• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.86-90
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• 1995

Theoretical predictions for thermodynamically stable phases which formed when alkali(sodium and potassium) vapors reacted with alumina-chromia refractories under coal gasifying atmosphere were confirmed experimentally using a laboratory-scale coal gasifying reaction system and a commercial alumina-chromia refractory using SEM, XRD, and EDAX. Alkali concentration profiles in the refractory as a function of time were also determined. The results showed that the compounds that formed were $X_2O{\cdot}Al_2O_3, X_2O{\cdot}Cr_2O_3, X_2O{\cdot}5Al_2O_3, X_2O{\cdot}7Al_2O_3, X_2O{\cdot}11Al_2O_3(X=Na^+ \;or\; K^+)$, depending upon the alkali concentration and time of exposure at high temperatures. The presence of sulfur in gasifying atmospheres did not appear to affect the alkali reaction produces. Alkali pentration into the alumina-chromia refractory was deep and the formation of the $Na_2O{\cdot}Al_2O_3/K_2O{\cdot}Al_2O_3$ compunds resulted in the serious deformation of the refractory due to the large volume expansion at the reaction surface. The hot face of the alumina-chromia refractory in service under an alkali environment is prone to failure by alkali attack.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1974

The effect of impurities of andalusite on the morphology of the crystallization of mullite was investigated. The raw, concentrated and purified andalusite were fired at 145$0^{\circ}C$. and 150$0^{\circ}C$. Each of three grades of andalusite was examined in a scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer and etc. The raw andalusite showed deeply etched textures and prismatic crystals which are estimated to be an average of 2.5u in width and 15u in length. Concentrated andalusite showed poorly formed and elongated prismatic crystals. Purified andalusite showed condensed needle-like crystals which are estimated to be an average of 0.4$\mu$ in width and 2.0$\mu$ in length, but at the boundary of the original andalusite grain, prismatic crystals were seen. It is supposed that the purified andalusite is able to utilize as a raw material for high alumina refractories with refractoriness S.K. 38.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.8-12
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• 1980

CaO was added to the $MgAlCrO_4$ spinel, a main component of the mag-chro refractroies, by 0, 1, 5 and 10 mol% before sintering at 135$0^{\circ}C$ in air. The X-ray diffraction analysis produced an additional X-ray diffraction pattern of 8CaO.$6Al_2O_3$.$2CrO_3$ besides that of $MgAlCrO_4$. The formation of 8CaO.$6Al_2O_3$.$2CrO_3$ was interpreted as due to the presence of CaO.8CaO.$6Al_2O_3$.$2CrO_3$ was unstable and easily vaporized. It was concluded that formation of the unstable pollutant 8CaO.$6Al_2O_3$.$2CrO_3$ could be prevented in reducing atmospheres. It was found that the basic refractories containing $Al_2 O_3 -CaO-Cr_2 O_3$ system would be more stable and much less toxic in reducing at mospheres than in oxidizing stmosphere.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2017

저급탄을 가스화하는 반응기에 사용되는 내화물은 고온에서 부식성이 강한 $H_2S$ 가스에 노출되며, 경도나 내마모성과 같은 기계적 특성이 가스에 노출되는 시간이 길어짐에 따라서 떨어진다. 그러나 $H_2S$ 가스에 의한 내화물의 기계적 특성 약화 원인이 아직 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 실험에서는 내화도가 다른 두 종류의 케스터블 내화물을 $H_2S$ 농도가 높은 $H_2O/N_2/H_2S$ 혼합가스에 100시간 동안 $900^{\circ}C$에서 노출시키고, 미세구조, 결정상과 내마모 특성 변화를 비교하였다. 혼합가스에 노출되면서 내화물 시편의 무게는 감소하였다. 노출 후 기공률은 감소하고, 내마모 특성은 현저하게 떨어졌다. 부식에 의해서 내화물을 구성하는 상에 변화가 일어났는데, $CaAl_2O_4$와 일부의 $SiO_2$는 사라지고 $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2OS$와 $Al_2Si_2O_5(OH)_4$ 상이 나타났다. 내화물의 내마모 특성이 $H_2S$ 가스에 노출된 후에 감소하는 주 원인은 캐스터블 내화물에서 결합제 역할을 하는 $CaAl_2O_4$가 사라지고 기계적 특성이 나쁜 $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2OS$가 생성되기 때문인 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.3-9
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• 1975

The continuous grading method of pyrophyllite particles was adopted to prepare the refractories for ladle. The optimum conditions of fabrication adjusting the binders, the amount of water, the forming pressure and the firing temperature were investigated. The various properties, such as strength, density, porosity, thermal shock, corrosion resistance to slag were measured and compared with properties of ladle bricks presently used at local steel plants. The specimen studied in the present investigation showed a rather superior properties to theconventional product available locally.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 유기절연재료 전자세라믹 방전플라즈마 일렉트렛트 및 응용기술
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• pp.103-107
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• 2002

Ethyl silicate was used as organic binder for alumina refractories. In the present work only 15% of the water required for complete hydrolysis of ethyl silicate was initially added. The balance was provided from the atmosphere under controlled conditions of temperature and rh. The purpose of detailing the possible binder problem areas is more to indicate that the binder can have an effect on ceramic operations.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.657-662
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• 2004

마그카본계 내화물의 산화저항성을 증대시키기 위하여 섭씨 100$0^{\circ}C$에서 120$0^{\circ}C$에서 산화기구를 조사하고, TiC를 첨가하여 산화저항성 증가에 대한 효과를 관찰하였다. 산소공급을 위해 공기를 분당 0.2리터의 속도로 흘려주었으며 열천칭으로 무게변화가 없어질 때까지 매 30초 간격마다 무게감소를 측정하였다 본 실험에서 사용된 마그카본계 시편의 산화거동과 관련한 유효확산 계수는 1.39${\times}$$10^{-4}$ $m^2$/sec이다. 이러한 실험조건에서 총체적인 산화공정은 산화된 기공층을 통하여 내부로 향하는 산소의 확산에 의해 지배되는 반응으로 해석할 수 있다. TiC를 첨가한 시편은 마그카본계 내화물의 산화 저항성을 증대시켰다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제38권9호
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• pp.829-833
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• 2001

전로 내화물의 화학적인 부식에 대해서는 많은 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 그러나 전로 내화물의 자체 무게와 구조적인 형상으로 발생되는 응력집중에 의한 내화물의 부식에 대해서는 그 연구가 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 각이 진 노저부 형상을 가지는 전로(모델 1)와 완만한 곡선 형상을 가지는 전로(모델 2)에 대하여 FEM을 이용하여 자중응력분포 시뮬레이션을 행하고 그 결과를 비교분석 하였다. 시뮬레이션결과 슬래그 라인 근방에서 모델 2가 모델 1보다 높은 응력값을 나타내었다. 따라서 열적${\cdot}$화학적인 요인을 모두 고려한다면 조업 중기에 모델 2의 슬래그 라인 근방에서의 부식이 모델 1에 비해 심각할 것이라 결론 내릴 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.279-285
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• 1998

The $UO_2$ pellets are usually sintered under hydrogen gas atmosphere. Hydrogen gas may cause unexpected early failure of the refractory bricks in the sintering furnace. In this work, nitrogen was mixed with hydrogen to investigate the effect of nitrogen gas on a failure machanism of the refractory bricks and on the microstructure of the $UO_2$ pellet. The hydrogen-nitrogen mixed gas experiments show that the larger nitrogen the mixed gas contains, the less the refractory materials are reduced by hydrogen. The weight loss measurements at $1400^{\circ}C$ for fire clay and chamotte refractories containing high content of $SiO_2$ indicate that the weight loss rate for the mixed gas is about half of that for the hydrogen gas. Based on the thermochemical analyses, it is proposed that the weight loss is caused by hydrogen-induced reduction of free $SiO_2$ and/or $SiO_2$ bonded to $Al_2O_3$ in the fire clay and chamotte refractories. However, the retardation of the hydrogen-induced $SiO_2$ reduction rate under the mixed gas atmosphere may be due to the reduction of the surface reaction rate between hydrogen gas and refractory materials in proportion to volume fraction of nitrogen gas in the mixed gas. On the other hand, the mixed gas experiments show that the test data for $UO_2$ pellet still meet the related specification values, even if there exists a slight difference in the pellet microstructural parameters between the cases of the mixed gas and the hydrogen gas.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 1981

The sintering characteristics of the SiC-Clay-Kaolin chamotte system were studied by addition of $Al_2O_3$ for the manufacture of silicate-bonded silicon carbide refractories at $1350^{\circ}C$. The sinterbilit of SiC-Binder mixture was measured by apparent porosity and compressive strength. And its mineral compositions were identified with X-ray diffractometer. The following results were obtained; 1) Optimum amount of mixed clay ($\textrm{Al}_2\textrm{O}_3$ 40 wt% mixed) as a binder was about 25wt% 2) Appropriate mixing ratio of mixed Kaolin chamotte ($\textrm{Al}_2\textrm{O}_3$ 40wt% mixed) was about 30wt% in the clay Kaolin chamotte binder. 3) Variation of apparent porosity and compressive strength of sintered SiC-binder mixture fired at $1350^{\circ}C$ were due to the sinterbility of clay.