• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 1996

Macroalgal community was analysed from December 1993 to October 1994 in Yonggwang vicinity, western coast of Korea. A total 51 species (12 green, 11 brown and 29 red algae) of marine algae were identified. Among four localities, the number of species observed was the highest as 34 species at Shimwon and the least as 31 species at Sunchanggum and Gamakdo. Seasonally, the number of species observed was the highest as 42 species in winter and the least as 18 species in summer. The species showing relatively high important value were Enteromorpha compressa, Sargassum thunbergii, Corallina pilulifera and Carpopeltis affinis, which were all common to four investigated localities. Seasonal and regional fluctuations of mean biomass was $66.0\~820.0\;g-wet\;wt/m^2$ at Hyanghado, $248.3\~886.3\;g-wet\;wt/m^2$ at Sunchanggum, $154.5\~510.2\;g-wet\;wt/m^2$ at Gamakdo and $85.0\~451.9\;g-wet\;wt/m^2$ at Shimwon, respectively. The flora investigated could be classified into six functional groups such as coarsely branched form $(41.2\%)$, sheet form $(25.5\%)$, filamentous form $(19.6\%)$, thick leathery $(7.8\%)$, crustous form $(3.9\%)$ and jointed calcarious form algae $(2.0\%)$. At the effluent area of the nuclear power plants, the algal composition of functional groups may affect species composition due to thermal pollution.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 1973

In order to provide some basic data for the control of air and water pollution in Korea, the authors have estimated the amount of air and water pollutants emitted from industries which are employed over 20 employees. This study have done from July 1, 1972 to the end of March 1973. The results are as followings; 1. Total number of establishments with over 20 employees is 5,197 in Korea and the largest group establishments was the manufacturing of textiles with 1,363 establishments (26.2%). 2. By order of number of employees it was observed that there 2,800 industries with 20-59(53.9%) employees, 1,101 with 50-99 (21.2%), 571 with 100-199 (11.0%), 501 with 200-499 (9.6%) and 225 with over 500 (4.3%) respectively. 3. By order of regional distribution, it was observed that there were 2,257 industries in Seoul (43.2%) and 736 industries in Pusan(14.2%). 4. Industrial coal consumption was 596,154 M/T in 1972, but it' 11 be 315,000 M/T in 1980. Fuel consumption was 4,972,000 K1 in 1972, and estimated volume will be 19,370,000 K1 in 1980. 5. Total amounts of air polutants entitled from industries by fuel combustion were sulfur oxides 79,459 tons, carbon monoxide 33,908 tons, particulate 31,304 tons and hydrocarbon 30,280 tons in 1972 but in 1990 there will be sulfur oxides 1,010,474 tons, nitrogen oxides 204,575 tons, carbon monoxide 68,014 tons, particulate 64,820 tons and hydrocarbon 67,622 tons, respectively. 6. Annual emitted air pollutants through the working processes were sulfur oxides 91,250 tons and nitrogen oxides 32,485 tons in 1972, but sulfur oxides 118,625 tons and nitrogen oxides 42,555 tons will be present in 1980, respectively. 7. Annual emitted air pollutants by national unit area amounted to $0.77ton/km^2/year$ in 1965 and $14.7ton/km^2/year$ in 1980. 8. Total industrial wastes from all industries in Korea were estimated at 810,360 tons/day in 1972; manufacturing of chemicals and plastic products showed the highest amount of wastes at 470,000 tons/day. 9. The amounts of water pollutants due to industrial wastes were the B.O.D., 471.5 tons/day, suspended solid 331.5 tons/day, CN, 2.3 tons/day, and Cr. 3.4 tons/day in 1972, but it might be evident of a B.O.D. of 3,388 tons/day, suspended solid 2,544 tons/day, CN 20.1 tons/day, and 26.5 tone/day in 1990. 10. Total population equivalent of B.O.D. was 943,000 in 1972, and the estimated value in 1950 will be 6,780,000.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2009

Fuel oil mostly used for a ship is made from crude oil by refining process. In order to produce plenty of high-quality fuel oil, the Fluid catalytic cracking(FCC) method is widely adopted to many refinery factories during the decomposition process from high molecule into lower molecule. The major constituents in spent FCC catalysts are Si, Al, Fe, Ti, alkali metals and some others. The spent catalyst is also composed small amounts of rare metals such as Ce, Nd, Ni and V. The big problem in FCC oil is mixing the catalyst in the oil. This reason is unstable separation of FCC catalyst in separator. Such a FCC catalyst will become a reason of heavy wear down in moving parts of engine. The impurity in oil is ash and deposit compound, such as Al, Si, Ni, Fe and V, which will accelerate the wear down on fuel pump, fuel injection valve cylinder liner and piston ring. It is important to find a basic reason of an engine trouble for preventing similar troubles anymore. Insurance compensation will be different according to the reason of an engine trouble which might be natural abrasion or other external causes. In this study, types and reasons of engine troubles related to fuel oil will be covered.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.spc1
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• pp.755-764
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• 2020

In South Korea, 850 standard watersheds and 7,807 KRF catchment areas have been used as basic maps for water resources policy establishment, however it becomes necessary to set up new standard maps with a more appropriate scale for the integrated managements of surface water-groundwater as well as water quantity-quality in the era of integrated water management. Since groundwater has a slow flow velocity and also has 3-D flow properties compared to surface water, the sub-catchment size is more effective than the regional watershed for the evaluation of surface water-groundwater interaction. The KRF catchment area, which has averagely a smaller area than the standard watershed, is similar to the sub-catchment area that generally includes the first-order or second-order tributaries. Some KRF catchment areas, which are based on the surface reach, are too small or large in a wide plain or high mountain area. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the existing KRF area if being used as a unit area for integrated management of surface-water and groundwater. A unit watershed with a KRF area of about 5 to 15 ㎢ can be effective as a basic unit for water management of local government considering a tributary composition and the location of groundwater wells, and as well it can be used as a basic tool for water demand-supply evaluation, hydrological observation system establishment, judgment of groundwater permission through a total quantity management system, pollution assessment, and prioritizing water policy, and etc.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-78
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• 1998

Nowadays, there are increasing demands of golf courses and it is necessary to make more golf courses than the present. To do this, we need to improve the environmental problems with the regional inhabitants, and it is said that the first thing to be considered in developing any golf course in Korea is to preserve the environment. In this context, the purpose of this study is to set forth several design factors to lessen the negative impacts which are accompanied with the development of golf courses. 1. The present conditions of golf courses in Korea Many new golf courses have come into being, particularly since the late 1980s, and now, in the year of 1997, over one hundred of golf courses are doing their business, yet the number of golf course is still less than required. So far, over a half of them have been made in the vicinity of Seoul on account of various reasons, and this has adversely affected on our natural environment. This unreasonable development of golf courses has caused serious water pollution, landslides and the other problems. Also, the topography of Korea is not good for golf courses. Although the demands of golf courses are increasing, the suitable sites for them are very limited, and therefore it is sometimes unavoidable to make golf courses on steep hills. Consequently, in designing golf courses in Korea, the most important thing is the balance between natural environment and artificial environment. 2.Eco-friendly golf course design factors 1) The concept of eco-friendly golf courses Ecologically sustainable and sound golf courses which are made by eco-friendly approaches 2)Basic conditions of eco-friendly golf courses (1)The most suitable sites (2) Conservation of existing ground as much as possible (3)Proper use of agricultural chemicals which have great impacts on the environment (4) Reasonable use of fertilizers (5) Developing a specialized fertilizer only for grass (6) Adaptation of organic agriculture (7) Improvement of grass sorts (8) Establishing reservoirs for purifying the water from golf courses 3) Eco-friendly golf courses (1) Location-Enough area /Gentle slope/Winding ground/Including lakes or streams /Not crossing wind's main direction Facing south or southeast /Suitable soIl for grass /Good drainage /Low level of underground water (2)Course layout and design -Consideration about existing contours as much as possible -Adaptation of Scotish design trend -Various holes' configuration -Consideration toward surrounding landscapes -Reducing grass areas -Giving buffer zones -Adapting computer methods in the process of site analysis and design (3) Eco-friendly considerations in constructing and managing golf courses -Protection of wildlife -Reuse of existing forests and preservation of topsoil -Renovation of old-fashioned courses -Reducing grass areas -Purification of water -Standization of management -Strict regulations against chemicals -Recycling organic materials -Through separation of the water inside golf courses and out of bounds -Getting proper construction works done in a due time 4.Eco-friendly considerations from a viewpoint of cultural environment 1) Well-matched landscape design and events planning 2) Implement of identifications and awarding systerns 3)Acknowledgement of superintendents' qualitications in the maintenance of golf courses 4)Increasing public golf courses and keeping good relationships with the neighbors near golf courses Key words: Pro-environmental development, Golf course.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.41-51
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• 2014

A self-administered questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews were conducted on 150 local residents belonging to seven villages, 160 visitors and 86 experts in order to analyze the attitudes of groups of local residents, visitors as well as experts toward the development plan of Sobaeksan Jarak-gil. Reliability analysis and one-way ANOVA were performed on the data collected by a questionnaire survey using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 after coding. The Duncan Test was conducted as a post-hoc test. Based on the analytical results, in economic terms, the expert group expected an increase in income, improvement in living standards and increase in expenditure for the maintenance of local infrastructure. In environmental terms, the visitor group was highly concerned about the disruption of the local natural environment and ecosystem, destruction of local properties and landscape, increase in water/soil/air pollution and increase in solid waste and noise. In social and cultural terms, the expert group had higher expectation for excavation of traditional cultural properties, instillation of local patriotism and pride, and the visitor group was highly concerned about a rise in crime, destruction of indigenous culture/increase in imitations, and induction of conflicts between residents. It is estimated that these results will be used as basic data for establishing the development plan of the mountainous ecological trail reflecting opinions of various groups.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.197-211
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• 2004

Visibility impairment was known as an indicator of the increased air pollution. In many previous studies, it is known that both directly emitted fine particles mainly from vehicles and secondary aerosols from photochemical reactions could contribute to this visibility impairment in addition to the meteorological condition. Furthermore, the visibility showed different change patterns according to the geographical condition. In order to research into the influence of these factors on visibility, this study analyzed the visibility at 15:00, observed from 1990 to 2001 in Seoul, Ganghwa, Susan, Gwangju, Jeju. As a result, the visibility was increased in Seoul except the rainfall period, but in Susan, Gwangju, Jeju, it decreased with the relative humidity (RH). Especially, in Seoul, the number of low visibility days was larger than other sites and variations of the visibility were sensitive to the concentration of air pollutants, such as TSP, $NO_2$, $O_3$. The visibility impairment was mainly observed in meteorological condition of RH<50% and relatively stationary front. Therefore it is inferred that photochemical smog could lead to the low visibility in Seoul. On the other hands, in Ganghwa and Susan, when RH was 60~70%, the low visibility observed under the influence of the transports of air pollutants from nearby cities as well as humid air mass from coastal region. And in Jeju, sea fog and humid air mass caused the visibility impairment when the RH was larger than 80%. Finally, during the observational period, some cases of low visibility phenomena were simultaneously observed in the vast region including Seoul, Susan, Ganghwa. It not only includes the visibility aggravation by Asian Dust, but also could be caused by the movement and diffusion of flying dust or secondary aerosols. Moreover, the result shows that these phenomena could be mainly influenced by meteorological factors covering the wide regions.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.80-93
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• 2018

Research trend about nonpoint pollution source(NPS) that have studied since 1980 was divided into 4 categories: 1) runoff characteristics of NPS, 2) treatment technique, 3) LID and green infrastructure(GI), 4) management practices and policy. This study reviews them and recommends the future research direction. The research on runoff characteristics of NPS until 2010 was mainly carried out. But recently, many researchers has been conducting studies on technology development, effect evaluation and field application. Providing best measures on NPS should be tried to conduct studies that many fields such as society, geography, meteorology and environment are fused. But it has not been enough yet. Because the cause material and optimum measures of NPS are different from each other regionally, it is considered that it needs studies to prepare measures and guidelines with regional characteristics rather than a uniform measures and guidelines by the central government. In addition, more comprehensive studies must be carried out to establish rules and regulations to manage NPS not only by government sector but also the private sector.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1035-1039
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• 2010

For 65 national forest areas in 1993 to 2008, the ambient sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) concentrations were measured monthly using passive samplers and compared to the those of urban areas in order to investigate the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution. In the forest areas, annual average concentration of sulfur dioxide gradually decreased from the beginning year of monitoring to 1997 and then had no significant change, such as the annual trend in urban areas monitored by Ministry of Environment. For the monitoring term, average concentration of sulfur dioxide in the forest areas was 5.6ppb, which was lower than the 10.1ppb in the urban areas and the EC ecological standard level (7.6 ppb). Seasonally, both in forest areas and urban areas the monthly average concentrations were much higher in winter and spring due to much more heating fuel consumption, and lowest in summer. Regional comparison to other regions of Gyeongbuk and Gyeonggi province showed that the concentration of sulfur dioxide was the highest during year. A significant positive correlation between sulfur oxides' emissions and sulfur dioxide concentration by province was observed, reflecting that the size and proximity of sources of atmospheric sulfur oxides could be important factors in determination.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.878-884
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• 2017

It is important to understand interactions in the sediment-water environment because nitrate (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrient fluxes released into overlying water can represent a significant fraction of the total nutrient requirement for primary productivity. In this study, we analyzed and estimated benthic nutrient fluxes at the sediment-water interface, investigating environmental conditions in Gomso and Geunso Bays. Also, we compared previously reported nutrient flux data to identify regional differences. As a result, benthic nutrient fluxes in Beopsan were DIN: $6.14mmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ and DIP: $0.32mmol\;m^{-2}d^{-1}$ higher than other survey sites. Sediment COD were $4.0-10.8mg/g{\cdot}dry$, and environmental deterioration was observed due to organic pollution. If no solution is found for tidal flat farm management, problems such as a decrease in aquaculture production will follow. Therefore, long-term monitoring of tidal flat environments should be pursued to enable the sustainable use of biological resources.