• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 1976

The Sam Mool Injin extract is occasionally used as a kind of remedies for the treatment of hepatic discomfort in herb medicine. The study for the effect on the hepatic parenchymal cells, especially regenerating activity and even its toxicity have. little been done and only a very few pharmacological properties have been reported. So, an experimental study for the morphologic changes in the acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning of wister rat by administration of its extract has been performed. Male Wister rat weighing around 200gm were used in this experiment. Results were as follows; 1) In the $Ccl_4$ 0.3c.c 7day group, there is noted considerable increase of regenerating activity in the experimental group compared with non-extract treated group, in half of them. 2) Remaining all of the experimental group do not show significant difference of regenerating activity compared with control group. 3) In the group treated with Sam Mool Injin extract alone, there was noted some considerable increase of nonspecific leukocytic infiltrations compared with saline control group. This can be considered as a possibility of hepatic tissue reaction on the Sam Mool Injin extract.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2005

Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding, and non-enzymatic protein. The present study was carried out to investigate the expression of MT gene as well as the localization of MT in regenerating rat liver. In partial hepatectomized rats, MT mRNA was detected as early as 1 hr and reached a maximal level by 8 hr after the operation. Thereafter, this level decreased gradually until 24 hr, and it became similar to that of sham control. Meanwhile, time course of MT immunoreactivity using immunogold-labelling revealed that the number of gold particles in hepatocytes increased significantly by 12 hr, but decreased at 48 hr after partial hepatectomy. Ultrastructurally, immunogold particles indicating the presence of MT were distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the rat hepatocytes, particularly the particles were distributed at rough endoplasmic reticulum and nucleolus and did not seem to adhere to mitochondria or lysosomes in proliferating hepatocytes. Briefly, high level of MT mRNA expression and the intense immunoreactivity and/or the specific localization of MT was observed during liver regeneration. These results suggest that MT possibly involves hepatocyte proliferation via the storage or the supply of various metal ions in the regenerating rat liver.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.451-458
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• 1984

The effects of branched chain amino acids added to a diet on changes in the body weight with or without liver, moist and dry liver weight, protein, DNA, $^3H-thymidine$ incorporation into DNA, ana mitotic index of regenerating liver were studied in partial hepatectomized rat. Experimental diet was a 14.63% casein diet supplemented with 1.49% L-leucine, 0.90% L-isoleucine and 0.98% L-Valine, and control diet was an 18.0% casein. In both diets, 2.54% nitrogen were included. Rats fed experimental diet were significantly increased body weight with or without liver 7 days, and regenerated weight of dry liver and an index of liver regeneration 5 days after partial hepatectomy. Mitotic index, contents of protein and DNA increased in regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy was higher in experimental diet group. This results suggest that branched chain amino acids have an benefitial effect on whole body as well as liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rat.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.367-372
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• 1993

We have found a protein kinase activity that is tightly associated with type II DNA topoisomerase purified from regenerating rat liver. The activities of protein kinase and topoisomerase II were not separable when the enzyme was subjected to analytical chromatographies (Hydroxyapatite, phosphocellulose, and double strand DNA cellulose) and glycerol gradient sedimentation. The kinase activity from purified rat topoisomerase II was also inactivated by the topoisomerase II inhibitors such as N-ethylmaleimide or novobiocin. The evidences, however, do not rule out a possibility that the kinase activity resides in a polypeptide other than the topoisomerase II protein. The topoisomerase II-associated protein kinase required Mg++ for its activity, and this requirement was not substituted by any other mono- or divalent ions. Histone H1 act as a strong stimulator and a good substrate for the kinase activity and other histones and ${\alpha}$-casein could not substitute the effect of histone H1.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.814-824
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• 2007

Liver cirrhosis (LC) is defined as comprising diffuse fibrosis and regenerating nodules of the liver. The biochemical and anatomical dysfunction in LC results from both reduced liver cell number and portal vascular derangement. Although several studies have investigated dysregulated genes in cirrhotic nodules, little is known about the genes implicated in the pathophysiologic change of LC or about their relationship with the degree of decompensation. Here, we applied cDNA microarray analysis using 38 HBsAg-positive LC specimens to identify the genes dysregulated in HBV-associated LC and to evaluate their relation to disease severity. Among 1063 known cancer- and apoptosis-related genes, we identified 104 genes that were significantly up- (44) or down- (60) regulated in LC. Interestingly, this subset of 104 genes was characteristically correlated with the degree of decompensation, called the Pugh-Child classification (20 Pugh-Child A, 10 Pugh-Child B, and 8 Pugh-Child C). Patient samples from Pugh-Child C exhibited a distinct pattern of gene expression relative to those of Pugh-Child A and B. Especially in Pugh-Child C, genes encoding hepatic proteins and metabolizing enzymes were significantly down-regulated, while genes encoding various molecules related to cell replication were up-regulated. Our results suggest that subsets of genes in liver cells correspond to the pathophysiologic change of LC according to disease severity and possibly to hepatocarcinogenesis.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1014-1026
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• 2006

Liver cirrhosis is a liverdisease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. Liver cirrhosis is regarded as a serious health problem with high prevalence in the world as well as in Korea. Liver cirrhosis is an irreversible disease. However, in cases of liver cirrhosis induced by chronic hepatitis B, we should treat the chronic hepatitis B, because it frequently progresses to cirrhosis and hepatoma. We observedimprovements of symptoms and laboratory tests with herb medicine Injinchunggan-tang (茵蔯淸肝湯) in five cases ofliver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B. The serum aminotransferase was preserved within normal value levels for a long time, 3 years to 7 years. However, further study is necessary to determine the effect of herb medicine on liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.233-240
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• 1988

A simple and selective isocratic HPLC method for the analysis of tissue polyamine contents is described and applied on the study of the changes of the hepatic polyamine contents after partial hepatectomy in male rats. The hepatic polyamines are extracted with 0.4 M perchloric acid containing 2 mM disodium EDTA, and then the extract is redissolved in 100 ul of 1 M sodium carbonate and incubated with 300 ul of FNBT-dimethylsulfoxide (1: 100) mixture. The N-2'-nitro-4'-trifluoromethylphenyl drivatives of polyamines are separated through a ERC-ODS column in an isocratic mode with an acetonitrile-water (80:20) mobile phase within 20 min. per a sample, while monitoring the effluent at 242 nm. This improved method which could detect subnanogram of each polyamines is highly specific and reproducible as evidenced by the application of it on the study of the changes of polyamine contents in the regenerating rat liver after partial hepatectomy.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 1998

It has been known that $\gamma$-irradiation usually induces cell death in regenerating stem cell in normal tissues like skin, intestine and hematopoietic organ. The experiment were carried out to evaluate the early response of radiation injury in radiosensitive and intermediate radiosensitive tissues in feeding and starving rats with the doses of 3.5 and 7.0 Gy. The results of the study showed that the histological phenomenon was apoptosis in the doses of the radiation as the early response of tissue injury. Apoptosis were showed organ-specific and cellular specific responses suggesting that the selection of apoptosis be exactly focused on highly renewal organs and cells. It was interesting that the rats starved for 72 hours prior to irradiation induced less apoptosis in liver than fed rats. As for cellular responses it appeared that apoptotic cells were mostly distributed in ductal or periportal cells in liver of feeding rats unlikely in liver of Starving rots which showed no difference in zonal distribution. In salivary gland apoptotic cells in fed rats were highly induced in intercalating and ductal cell population than in acinar cell population although unlikely in starved rats. This study showed the value of apoptosis using the detection system of TUNEL for evaluating cellular damage after radiation injury and the diminished effect of starvation on cell damage after ionizing irradiation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2010

Liver regeneration is a result of highly coordinated proliferation of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal liver cells. Partial hepatectomy (PH) is the most often used stimulus to study liver regeneration because, compared with other methods that use hepatic toxins, it is not associated with the tissue injury and inflammation, and the initiation of the regenerative stimulus is precisely defined. Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which is a cytokine able to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, was first identified as the most potent mitogen for bone marrow. Particularly, rrhGM-CSF, which is highly glycosylated and sustained longer than any other types of GM-CSF in the blood circulation, was specifically produced from rice cell culture. In this experiment, effects of rrhGM-CSF administration were evaluated in the regenerating liver after 78% PH of rats. Morphological changes induced by PH were characterized by destroyed hepatocyte plate around the central vein and enlarged nuclear cytoplasmic ratio and increased hepatocytes with two nuclei. And then, proliferation of liver cells (parenchymal and nonparenchymal) and rearrangement of plates and lobules seemed to be carried out during liver regeneration. These alterations in the experimental group preceded those of the control. Since proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is known to be a nuclear protein maximally elevated in the S phase of proliferating cells, the protein was used as a marker of liver regeneration after PH in rats. PCNA levels by western blot analysis and immunohistology were compared between the two groups. PCNA protein expression of two groups at 12 hr and 24 hr after injury showed similar pattern. The protein expression showed the peak at 3 days in both groups, however, the protein level of the experimental group was higher than that of the control. On immunohistochemical observations, the reaction product of PCNA was localized at the nuclei of proliferating cells and the positive reaction in experimental group at 3 days was clearly stronger than that in control group. The results by Western blotting and immunohistology for PCNA showed similar pattern in terms of the protein levels. In conclusion, rrhGM-CSF administration during liver regeneration after 78% PH accelerated breakdown and restoration of the hepatic plate and expression of PCNA. These results suggest that rrhGM-CSF might play an important role during liver regeneration in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.145-147
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• 1994

Colloid uptake in various hepatic conditions such as focal nodular hyperplasia, regenerating nodules in the cirrhotic liver, hamartoma, hemangioma and rarely hepatoma has been documented. Extrahepatic tumors may show colloid uptake and they include splenic hemangioma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, breast carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. The mechanism of colloid uptake in those lesions is associated with phagocytic activity in or around the tumors. We report a pancreas islet cell tumor that showed colloid uptake on $^{99m}Tc$-phytate liver scan without histologic evidence of phagocytosis by tumor cells or infiltration of phagocytes in the tumor Microscopically the tumor was highly vascular and showed diffuse hemorrhage throughtout the tumor. We postulated that extravasation of the colloid into the tumor insterstitium caused nonspecific colloid uptake in this tumor. It is expected that hemorrhagic tumor may show nonspecific colloid uptake without phagocytosis in or about the lesion.