• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.203-211
• /
• 2007

Purpose : We attempted to compare the independent factors such as age, sex, C-reactive protein(CRP), and white blood cell count(WBC) in children with radiologic studies and assess the necessity of performing voiding cystourethrography(VCUG). Method : 98 children who have been diagnosed their first time febrile urinary tract infection from Janurary 2002 to Januray 2005 were enrolled. In all patient, the duration of fever which occurred before and after treatment was recorded, and CRP, WBC, $^{99m}Tc$-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid($^{99m}Tc$-DMSA) renal scans, renal ultrasound and VCUG were analyzed. Results : Of the 98 children diagnosed with urinary tract infection(UTI), 52 were male and 46 were female. 18 had abnormalities in VCUG, 17 had abnormalities in kidney ultrasound, and 20 had partial defects or diffuse uptake decrease in $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scans. There were no significant relationship between incidence of radiologic abnormalities and age. The risk of renal scar was significantly higher in children who had a longer febrile period before treatment than in those with shorter period. Both CRP and WBC were significantly elevated in children with the radiological abnormalities. A positive of $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scans and renal ultrasound were highly associated with vesicoureteral reflux(VUR). Conclusion : If there are abnormalities in the kidney ultrasound and $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scan of a child with initial UTI, a VCUG is recommended. Even in cases without abnormal findings in $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scan and renal ultrasound, clinical data such as CRP and WBC should be assessed, and VCUG should be Performed for the undetected VUR.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.661-665
• /
• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-amnesic effect of daebo (Castanea crenata) extract on trimethyltin chloride (TMT)-induced learning and memory impairment, in vivo. The inner skin of daebo was extracted using distilled water under reflux conditions. At the end of the adaptation period, ICR mice were divided into a control group, a TMT injection group (negative control), and a sample group (C5: 5 mg/kg body weight; C10: 10 mg/kg body weight; and C20: 20 mg/kg body weight), and were tested with learning and memory tests. The ethylacetate fraction of the daebo inner skin extract was found to increase TMT-induced memory deficit in the Y-maze and passive avoidance test. Brain tissue analysis showed that the ethylacetate fraction of daebo extract lowered the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of neuronal cells, both of which are indicative of lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.345-350
• /
• 2015

Background: Conventional stripping is considered to be the standard procedure for great saphenous vein (GSV) varicosities, but many other alternative treatments such as cryostripping, endovenous laser therapy (EVLT), radiofrequency ablation, and ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy have been developed. Among them, both cryostripping and laser therapy have been reported to be less traumatic, with lower rates of complications and recurrences when compared to conventional stripping. To compare the efficacy of these treatments, we have analyzed and compared the mid-term clinical outcomes of cryostripping and EVLT. Methods: Patients diagnosed with varicose veins of the GSV and treated with cryostripping or laser therapy between September 2008 and April 2013 were enrolled in this study. Duplex ultrasonography was used for the diagnosis and evaluation of varicosity and reflux, and the clinical-etiology-anatomy-pathophysiology classification was used to measure the clinical severity. The symptoms, Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), recurrence rates, and complication rates of the cryostripping and laser therapy groups were analyzed and compared. Results: A total of 68 patients were enrolled in this study. 32 patients were treated with cryostripping, and 36 patients were treated with laser therapy. The median follow-up period was 29.6 months. Recurrence was noted in three patients from the cryostripping group and in two patients from the EVLT group. There was no difference in the VCSS score, operative time, duration of hospital stay, and complication rate between the cryostripping group and the EVLT group. Conclusion: The mid-term clinical outcomes of cryostripping were not inferior to those of EVLT. Further, considering its cost-effectiveness, cryostripping seems to be a safe and feasible method for the treatment of varicose veins.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.56-60
• /
• 2017

Fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum cultivated in Korea were reflux extracted at $90^{\circ}C$ using water and ethanol under different pH conditions. ${\beta}-Glucan$ contents, extraction yield, and antioxidant capacities of extracts were investigated. Antioxidant activities of water and ethanol extracts were measured by DPPH radical scavenging test and the FRAP method, along with their total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents. Extraction time for the experiment was determined to be 6 h, and ${\beta}-glucan$ contents were the highest. Overall, ${\beta}-glucan$ contents of extracts increased with higher pH values, except those of 90% ethanol extracts (P<0.05). The yields and ${\beta}-glucan$ contents of ethanol extracts were lower than those of water extracts, and highest in water extract at pH 10 ($8.53{\pm}0.17%$, $6.20{\pm}0.12g/100g$, respectively). Ethanol extracts of fruiting bodies of G. lucidum showed stronger antioxidant capacities than water extracts (P<0.05). Especially, total phenolic contents of 30% ethanol extract at pH 10 was highest (35.06 GAE mg/g). Total phenolic contents of water and ethanol extracts showed good correlations with DPPH radical scavenging activities (r=0.969).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.8
• /
• pp.1162-1169
• /
• 2016

A new method based on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) has been developed for optimization of the extraction of ginsenoside [Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3(20S)], total phenolics, and benzopyrene in red ginseng. The RSM method, based on a five level and two variable central composite design, was employed to obtain the optimal combination of extraction conditions. In brief, ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3(20S) and total phenolics with undetectable benzopyrene were optimally extracted with 50% ethanol as an extraction solvent, extraction temperature of $158^{\circ}C$, extraction time of 20 min, extraction pressure of 2,500 psi, flush volume of 60%, and one extraction cycle. The contents of ginsenosides and total phenolics in red ginseng extracted by ASE under optimum conditions were significantly higher than those extracted by sonication and reflux extraction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.1-21
• /
• 2021

Panax species have gained numerous attentions because of their various biological effects on cardiovascular, kidney, reproductive diseases known for a long time. Recently, advanced analytical methods including thin layer chromatography, high-performance thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem ultraviolet, diode array detector, evaporative light scattering detector, and mass detector, two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, high speed counter-current chromatography, high speed centrifugal partition chromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, ambient ionization mass spectrometry, molecularly imprinted polymer, enzyme immunoassay, 1H-NMR, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to identify and evaluate chemical constituents in Panax species. Moreover, Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasonic extraction, solid phase extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, acceleration solvent extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion extraction, and pulsed electric field are discussed. In this review, a total of 219 articles published from 1980 to 2018 are investigated. Panax species including P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolius, sand P. ginseng in the raw and processed forms from different parts, geographical origins, and growing times are studied. Furthermore, the potential biomarkers are screened through the previous articles. It is expected that the review can provide a fundamental for further studies.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2021

This study was conducted with the aim of developing a mobile app so that parents and children can provide questions and conversation-based Home Humanity Education. App development was developed in four stages: analysis, design, development, and evaluation by modifying the ADDIE model. In the analysis stage, education goals were set and seven core competencies were extracted for the app. In the design stage, 15 menus, including character to implement seven core competencies, were selected for learning contents. In the development stage, questions were asked based on 1,000 photos, and parents and children naturally talked to strengthen their core competencies. In the evaluation stage, the user's evaluation interview was followed by a reflux process that produced and reflected improvements. Based on research results, it is going to suggest follow-up research on developing apps for home humanity education. First, it is necessary to verify the learning experiences and changes that occur when parents and children use apps for a long time through longitudinal research. Second, a follow-up study is needed on how to use the home humanity education app by age and how to improve it accordingly. Third, as the number of cases in which grandparents raise their grandchildren increases, it is necessary to study the process and learning effects of grandparents and grandchildren using the app.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.94-106
• /
• 2022

Purpose: Laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with double-tract reconstruction (LPG-DTR) is a function-preserving procedure performed for treating upper early gastric cancer (EGC). However, few studies have compared the outcomes of LPG-DTR with those of laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG). This study aimed at comparing the short-term outcomes of LPG-DTR between LTG and upper EGC. Materials and Methods: For upper-third EGC, a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial was performed to compare those who underwent LPG-DTR with those who underwent LTG. Short-term outcomes, including clinicopathologic results, morbidity, mortality, and postoperative courses, were evaluated using a full analysis set based on the intention-to-treat principle and the per-protocol set. Results: Of the patients, 138 who fulfilled the criteria were randomized to each group. One patient in the LPG-DTR group withdrew consent. Sixty-eight patients underwent LPG-DTR and 69 underwent LTG. The operative time (LPG-DTR=219.4 minutes; LTG=201.8 minutes; P=0.085), estimated blood loss (LPG-DTR=76.0 mL; LTG=66.1 mL; P=0.413), and the morbidity rate (LPG-DTR=23.5%; LTG=17.4%; P=0.373) between the groups were not significantly different. No mortality occurred in either of the study groups. Two weeks post operation, the Visick scores for postprandial symptoms, including reflux symptoms, were not significantly different between the groups (P=0.749). Laboratory findings on postoperative day 5 were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusions: The short-term outcomes of LPG-DTR for upper EGC were comparable to those of LTG.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.50 no.5
• /
• pp.457-461
• /
• 2007

Purpose : Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infectious disease in childhood. Especially UTI in infant and young children is associated with urinary tract anomalies such as hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and laboratory characteristics, and uroradiologic findings of UTI caused by pathogens other than E. coli with UTI caused by E. coli in infant and young children. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 170 infants and children, who had been admitted for UTI to Il Sin Christian Hospital from January 2003 to December 2005. All patients were divided into two groups; E. coli and non-E. coli UTI, and they were compared for demographic data, clinical data (degree and duration of fever, time to defervescence, and length of hospital stay), underlying urinary tract anomalies (by history and ultrasonography), recurrent infection (by history and past medical records), and laboratory data [urinalysis, white blood cells (WBC) count in peripheral blood, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum creatinine level]. Results : Of the 170 UTI patients, the number of non-E. coli UTI was 114 (67.1%) and E. coli UTI was 56 (32.9%). As compared to E. coli group, non-E. coli group was younger in age ($0.52{\pm}0.59years$ vs $0.84{\pm}1.39years$, P<0.05), had higher rates of urinary tract anomalies [n=46 (82.1%) vs n=53 (46.5%), P<0.001], higher recurrence rate, shorter time to defervescence, less peripheral blood WBC count, lower level of CRP, lower level of ESR. Conclusion : The characteristics of non-E. coli UTI compared to E. coli UTI was younger age, milder clinical symptoms and signs, higher rates of urinary tract anomalies and higher recurrence rate.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.53 no.1
• /
• pp.110-117
• /
• 2008

Soybeans (Glycine max) with a black seed coat have been widely utilized as food source and as a medicinal herbs in Korea. The pigmentation in the seed coat of black soybean is due to accumulate anthocyanins in the epidermis palisade layer. The anthocyanin content and composition of the black soybean seed coat are considered as a standard. of quality evaluation of black soybean. The main objective of this study was to investigate the optimal condition for an extraction method of anthocyanins and compare anthocyanin quantity and composition within black soybean varieties and germplasms. In the test of extraction solvent, absorbance at 530 nm and Hunter's a value were increased as increasing the concentration of MeOH, but Hunter's Land b values were the exact opposite of absorbance and Hunter's a values. There was no significant difference for anthocyanin contents from 1% HCl - $H_2O$ to 1% HCl - 80% MeOH. In the aspects of anthocyanin contents and HPLC peak resolution, 1% HCl - 20% MeOH extraction solution was the most suitable solvent. Among the 5 kinds of extraction method using 1% HCl - 20% MeOH solution, the anthocyanin contents of room temperature extraction at 72 h was the highest among the methods. High extraction temperature, sonication and reflux method influenced on the decrease of anthocyanin contents because of breakdown of anthocyanins. There was no significant difference for extraction time between 12 h and 24 h. However, the optimal extraction condition were at room temperature for 12 h. The anthocyanin contents in seed coats of black soybean were determined on the basis of HPLC peak area at 530 nm. Ten black soybean varieties and germplasms were tested with optimal conditions founded in this study. On the basis of antocyanin component, these can be classified into three groups; C3G, C3G + D3G and C3G + D3G + Pt3G. The total anthocyanin content in seed coats ranged from 1.58 to 10.62 mg/g of seed. The total anthocyanin content of the variety "Geomjeongol" was about 7 times higher than that of variety "Heugchong". Information for extraction method and diversity in antocyanin of soybean seed coats can be used for future research for germplasm evaluation and development of high quality black soybean varieties.