• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.78-90
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• 2015

Short rotation woody crops belonging to the genera Populus L., Salix L., Pinus L., and Eucalyptus L'Her. have provided broad economic and ecological benefits throughout the world, including afforestation and reforestation along urban to rural gradients. Within the genus Populus, cottonwoods, poplars, aspens, and their hybrids (hereafter referred to as poplars) have been shown to exhibit favorable genotype ${\times}$ environment interactions, especially in the face of changing climates. Similar growth responses have been reported for Pinus, especially with white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in the North Central United States. This has led to current research priorities focused on ecosystem services for both genera. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) defines cultural, supporting, provisioning, and regulating ecosystem services. The overarching objective of this paper was to synthesize information about the potential of poplars to provide multiple ecosystem services when grown at sites with varying soil and climate conditions across landscape gradients from urban to rural areas. Specific objectives included: 1) providing background of the United States Forest Service and its Research and Development branch, 2) integrating knowledge of current poplar breeding and development with biomass provisioning and carbon regulating ecosystem services as they relate to changing climates in the North Central United States, and 3) providing a case study illustrating this integration through comparisons of poplar with white pine. Our results were evaluated in the context of climate change mitigation, with specific focus on selection of favorable genotypes for sequestering atmospheric carbon and reducing fossil fuel carbon emissions.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.215-226
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• 2004

As with the fast spread of internet uses in recent years, electronic commerce has evolved. The proliferation of electronic commerce has increased diverse forms of fraud cases since internet helps intended criminals remain anonymous. In absence of effective tools to warrant the reliability of parties offering products or services through electronic commerce, consumers have to absorb damages unfairly. Internet escrow service has been considered to be an option to establish reliability between buyers and sellers and to protect consumers from possible fraud cases. However, like other industries, fraudulent escrow services have appeared in internet. This study has been intended to analyze fraudulent internet escrow services and to propose an effective regulatory system of internet escrow services. To do that, this study benchmarked the regulation of the State of California, primarily focusing on the formation of escrow company, regulation of escrow business, and remedies for wrongdoing, so Korea can consider the adoption of similar systems.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.31-45
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• 2023

민간공원 특례사업이 시행됨에 따라 장기미집행 도시공원 개발로 인한 생태계 서비스 저하가 우려된다. 본 연구는 장기미집행 도시공원인 경기도 광주시의 중앙근린공원을 대상으로, 민간공원 특례사업이 도시공원의 생태계 서비스에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 민간공원 특례사업 계획부터 도시공원 조성 후까지의 생태계 서비스 변화를 복합적으로 파악하기 위해 시스템 사고를 활용하여 연구를 진행하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 민간공원 특례사업 시행 원인은 지자체의 재정 부족이었다. 둘째, 민간공원 특례사업을 통한 도시공원 조성은 초기에는 문화 서비스를 저하시키지만, 시간이 흐를수록 향상되는 반면, 조절 서비스와 지지 서비스는 지속적으로 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 도시공원 조성 후, 생태계 서비스(문화 서비스, 조절 서비스, 지지 서비스) 간에 상충관계(trade-off)가 나타남에 따라 이를 줄일 수 있는 도시공원 조성 계획 및 관리방안 마련의 필요성을 확인했다. 이에 '지방재정', '녹지 면적', '생물다양성'을 주요 전략으로 도출하였으며, 도시공원 경영, 주민참여, 전 과정 평가, 스마트 기술 도입 필요성 등을 제시했다. 연구결과는 도시공원 조성 계획 및 관리방안 수립 시 시간의 흐름에 따른 환경변화와 생태계 서비스의 영향 관계에 대한 이해가 필요함을 시사했다.

• 환경생물
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.102-111
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• 2014

Ecological restoration is regarded as a major strategy for preventing biodiversity loss and thereby enhancing ecosystem service. This study was performed to evaluate ecosystem service value that the restored ecosystem provides. Ecosystem service was evaluated for provisioning and regulating services. The former service was evaluated by comparing similarities in a viewpoint of floristic composition to the reference site between the restored and the unrestored sites. Species composition of the restored site was found to be more similar to the reference site than that of the unrestored site and thereby restoration practice contributed for enhancing the provisioning service. Regulating service was evaluated based on microclimate control, soil amelioration, and improvement of water holding capacity. The value of ecosystem services in terms of microclimate control, soil amelioration, and improvement of water holding capacity was higher in the restored site than in the unrestored site. In consequence, ecological restoration of coal mine spoils contributed for enhancing the ecosystem service value of the corresponding site and thereby is rewarding the cost invested for restoration.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.417-430
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• 2018

생태계서비스의 개념을 적용한 공간계획을 수립하기 위해서는 생태계서비스 우수지역 파악하고, 이를 관리하는 것이 필요하다. 생태계서비스가 주변보다 높은 지역을 의미하는 생태계서비스 우수지역 평가와 지도화는 생태계서비스를 효과적으로 관리하는데 필요한 정보를 제공한다. 지역 환경분야 이해당사자들의 인식을 반영한 우수지역 평가는 지역에서 관리가 필요한 우선지역을 파악하는데 용이하다. 본 연구는 안산시를 대상으로 설문조사를 수행하여 조절서비스별 가중치를 산정하고, 이를 반영하여 조절서비스 우수지역을 파악하였다. 환경분야 이해당사자 분석결과, 조절서비스의 중요도는 수질조절, 대기조절, 침식조절, 기후조절의 순서로 나타났다. 생태계서비스 우수지역은 주로 안산 북동부에 위치한 산림지역에서 나타났다. 이해당사자 가중치를 반영한 경우에도 우수지역의 공간분포는 유사하게 나타났다. 환경분야 이해당사자 인식을 반영한 생태계서비스 우수지역 평가는 지역에서 생태계서비스 관리정책 수립 시 의사결정지원도구로서 활용될 수 있다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.61-76
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• 2003

As people get broader access to health information through the internet, there is a greater need for measure to maximize the social advantages of the internet and to minimize negative side-effects. With this concern, this paper classifies internet health information services sites into : on-line supply of health information, on-line consultation, on-line diagnosis, and on-line sales. As well this paper analyzes domestic laws supporting and/or regulating these services. The efficient provision of internet health services requires comprehensive laws on individual privacy protection, prevention and handling of medical accidents, an electronic prescription form for internet diagnosis, electronic signing, payment for medical expenses, qualifications for internet medical practitioners. Additional laws are required to establish internet pharmacies and internet health goods stores. These new laws can be prepared either separately or through revision of existing laws governing medical practice, pharmacies, and public health promotion. However, as the legal control by the government on cyber processes and entities has a fairly minimal effect, consumers should be encouraged to improve their own capacity for wisely using internet health services and health-service providers should be encouraged to promote voluntary supervision and control of their own services and practices.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제31권4B호
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• pp.255-269
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• 2006

The differentiated services(DiffServ) architecture provides packet level service differentiation through the simple and predefined Per-Hop Behaviors(PHBs). The Assured Forwarding(AF) PHB proposed as the assured services uses the RED-in/out(RIO) approach to ensusre the expected capacity specified by the service profile. However, the AF PHB fails to give good QoS and fairness to the TCP flows. This is because OUT(out- of-profile) packet droppings at the RIO buffer are unfair and sporadic during only network congestion while the TCP's congestion control algorithm works with a different round trip time(RTT). In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Regulating Drop(ARD) marker, as a novel dropping strategy at the ingressive edge router, to improve TCP fairness in assured services without a decrease in the link utilization. To drop packets pertinently, the ARD marker adaptively changes a Temporary Permitted Rate(TPR) for aggregate TCP flows. To reduce the excessive use of greedy TCP flows by notifying droppings of their IN packets constantly to them without a decrease in the link utilization, according to the TPR, the ARD marker performs random early fair remarking and dropping of their excessive IN packets at the aggregate flow level. Thus, the throughput of a TCP flow no more depends on only the sporadic and unfair OUT packet droppings at the RIO buffer in the core router. Then, the ARD marker regulates the packet transmission rate of each TCP flow to the contract rate by increasing TCP fairness, without a decrease in the link utilization.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.3-35
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• 2016

This paper analyses the new discipline on state-owned enterprises contained in the recently concluded Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement, and evaluates various factors that influenced the shaping of its specific rules. The new discipline consolidates and strengthens related provisions in current trade regimes, reflects various aspects of trade disputes between China and the US, and adopts, as its general underlying rationale, the principle of competitive neutrality. The new discipline contains elements that may challenge the multilateral trade regime, and may serve as a role model in regulating state-owned enterprises, including subsidies in services trade in other on-going trade negotiations. The new regime makes us think hard about fundamental issues regarding enforcement of competition policy against state-owned enterprises, treatment of non-market economies, and how to deal with effects of subsidies in international trade, bringing competition issues back on the trade agenda.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.575-580
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• 2011

The cultivation of once-over harvest pepper cultivars might be very valuable to Korean farmers who still depend on traditional hand-harvesting method. Thus, we conducted this experiment to obtain important information for enhancing the productivity of once-over harvest red pepper fruits by supplying several nutrient-controlling and growth-regulating chemicals, such as $KH_2PO_4$, $SiO_2$ and 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon). Adequate fertilization was provided in each treatment plots. In this study, two once-over harvest pepper cultivars, Saengryeg No. 211 and 213 (SR 211 and SR 213), and one regular piecemeal harvest pepper cultivar, Kangryegdaetong (KRDT), were cultivated to evaluate the productivity of pepper fruit as affected by above chemicals. The distribution of macro- and micro-nutrients in pepper fruits among the cultivars were different in term of N, B, Cu, and Fe concentrations. In particular, the concentration of B in SR 213 was about 2 times higher than that in SR 211 and KRDT. However, overall red pepper productivity of SR 211 was markedly higher ($2.91{\sim}3.38Mg\;ha^{-1}$) than that ($1.68{\sim}2.37Mg\;ha^{-1}$) of SR 213. Also, the productivity of matured red pepper was significantly influenced by the treatments of $KH_{2}PO_{4}$, $SiO_2$ and ethephon. The yield indices for matured red pepper fruits were the highest with the treatment of $KH_2PO_4$ or $SiO_2$ with ethephon, which were 113~116% for SR 211 and 147~150% for SR 213. Thus, the applications of $KH_2PO_4$ or $SiO_2$ with ethephon would be suggested to enhance the productivity of matured red pepper fruit.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.123-169
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• 2002

The Advent of the global information structure and the do-called digital revolution raise countless new issues and questions. There are no limitations regulating the expressions on the cyberspace due to internet's of quality anonymity\ulcorner diversity\ulcorner spontaneity. Therefore, the freedom of speech is expanded in both areas of time and space, which was impossible with the old communicating system. The rapid development of the internet may not have occurred without techniques of linking and framing, which provide users flexible and easy access to other website. These techniques have enabled internet users to navigate the internet efficiently and sort through the products, services and information available on the internet. Although online technology raises many new legal issues, the law available to help us resolve them, at least today, is largely based on the world as it existed before online commerce became a reality. Thus the challenge is to predict how these new legal issues may be resolved using the current law. Especially, the damage from the above side effects on the cyberspace can be much more serious than in the real world because of promptness, wideness and anonymity. Therefore, regulating and controling the freedom of speech on the cyberspace became needed, and there are two kinds of opinion; one is that the laws in the real world should be applied for the cyberspace and the other is that regulating and controling the freedom of speech on the cyberspace should be performed by the users of cyberspace not by laws because the cyberspace is a free space and must not be interfered. In this study, the current judicial regulation of cyberspace, the side effects of cyberspace and the limitations of the freedom of speech are studied to solve the above problems with speech and the liabilities of on-line service providers are discussed around defamation the distribution of obscene pictures and information, and infringement of copyright.