• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.3-11
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to select appropriate sites for reforestation CDM using satellite image and spatial data in North Korea. A suitable site for reforestation CDM can be defined as non-forest area since 1990. To detect land cover change between two different years and to delineate potential reforestation CDM site(unstocked forest, converted crop land, denuded bare land), Landsat TM satellite image which was scanned in 1988 and SPOT Pan-sharpened image which was scanned in 2007 were used. As a result of classification, 1,214 ha of forest area in 1989 had been converted to other land cover types in 2007. and 2,245 ha of the total study area was detected to be suitable for reforestation CDM. 79.2% of total potential CDM sites was converted crop land. Through topography and accessibility analysis for potential reforestation CDM sites detected by satellite image, suitability index was calculated and the potential reforestation area was reclassified into suitability grades.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.398-406
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• 2013

Afforestation/reforestation (A/R) clean development mechanism (CDM) is the only forestry-based activities allowed under the Kyoto protocol. This study was conducted to develop a methodology to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) removals of a small scale A/R CDM pilot project in Goseong, Gangwon Province, Korea. AR-AMS0001 was applied as a methodology and selected tree species were Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, and Betula platyphylla for total area of 75.0 ha. To improve the accuracy on the GHG removals estimation, selection of the baseline scenario and carbon pools and stratification of the project site were conducted. Based on the developed methodology, net anthropogenic GHG removals were estimated as actual net GHG removals, subtracted by baseline net greenhouse gas removals and leakage. As a result, anthropogenic GHG removals of the project were 12,415 ton $CO_2-e$ and 165.5 ton $CO_2-e/ha$. This project is the first A/R CDM in domestic site and could enhance the technical accuracy of the GHG removals estimation by using countryspecific data reflecting the site condition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2007

A/R CDM(Afforestation/Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism) in Kyoto Mechanism means, either afforestation in the area used for other purposes more than 50 years or reforestation in the area used for other purposes on December 31st in 1989. South Korea has few sites due to the successful forestation in the past, but North Korea has not reforested the deforested lands since the mid-1970's. So these areas need to apply A/R CDM Project for restoration. The purposes of this study are to make a time series analysis in deforested areas and to estimate a feasibility of A/R CDM. To find the site satisfying A/R CDM business definition, land cover classification was applied using satellite images of the mid-1970's with good forestation, late 1980's including A/R CDM base year, and recent 2000's, and the chronological change was analyzed to categorize the possible sites. The North Korean topographical map of 1977 was used to verify land cover classification degree of 1970's, the land cover classification results made by the Ministry of Environment in 2000 were compared to verify the accuracy of 1980's results, and the land cover classification results in 2000's were verified by 2 site visits. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The eligible A/R CDM sites are 605,156ha on the basis of the forestation change analysis in North Korea. Since the mid-1970's, 30.8% of the decreased forestation area of 1,966,306ha was classified into A/R CDM eligible sites. While other countries have the limited eligible sites, which has not been used for forestation since 1989 or which is being scattered, North Korea has large scale sites. Deforested sites are mainly around road and residential area, consequently give better accessibility for forestation than other countries. In conclusion, it is found that North Korea can provide efficient site for applying A/R COM Project to forestation restoring deforested land because of easy accessibility and existence of many possible sites due to artificial deforestation. Also, it is meaningful that the study suggests the application possibility of A/R COM Project to restore deforested land in North Korea and the related basic information through the chronological classification of the mid-1970's with good forestation, the late-1980's including A/R COM base year, and recent 2000's. It is expected that the study contributes to revitalization of A/R CDM Project and related research on North Korea forestation.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.587-596
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• 2012

Verifying about eligibility of targeted site is necessary for execute Afforestation and Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism (A/R CDM) project which is followed by system of Kyoto protocol. The site have to be identified by which could not be in conformity with definition of forest. This study tried to propose a technology of classify for site selection of A/R CDM. We chose several parts of Yangpyeng as study area and applied LiDAR data and remotely sensed imagery for considering about tree height, degree of crown closure, and land area which 3 factors for identify forest. LiDAR data was used for offset the shortage of remotely sensed imagery that cannot perfectly determine the forest definition due to absence of 3-dimentional information, but can be obtained from LiDAR. Considering tree height, degree of crown closure, and land area simultaneously by moving window, classified fields to forest and non forest based on pixel size. As a result, 124.06 ha for suitable to doing plantation and approximately 357.02 ha are in negative. Technology that applied for analyzing will provide fundamental methodology not only site selection for A/R CDM, but will be utilized in other Kyoto protocol.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.157-165
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• 2009

Forests potentially contribute to global climate change through their influence on the global carbon (C) cycle. The Kyoto Protocol provides for the involvement of developing countries in an atmospheric greenhouse gas reduction regime under its Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Carbon credits are gained from reforestation and afforestation activities in developing countries. Bangladesh, a densely populated tropical country in South Asia, has a huge degraded forestland, which can be reforested by CDM projects. To realize the potential of the forestry sector in developing countries like Bangladesh for full-scale emission mitigation, the carbon sequestration potential should be integrated with the carbon trading system under the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol. This paper discusses the prospects of carbon trading in Bangladesh, in relation to the CDM, in the context of global warming.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.216-222
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• 2013

For reducing greenhouse gases, many countries carried out a series of activities not only at home but abroad. Particularly, after the release of the Kyoto Protocol, either nation or companies' participation was intensified, due to endow to responsibility of emission limits. This study focused on reforestation CDM work in Goseong Gun based on clean development system. Obstacle factors of land eligibility could be distinguished to three periods: before December 31th 1989, present and future. The obstacle before December 31th 1989 was that land cover of study area hardly illustrated by Landsat image, due to the low resolution, which were confirmed by a document of Grassland Composition Permission instead. The problem of current land eligibility is that the area of trees presence are difficult to be determined as forest or not. The boundary of forest in strata was identified, using 3-Dimensional Cartography Machine and aerial photograph. Land eligibility would still have obstacle whether the study area with trees presence has potentiality to be forest in the future at situation in absence of reforestation project. This was resolved by prediction of tree growth using stem analysis during execution of the project at study area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.4
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• pp.698-707
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• 2011

Over the past 10 years, South Korea has implemented various plantation projects including the Pine Restoration Project in Tujiin Nars and the desertification prevention forestation in Lun soum. This study has evaluated the implementation feasibility on the small-scale A/R CDM projects in Mongolia through which carbon emission credits can be secured. Characteristics, pros and cons, economic feasibility, and project execution feasibility were compared among three possible sites, Khyalganat, Tujiin Nars, and Lun soum. Among the three evaluated sites, Tujiin Nars has the better condition in tree growth, economic feasibility, and the applicability of experience than the other two sites. A/R CDM project in Mongolia, which has a great environmental benefit of combating desertification, is expected to have some effectiveness such as lowering costs from credit benefit, sustainable management by villagers, contribution to communities, investor's contribution to society and achievement of green image, and strengthening forestry cooperation between Korea and Mongolia.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.352-358
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• 2018

This research paper investigates available options for implementing clean development mechanism (CDM) project in Sarawak state, Malaysia. To investigate economic feasibility, data was collected using survey and field research methods. Also, economic analysis was estimated using net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period (PBP) during the 30 years CDM: afforestation and reforestation periods. The result of economic analysis indicated that, the payback period was estimated at 9 years with 18 percent of internal rate of return (IRR). This study also highlighted that CDM biomass supply project have a lot of challenges due to the reduction and exclusion of bio-Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF), supply and demand scenario, and impact of restriction of illegal logging in Malaysia. This study results demonstrate the methodology and guideline for future CDM investment and projects.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

UN-REDD (United Nations programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in Developing Countries) and AR-CDM (Afforestation/Reforestation-Clean Development Mechanism) is currently being emerged as one of important mechanism to reduce carbon dioxide in relation to the deforestation. Discussion on North Korea as UN-REDD/AR-CDM project target continues with a view to preventing deforestation and to securing CER(certified emission reduction) for South Korea. The forests in Mt. Baekdu are degraded, deforestation is occurred, nevertheless, portion of forested area is still high, where both REDD and AR-CDM investment potential are quite high. Accordingly, this study is intended to explore a simultaneous registration potential to UNREDD/AR-CDM for Mt. Baekdu although separate registration to UN-REDD or AR-CDM has already gained worldwide recognition as a typical method in the process of GHG (Greenhouse Gas) reduction project. The results indicate that selecting UN-REDD or AR-CDM in accordance with sub-watershed forest condition could capture 53.2% more carbon dioxide than REDD alone and 21.9% more than AR-CDM alone. It is anticipated that this research output could be used as a realistic evidence to introduce carbon sequestering project in accordance with sub-watershed forest condition.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 2006

This study is intended to develop an economic feasibility methodology of A/R CDM projects based on two project cases in China and Vietnam and to evaluate the project profitability from the view point of credit type selection between temporary CER (tCER) and long term CER (lCER) as well as from the aspect of CER prices by using indicators IRR, the year in which a single year profit is achieved and the year in which the accumulated deficit is cleared. For A/R CDM projects of industrial plantations, tCER is more suitable than lCER. Profitability of A/R CDM projects depend on the price of wood and CERs. In the case that the project participants take responsibility for replacement of credits to make the price of their CERs at higher levels, thus the project may not be feasible as a CDM project. However, minimum required tCER prices without replacement are 11US$/t $CO_2$, thus the project may be feasible under the future carbon market scheme.