• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.327-341
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• 2018

Extreme temperatures and precipitations are expected to be more frequently occurring due to the ongoing global warming over the Korean Peninsula. However, few studies have analyzed the synoptic weather patterns associated with extreme events in a warming world. Here, the atmospheric patterns related to future extreme events are first analyzed using the HadGEM3-RA regional climate model. Simulations showed that the variability of temperature and precipitation will increase in the future (2051-2100) compared to the present (1981-2005), accompanying the more frequent occurrence of extreme events. Warm advection from East China and lower latitudes, a stagnant anticyclone, and local foehn wind are responsible for the extreme temperature (daily T>$38^{\circ}C$) episodes in Korea. The extreme precipitation cases (>$500mm\;day^{-1}$) were mainly caused by mid-latitude cyclones approaching the Korean Peninsula, along with the enhanced Changma front by supplying water vapor into the East China Sea. These future synoptic-scale features are similar to those of present extreme events. Therefore, our results suggest that, in order to accurately understand future extreme events, we should consider not only the effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases or aerosol increases, but also small-scale topographic conditions and the internal variations of climate systems.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.546-558
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• 2003

Social justice has been an interest of whole geographers for almost four decades. The conception of social justice includes fairness and equity in the distribution of a wide range of attributes. The purpose of this study is to understand social justice in geography of welfare. The theories of social justice are needed to describe relationship between social justice and geography of welfare. The evaluation of spatial variations in welfare is closely associated with social justice. Equality, equity, efficiency, and fairness are the reasonable criteria to apply to the evaluation of distributions of welfare, relating to distributive(or territorial) justice. However, there are complications in the spatial application of welfare evaluation criteria, including access across space, boundary crossing and ecological fallacy.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 2002

From May 1999 to July 2000, concentration of 17 metals (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn), 4 ions (${NH_4}^+$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$) and pH in rainwater were investigated. The volume-weighted mean concentrations (VWM) of ${NO_3}^-$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ were 16.0 and $17.0{\mu}mol\;L^{-1}$. The average pH was 4.53, which ranged from 3.83 to 6.06. The characteristic variations of these species were investigated in terms of the source of these species by principal component analysis (PCA) and interelement correlation coefficients. The elements were classified into three categories: anthropogenic source (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, ${NH_4}^+$, ${NO_3}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and $H^+$), soil and crust dust (Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Mn) and sea salts (Mg, Na, $Cl^-$). In addition, we compared the concentrations in rainwater, which were taken on the same day in three sites (Higashi-Hiroshima, an urban-facing area and a mountain-facing area of Mt. Gokurakuji) in order to examine the regional effect against the concentrations in them. At the urban-facing area of Mt. Gokurakuji, the concentrations of chemical compositions were higher than other areas.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.69-87
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• 2006

This study aims to describe the vowel system of present-day American English and to discuss some of its phonetic variations due to regional differences. Fifteen speakers of American English from various regions of the United States produced the monophthongs of English. The vowel duration and the frequencies of the first and the second formant were measured. The results indicate that the distinction between the vowels [c] and [a] has been merged in most parts of the U.S. except in some speakers from eastern and southeastern parts of the U.S., resulting in the general loss of phonemic distinction between the vowels. The phonemic merger of the two vowels can be interpreted as the result of the relatively small functional load of the [c]-[a] contrast, and the smaller back vowel space in comparison to the front vowel space. The study also shows that the F2 frequencies of the high back vowel [u] were extremely high in most of the speakers from the eastern region of the U.S., resulting in the overall reduction of their acoustic space for high vowels. From the viewpoint of the Adaptive Dispersion Theory proposed by Liljencrants & Lindblom (1972) and Lindblom (1986), the high back vowel [u] appeared to have been fronted in order to satisfy the economy of articulatory gesture to some extent without blurring any contrast between [i] and [u] in the high vowel region.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 1979

In Korean housing designs reflect uniqueness as a result of the influence of regional and atmospheric factors. In this regard, the early use of the hot floor (ondol) system is of special significance. This system is still in use today, not only for house-heating purposes in the homes of commoners, but also for cooking in the kitchen. The present study represents an investigation of the ondol structure since its earliest known usage. Methodology involves a documentary examination of the system. In point of time, this begins with the system's earliest usage and proceeds chronnologically down to the end of the Yi Dynasty. Research indicates that something very much like the ondol system appeared in the early tribal society of Mahan and its usage continued in the state of Koguryo (during the Three Kingdoms Period) in the homes of the poor. This unique system which had its origin in cold northern areas was utilized on a much broader basis during the Koryo Dynasty. Coming down to the Yi Dynasty it found acceptance and application in all parts of the peninsula. Variations in major component parts of the structure, such as the fuel hole, the flue, the draft , and the chimney, normally reflect regional dissimilarities. It is perhaps most significant that here-in contrast to other devices we have a system that serves concurrently for both heating and cooking purposes.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.1057-1085
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• 2009

This paper addresses the question of why prepositions are particularly difficult forEFL learners. The first reason for such difficulty lies in the distinction between seemingly equivalent prepositions such as to and with, as in compared to and compared with. Most monolingual learners' dictionaries regard these two phrases as virtually synonymous. Yet, the results of the corpus analysis conducted in this study indicate that there are differences between the two. A second reason why EFL learners have problems with prepositions is that there are often variations in the inputdata. For example, although from generally follows different, in American English different than is also used. On the other hand, in British English, different to is the second most commonly used construction. This type of regional variation, confirmed in the corpus findings of the present paper, causes confusion in students of English. A learner who is not accustomed to British English may be puzzled by the expression different to. Finally, L1 negative transfer is responsible for the incorrect use of expressions such as discuss about. An error of this sort is the result of interference from the learner's mother tongue. The English verb discuss is not subcategorized for a preposition, whereas the equivalent Korean verb, for example, requires a noun phrase combined with the postposition.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.147-157
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• 2020

Mass change in the Antarctic Ice Sheet(AIS) is the most important indicator of changes in Earth's climate system including global mean sea level rise that are largely affected by ongoing global warming. In this study, AIS mass variations are examined with satellite gravity data and outputs from a regional climate model. The analysis of gravity data shows that along the coastal region the Western AIS has experienced a continuous and significant ice loss while a slight increasing in the Eastern AIS during the study period (2002.08-2016.08). The temporal and spatial variations in ice mass changes are recovered by a regional climate model, but the recovered amplitudes are much smaller than those of observations. This under-estimation is remarkably resolved by modifying a base flow field for the ice discharge. The recovered estimates based on the ice-flow field can explain about 97% of the rate of mass change in observations before 2009. This implies that changes in ice flow dynamics along the coast line plays a pivotal role in regulating long-term budget of ice mass in AIS.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.391-401
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• 2017

This study develops an indicator to manage regional variations of approval rates for long-term care (LTC) service. We used LTC insurance data for grade assessment that include 433,155 applicants from 227 LTC centers across Korea in 2015. The approval rate for each center was defined as the proportion of the numbers of approved applicants out of all applicants. We assumed that the approval rates depended on the characteristics of applicants. We estimated the 'standard' approval rates from a multiple linear regression analysis using the characteristics of applicants as independent variables. The difference between the observed and the standard rates was then defined as an indicator for deviation. A center having a large difference could be considered as a center with a potential error in grade assessment. We also examined if the characteristics of investigators affected the approval rates. We found that the socio-demographic characteristics of applicants and reapplication rate for LTC grade were independent factors affecting the approval rates. Centers having the management indicator values falling outside the middle 95% of the distribution were identified as centers with an error in grading. We expect that this study will contribute to enhancing reliability and equity in LTC grading.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.205-230
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• 2008

This study analyzed the regional effects on the poverty status of households and the poverty difference between Metropolitan and Non-metropolitan area in Korea. The Korea Welfare Panel Study was used for the study, and the results are as follows. First, the poverty rate of Non-metropolitan area is higher than Metropolitan area, and the poverty rate of small-sized regions is the highest area among Non-metropolitan areas. It shows that the poverty of regions is deeply related with the development of region. Second, the people living in Non-metropolitan area have experienced more hardships than the people of Metropolitan area, even though they have similar socio-demographic characteristics. It implies that living in the Non-metropolitan area is to have much more risk of poverty. Third, the regional effects on the poverty are found, that is, living in Non-metropolitan areas is positively associated with the poverty probability. Lastly, regional effect, that is the differences of the poverty probability between Metro and Non-metropolitan areas, is estimated as $49.2{\sim}73.7%$ of total poverty differences. Results of this study suggest that regional poverty policies are necessary to solve the regional differences of poverty in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.57-69
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to identify distributional characteristics of autumn droughts in occurrence frequency and to analyze synoptic characteristics on the surface pressure fields and 500hPa levels for autumn droughts in Korea. The regional distributions of autumn droughts in occurrence frequency vary according to the monthly regional distributions of the precipitation variabilities in Korea. In september, the southwestern and the mid western parts of Korean Peninsula have high rate of drought frequency, while the eastern coast regions have low rate of it. It means that the regional distribution of the drought frequency in september indicates west-high and east-low pattern. In October, the regional distribution of the drought frequency shows low variations on regions, but in November the inland areas have low rate of drought frequency, whereas the coastal areas have high rate of it. Negative anomalies appear on the surface and 500hPa level, around Korean Peninsula during the drought period of early autumn. Positive height anomalies areas are extended from the Sea of Okhotsk to the central part of the North Pacific Ocean. It indicates that the occurrence frequencies of blocking high and ridge are high around the Sea of Okhotsk. When the pressure system, such as migratory anticyclone, stays around the Korean Peninsula, a drought occurs. In late autumn drought, the positive anomalies appear in the west and the negative anomalies in the east are generated, respectively and therefore, zonal wind is strong around Korean Peninsula. In consequence, occurrences of droughts in early autumn have a different mechanism from those of late autumn.