 mm in length. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the protoconch of P. manchouricus reveals nearly smooth sculpture with small, low, spiral wrinkles. This sculpture is quite different from that of the Hydrobiidae, a family to which the bithyniids are frequently assigned. Scanning electron microscopy of the radulae of the three bithyniid species showed that their radular morphologies are very similar, but there are some small differences, which may be species-specific. There were some statistical differences in shell heights between the Korean and the other populations of P. manchouricus, and between this species and the other two bithyniids as well. The shell differences between the several populations of Korean P. manchouricus may be related to environment. Edtails of the chromosome cycle of these bithyniid snails are similar to those reported for other snails. No specific differences were observed in the chromosome cycle between the various species and populations of snails employed in this study. Reporred for the first time in molluscs are two darkly stained "nucleolar organizers" during pachyterne stages of meiosis. Two different chromosome numbers were observed in the three bithyniid species: n=17 in B. tentaculata and P. manchouricus, and n=18 in B. (G.) misella. no sex chromosomes or supernumerary chromosomes were seen. There were no morphological differences in karyotypes of three Korean strains of P. manchouricus. The infection rates of cercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in Chinju and Kunsan strains of P. manchouricus were 0.14% and 1.25%, respectively. However, Clonorchis cercariae were found in Chongpyung strain of P. manchouriceu and Gongju strain of B. (G.) misella. The habitats of P. manchouricus around Jinyang Lake were relatively clean without any heavy pollution of aquatic microorganisms and organic materials during the period of this study. The levels of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) and biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) of the water specimens sampled from the study areas ranged from 6.0 to 9.6 ppm and from 0.4 to 1.6 ppm, respectively. Eight metalic constituents from the water samples were also assayed, and all metalic ions detercted were remarkably low below the legal criteria. However, calcium ion in the water samples from the habitats of P. manchouricus was considerably higher than others.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.89-116
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• 2011

In collaborative tagging systems such as Delicious.com and Flickr.com, users assign keywords or tags to their uploaded resources, such as bookmarks and pictures, for their future use or sharing purposes. The collection of resources and tags generated by a user is called a personomy, and the collection of all personomies constitutes the folksonomy. The most significant need of the folksonomy users Is to efficiently find useful resources or experts on specific topics. An excellent ranking algorithm would assign higher ranking to more useful resources or experts. What resources are considered useful In a folksonomic system? Does a standard superior to frequency or freshness exist? The resource recommended by more users with mere expertise should be worthy of attention. This ranking paradigm can be implemented through a graph-based ranking algorithm. Two well-known representatives of such a paradigm are Page Rank by Google and HITS(Hypertext Induced Topic Selection) by Kleinberg. Both Page Rank and HITS assign a higher evaluation score to pages linked to more higher-scored pages. HITS differs from PageRank in that it utilizes two kinds of scores: authority and hub scores. The ranking objects of these pages are limited to Web pages, whereas the ranking objects of a folksonomic system are somewhat heterogeneous(i.e., users, resources, and tags). Therefore, uniform application of the voting notion of PageRank and HITS based on the links to a folksonomy would be unreasonable, In a folksonomic system, each link corresponding to a property can have an opposite direction, depending on whether the property is an active or a passive voice. The current research stems from the Idea that a graph-based ranking algorithm could be applied to the folksonomic system using the concept of mutual Interactions between entitles, rather than the voting notion of PageRank or HITS. The concept of mutual interactions, proposed for ranking the Semantic Web resources, enables the calculation of importance scores of various resources unaffected by link directions. The weights of a property representing the mutual interaction between classes are assigned depending on the relative significance of the property to the resource importance of each class. This class-oriented approach is based on the fact that, in the Semantic Web, there are many heterogeneous classes; thus, applying a different appraisal standard for each class is more reasonable. This is similar to the evaluation method of humans, where different items are assigned specific weights, which are then summed up to determine the weighted average. We can check for missing properties more easily with this approach than with other predicate-oriented approaches. A user of a tagging system usually assigns more than one tags to the same resource, and there can be more than one tags with the same subjectivity and objectivity. In the case that many users assign similar tags to the same resource, grading the users differently depending on the assignment order becomes necessary. This idea comes from the studies in psychology wherein expertise involves the ability to select the most relevant information for achieving a goal. An expert should be someone who not only has a large collection of documents annotated with a particular tag, but also tends to add documents of high quality to his/her collections. Such documents are identified by the number, as well as the expertise, of users who have the same documents in their collections. In other words, there is a relationship of mutual reinforcement between the expertise of a user and the quality of a document. In addition, there is a need to rank entities related more closely to a certain entity. Considering the property of social media that ensures the popularity of a topic is temporary, recent data should have more weight than old data. We propose a comprehensive folksonomy ranking framework in which all these considerations are dealt with and that can be easily customized to each folksonomy site for ranking purposes. To examine the validity of our ranking algorithm and show the mechanism of adjusting property, time, and expertise weights, we first use a dataset designed for analyzing the effect of each ranking factor independently. We then show the ranking results of a real folksonomy site, with the ranking factors combined. Because the ground truth of a given dataset is not known when it comes to ranking, we inject simulated data whose ranking results can be predicted into the real dataset and compare the ranking results of our algorithm with that of a previous HITS-based algorithm. Our semantic ranking algorithm based on the concept of mutual interaction seems to be preferable to the HITS-based algorithm as a flexible folksonomy ranking framework. Some concrete points of difference are as follows. First, with the time concept applied to the property weights, our algorithm shows superior performance in lowering the scores of older data and raising the scores of newer data. Second, applying the time concept to the expertise weights, as well as to the property weights, our algorithm controls the conflicting influence of expertise weights and enhances overall consistency of time-valued ranking. The expertise weights of the previous study can act as an obstacle to the time-valued ranking because the number of followers increases as time goes on. Third, many new properties and classes can be included in our framework. The previous HITS-based algorithm, based on the voting notion, loses ground in the situation where the domain consists of more than two classes, or where other important properties, such as "sent through twitter" or "registered as a friend," are added to the domain. Forth, there is a big difference in the calculation time and memory use between the two kinds of algorithms. While the matrix multiplication of two matrices, has to be executed twice for the previous HITS-based algorithm, this is unnecessary with our algorithm. In our ranking framework, various folksonomy ranking policies can be expressed with the ranking factors combined and our approach can work, even if the folksonomy site is not implemented with Semantic Web languages. Above all, the time weight proposed in this paper will be applicable to various domains, including social media, where time value is considered important.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.765-769
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• 2009

Recent studies have reported that the distribution of HPV-16 sequence variation differs geographically, and more specifically that HPV-16 E6/E7 intratypic variants might carry a high risk for development of ICC (invasive cervical cancer) and CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) in a given population. To investigate the genetic diversities of HPV-16 E6/E7 oncogene by region, we collected nineteen HPV-16 isolates from sexually high-risk women in Busan, and analyzed the HPV-16 E6/E7 coding regions (nt 34 to 880) with HPV-16 E6/E7 specific PCR amplification. At the nucleotide levet eleven variants of the E6 genes and nine variants of the E7 genes were identified as follows: E6 T178G (n=l1), E6 T178A (n=l), E6 T350G (n=3), E6 A442C (n=2), E6 AI04T, E6 All1G, E6 C116T, E6 G145T, E6 T183G, E6 C335T, E6 G522C and E7 A647G (n=12), E7 A645C, E7 A777C, E7 G663A, E7 T732C, E7 T760C, E7 A775T, E7 T789C and E7 T795G, respectively. At the amino acid levet the isolated HPV-16 E6 and E7 genes showed eleven E6 variants: E6 D25E (n=12), E6 L83V (n=4), E6 E113D (n=2), E6 MIL, E6 Q3R, E6 P5S, E6 Q14H, E6 D25N, E6 127R, E6 H78Y, E6 C140S and three E7 variants: N29S (n=12), L28F, T72S. HPV16 E6 L83V, the dominant variant in the Caucasian population, showed relatively low frequencies in our study population. We elucidated that the dominant HPV-16 E6/E7 variants were HPV-16 E6 D25E (63.2%) and HPV-16 E7 N29S (63.2%), which were phylogenetically included in Asian lineage. Further study is needed to evaluate the risk of cervical cancer related HPV-16 E6/E7 intratypic variants in the Korean population.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 2007

To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a pulsatile aortic aneurysm phantoms for in-vitro study. The phantoms consisted of a pulsating motor part(heart part) and an aortic aneurysm part, which mimicked true physiologic conditions. The heart part was created from a high-pressured water pump and a pulsatile flow solenoid valve for the simulation of aortic flow. The aortic aneurysm part was manufactured from paper clay, which was placed inside a acrylic plastic square box, where liquid silicone was poured. After the silicone was formed, the clay was removed, and a silicone tube was used to connect the heart and aneurysm part. We measured the change in pressure as related to the opening time(pulse rate, Kruskal-Wallis method) and pressure before and after the stent-graft implantation(n = 5, Wilcoxon's signed ranks test). The changes in blood pressures according to pulse rate were all statistically significant(p<0.05). The systolic/diastolic pressures at the proximal aorta, the aortic aneurysm, and the distal aorta of the model were $157.80{\pm}1.92/130.20{\pm}1.92$, $159.40{\pm}1.14/134.00{\pm}2.92$, and $147.20{\pm}1.480/129.60{\pm}2.70\;mmHg$, respectively, when the pulse rate was 0.5 beat/second. The pressures changed to $161.40{\pm}1.34/90.20{\pm}1.64$, $175.00{\pm}1.58/93.00{\pm}1.58$, and $176.80{\pm}1.48/90.80{\pm}1.92\;mmHg$, respectively, when the pulse rate was 1.0 beat/second, and $159.40{\pm}1.82/127.20{\pm}1.48$, $166.60{\pm}1.67/138.00{\pm}1.87$, and $161.00{\pm}1.22/135.40{\pm}1.67\;mmHg$, respectively, when it was 1.5 beat/second. When pulse rate was set at 1.0 beat/second, the pressures were $143.60{\pm}1.67/90.20{\pm}1.64$, $147.20{\pm}1.92/84.60{\pm}1.82$, and $137.40{\pm}1.52/88.80{\pm}1.64\;mmHg$ after stent-graft implantation. The changes of pressure before and after stent-graft implantation were statistically significant(p<0.05) except the diastolic pressures at the proximal(p =1.00) and distal aorta(p=0.157). The aortic aneurysm phantoms seems to be useful for the evaluation of the efficacy of stent-graft before animal or clinical studies because of its easy reproducibility and ability to display a wide range of pressures.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.95-103
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• 1996

Reverse redistribution(RRD) refers to a perfusion defect that develops or becomes more evident on rest imaging compared with the stress imaging. This phenomenon was not uncommonly noted on myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). However, the clinical significance and pathophysiological mechanism of RRD were unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical significance of RRD on either dipyridamole T1-201 or Tc-99m MIBI myocardial perfusion SPECT. RRD was defined as ${\geq}10%$ decrease in relative T1-201 and Tc-99m MIBI uptakes on rest images compared to the stress images or as an appearance of new perfusion defects on rest images. It was observed in both T1-201 (44/463, 9.5%) and Tc-99m MIBI (124/999, 12.4%) myocardial SPECTs similarly, with an overall incidence of 11.5%(168/1462). Many apparent)y unrelated disease groups showed the finding: post-revascularization(53.9%), coronary artery disease(24.6%), myocardial infarction(12.3%), and those with normal coro-nary arteries (9.2%). Clinical and angiographic characteristics of 65 consecutive patients who underwent coronary arteriography in 168 patients who had RRD on myocardial perfusion SPECT were reviewed. Tc-99m MIBI was used in 44 patients, and T1-201 was used in 21 patients. Of the 81 myocardial segments analyzed which showed RRD, 32 segments(39.5%) were in septum, 24(29.5%) in inferior wallL, 12(14.8%) in anterior wall, 7(8.7%) in apex and 6(7.4%) in lateral wall. There was no clear association between RRD and coronary arterial stenosis or Presence of collateral circulations. Ventriculographical wall motion was evaluated in 27 regions with RRD; it was normal in 12 regions, hypokinetic in 12 regions and dyskinetic in 3 regions. In 14 of 21 patients who showed RRD on T1-201 myocardial SPECT, T1-201 reinjection was performed immediately after the 3-4 hour redistribution studies. Ten of 14 (71.4%) showed enhanced T1-201 activity(${\geq}10%$ increased) after reinjection. We conclude that RRD is not related to mode of stress or radiopharmaceuticals. RRD might represent many inhomogeneous pathophysiological processes.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.15
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• pp.33-59
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• 1974

A series of experiments were conducted at Crop Experiment Station from 1968 to 1971 to obtain basic information on effects of selection on yield of wheat varieties. Heritability estimates, correlation and path coefficients computed for yield and yield related characters from fixed variety groups-Korean, U.S., and Japan; early and late-$F_2$ and $F_3$ generations were studied. The same estimates for fixed variety groups grown under different fertilizer levels and years were also studied. The results were summarized as follow: 1. Three variety groups classified by their origins as Korea, United States and Japan showed high heritability estimates for heading date, plant height and spike length. The heritability estimates for grain number per spike and 1, 000 grain weight were moderate and those for the number of spikes per plant and grain yield were low. Very low estimates of heritability were obtained for grain number per spike and yield of variety group from the Unites States. 2. High genotypic correlation coefficients between 1, 000 grain weight and yield were obtained for all variety groups originated from Korea, United States and Japan and early variety group, except late variety group. The genotypic correlation coefficients between grain number per spike and yield were also high for all variety groups except variety group originated from the United States. 3. The direct effects of 1, 000 grain weight in terms of path-coefficients to yield were high for all variety groups except late variety group. 4. High genotypic correlation coefficients were obtained between 1, 000 grain weight and yield in $F_2$ from. two crosses. The same degree of genotypic correlation coefficients were obtained between grain number per spike and yield, although slight differences in its magnitude were found depending upon the cross combination. 5. The analysis of path-coefficients in $F_2$ shows that the direct effects of yield components to yield were negligible. 6. The characters that showed high genotypic correlation coefficients with yield in $F_3$ were 1, 000 gnain weight and grain number per spike. These characters showed also high direct effects to yield. 7. No great variations of heritability estimates for heading date, plant height and spike length were obtained for either fertilizer responsive or non responsive variety group due to fertilizer levels applied. 8. Heritability estimates of 1, 000 grain weight in fertilizer responsive group and yield in fertilizer nonresponsive group were high as level of fertilizer increased. 9. Heritability estimates for grain number per spike and 1, 000 grain weight of fertilizer non-responsive-group were higher than those of fertilizer. responsive group. 10. Genotypic corretation coefficients between yield and 1, 000 grain weight in fertilizer responsive group were getting lower as the level of fertilizer increased and those in fertilizer non-responsive group were vice versa. 11. Genotypic correlation coefficient between yield and spike number per plant in fertilizer responsive group was high. However, the genotypic correlation coefficient between yield and spike number per plant in fertilizer non-responsive group was low. 12. The direct effects of 1, 000 grain weight to yield were higher than other yield components either in fertilizer responsive or non-responsive group regardless of levels of fertilizer applied. The spike number per plant, however, was high only when high level of fertilizers were applied to fitilizer responsive group. 13. Slight variations of heritability estimates for heading dates, plant height, spike length, grain number per spike and 1, 000 grain weight were obtained between years. However, the spike number per plant with low heritabilility showed great variation between years. 14. The character that showed high genotypic correlation coefficients with yield in two years was 1, 000 grain weight, and this character was also high in direct effect to yield in terms of path-coefficients. 15. From the above experimental results, it might be concluded that 1, 000 grain weight would be one of the most important characters to increase the effects of selection for yield in wheat breeding in Korea.