• Computational Structural Engineering : An International Journal
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.117-130
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• 2001

Investigations of low-rice unbounded reinforced concrete shear walls with or without openings are performed with comparison of analytical and experimental results. Theoretical analysis is based on nonlinear finite element algorithm, which incorporates concrete failure criterion and nonlinear constitutive relationships. Studios focus on the effects of height-to-length ratio of shear walls, opening ratio, horizontal and vertical reinforcement radios, and diagonal reinforcement. Analytical solutions conform well with experimental results. Equations for cracking, yielding and ultimate loads with corresponding lateral displacements are derived by regression using analytical results and experimental data. Also, failure modes of low-rise unbounded shear walls are theoretically investigated. An explanation of change in failure mode is ascertained by comparing analytical results and ACI code equations. Shear-flexural failure can be obtained with additional flexural reinforcement to increase a wall's capacity. This concept leads to a design method of reducing flexural reinforcement in low-rise bounded solid shear wall's. Avoidance of shear failure as well as less reinforcement congestion leer these walls is expected.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.3-10
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• 1999

Earthquake resistant R/C frame structures are generally designed to prevent the columns from plastic hinging. R/C columns under higher axial load or strong earthquake showed a brittle behavior due to the deterioration of strength and stiffness degradation. An experimental study was conducted to examine the behavior and to find the relationship between amounts of lateral reinforcements and compressive strength of ten R/C column specimens subjected to reversed cyclic lateral load and higher axial load. Test results are follows : An increase in the amount of lateral reinforcement results in a significant improvement in both ductility and energy dissipation capacities of columns. R/C columns with sub-tie provide the improved ductility capacity than those with closely spaced lateral reinforcement only. While the load resisting capacity of the high strength R/C columns is higher than the normal strength concrete columns under both an identical ratio of lateral reinforcement, however the ductility capacity of high strength R/C columns is decreased considerably. Therefore, the amounts of lateral reinforcement must be designed carefully to secure the sufficient ductility and economic design of HSC columns under higher axial load.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.179-202
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• 2006

The objective of this study is to identify the impacts of communication reinforcement on performance of learning in Web-PBL. Communication reinforcement is defined as the combination of information sharing and co-construction. As factors facilitating communication reinforcement, we propose learner's characteristics, task characteristics, and group characteristics. Learner's characteristics are collaboration-orientation, openness, holistic approach, and online community-orientation which reflects e-learning environment. Collaboration-oriented tasks as group projects were developed and given to groups with 5-6 members. The group characteristics are categorized into 'horizontal' and 'vertical', according to the patterns of communication between a group leader and members. To verify empirically the proposed research model, an experimental design was performed to learners who took on-line and off-line courses with group projects. We found important results as follows; First, field dependence has positive impacts on information sharing, and online community-orientation has positive impacts on co-construction. These results correspond with prior studies on relationship between field dependence and collaborative learning. Second, collaboration-oriented task directly impacts on information sharing, and indirectly affects co-construction, This result implicates that information sharing is pre-requisite of co-construction. Third, 'horizontal' was identified as a factor giving positive effects on information sharing and co-construction. This result implies that horizontal communication is very important to facilitate communication reinforcement.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2011

최근 보강토 옹벽은 점차 콘크리트옹벽을 대체하는 안정화된 공법으로 자리 잡아가고 있다. 그러나, 보강재로서 신장성보강재(Extensible reinforcement)를 사용할 경우 보강토 옹벽의 전면벽에서 배부름(Bulging) 현상이 발생할 수 있다. 보강토옹벽의 배부름(Bulging)은 임의의 블록 높이에서 그 블록의 상단 및 하단 블록이 설계상의 상대적인 위치를 확보하지 못하는 현상이다. 이는 보강재가 인장력을 발휘하기 위해서는 어느 정도 변형이 필요하기 때문에 이에 대한 설계상의 검토가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 알루미늄 봉을 이용하는 소형모형실험을 통해서 보강재의 신장특성이 보강토 옹벽거동에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 연구하였다. 보강재는 비신장성 보강재로서 창호지와 신장성 보강재로서 멤브레인을 이용하였다. 실험결과로부터 보강재의 강성은 보강토옹벽의 변위형태에 많은 영향을 미치는 인자임을 알 수 있었으며, 전반적으로 보강재의 강성이 증가함에 따라 최대수평변위의 발생지점이 벽체 상부로 이동하는 경향을 보이고 있다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 PSC I거더교에 대한 외부강선을 이용한 보강 방법 중 V자형 보강방식의 효용성을 검증하기 위하여 공용중인 교량을 대상으로 보강장치를 시공하여 보강효과를 분석하였다. 따라서 PSC I거더교의 보강 전과 후 각각의 경우에 대하여 정적 및 동적 재하실험을 실시하였다. 그리고 재하실험에서 측정된 결과를 면밀히 분석하고, 구조해석을 통해 얻은 결과와도 비교분석하여 외부 프리스트레스 도입을 통한 보강효과를 검증하였다. 본 연구에서 외부강선을 이용한 보강방법을 적용하여 보강효과를 검토한 결과, 본 연구에서의 V자형 외부강선 보강방법을 적용할 때 횡방향 하중분배계수 곡선이 완만해져 상부구조의 건전성이 증진됨을 알 수 있었으며, PSC I거더교의 휨 성능 및 전단 성능개선뿐만 아니라 동적구조거동에도 크게 도움을 줄 수 있는 것으로 판단되고, 본 연구에서의 탄성패드를 적용할 때 동적보강효과가 극대화 된다는 것을 확인하였다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.403-424
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• 2007

The investigation of corrosion effects on the tensile behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) members is very important in region prone to high corrosion conditions. In this article, an experimental study concerning corrosion effects on tensile behavior of RC members is presented. For this purpose, a comprehensive experimental program including 58 cylindrical reinforced concrete specimens under various levels of corrosion is conducted. Some of the specimens (44) are located in large tub containing water and salt (5% salt solution); an electrical supplier has been utilized for the accelerated corrosion program. Afterwards, the tensile behavior of the specimens was studied by means of the direct tension tests. For each specimen, the tension stiffening curve is plotted, and their behavior at various load levels is investigated. Average crack spacing, loss of cross-section area due to corrosion, the concrete contribution to the tensile response for different strain levels, and maximum bond stress developed at each corrosion level are studied, and their appropriate relationships are proposed. The main parameters considered in this investigation are: degree of corrosion ($C_w$), reinforcement diameter (d), reinforcement ratio (${\rho}$), clear concrete cover (c), ratio of clear concrete cover to rebar diameter (c/d), and ratio of rebar diameter to reinforcement percentage ($d/{\rho}$).

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.117-134
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• 2008

An experimental and numerical research was conducted to gain a deeper insight on the structural behaviour of deep-beams with indirect supports and to assess the size effects in the ultimate state behaviour. The experimental campaign focused on the influence of the reinforcement tie distribution height on the compression check of the support region and on the benefits of using unbonded prestressing steel. Three reduced scale specimens were tested and used to validate the results obtained with a nonlinear finite element model. As a good agreement could be found between the numerical and the experimental results, the numerical model was then further used to perform simulations in large scale deep-beams, with dimensions similar to the ones to be adopted in a practical case. Two sources of size effects were identified from the simulation results. Both sources are related to the concrete quasi-brittle behaviour and are responsible for increasing failure brittleness with increasing structural size. While in the laboratory models failure occurred both in the experimental tests as well as in the numerical simulations after reinforcement yielding, the numerically analysed large scale models exhibited shear failures with reinforcement still operating in the elastic range.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.185-198
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• 2005

In the design of reinforced concrete beams, it is a standard practice to use the yield stress of the steel reinforcement for the evaluation of the flexural strength. However, because of strain hardening, the tensile strength of the steel reinforcement is often substantially higher than the yield stress. Thus, it is a common belief that the actual flexural strength should be higher than the theoretical flexural strength evaluated with strain hardening ignored. The possible increase in flexural strength due to strain hardening is a two-edge sword. In some cases, it may be treated as strength reserve contributing to extra safety. In other cases, it could lead to greater shear demand causing brittle shear failure of the beam or unexpected greater capacity of the beam causing violation of the strong column-weak beam design philosophy. Strain hardening may also have certain effect on the flexural ductility. In this paper, the effects of strain hardening on the post-peak flexural behaviour, particularly the flexural strength and ductility, of reinforced normal- and high-strength concrete beams are studied. The results reveal that the effects of strain hardening could be quite significant when the tension steel ratio is relatively small.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2023

최근 이상기후로 인한 집중호우가 빈번히 발생함에 따라 비탈면의 표층 유실 및 간극수압의 증가로 인한 비탈면의 붕괴가 자주 발생하고 있다. 비탈면의 붕괴를 방지하기 위해서 활동저항력을 증가시키거나 간극수압을 감소시키는 등의 다양한 공법들이 적용되고 있으며, 활동저항력과 간극수압의 조건을 동시에 만족시킬 수 있는 공법이 적용되면 비탈면 붕괴에 효율적으로 대응할 수 있기 때문에 이에 관한 연구가 꾸준히 수행되고 있는 추세이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존 수평으로 적용되는 배수재의 매설 경사를 상향 방향으로 매설하여, 비탈면의 보강 및 배수 기능을 모두 만족시킬 수 있는 상향식 비탈면 보강 공법을 제안하였다. 또한, 제안한 공법의 보강 및 배수효과가 가장 우수한 매설각도를 확인하기 위해 대표 단면에 수평 배수재를 0°~60°로 10° 단위로 설정한 조건에서 공법의 보강 및 배수 효과를 확인하였으며, 배수효과가 가장 뛰어난 40°와 안전율이 가장 우수한 20°의 조건으로 실내 모형실험을 수행하여 수치해석 결과를 검증하였다. 그 결과, 수치해석 결과와 마찬가지로 40°에서 상대적으로 배수효과가 높게 나타났으며, 20°의 경우 원활한 배수가 이루어지지 않아 비탈면이 붕괴되는 현상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한, 상향식 비탈면 보강재의 보강 및 배수효과를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1998년도 가을 학술발표논문집(II)
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• pp.519-524
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• 1998

The shear behavior and reinforcement effects of simply supported reinforced concrete deep beams with web opening subject to concentrated loads have been scrutinized experimentally to verify the effects of structural parameters such as size, location and reinforcements of web opening. A total of 14 specimens were tested at the laboratory under two-point top loading. The shear span ratio was taken constantly 0.8, and various types of reinforcements based on truss models were adopted. In the tests, the effects of loction, reinforcements of web openings on the shear behavior, and crack initiation and propagation have been carefully checked and analyzed.