• 대한간호학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to examine the effects of foot reflexion massage on sleep disturbance, depression disorder, and the physiological index of the elderly in nursing homes. Method: The research design was a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study. The subjects in this study were 50 elderly people who resided in two different nursing homes in the same region. An experimental group and a control group were organized with 25 subjects respectively, and foot reflexion massage was provided for 12 sessions, 30 minutes per session. The selected dependent variables were sleep disturbance, depression disorder, and physiological indices(blood plasma serotonin, serum cortisol), which were all measured before and after foot reflexion massage was offered. Data analysis included $x^{2}$-test, t-test, paired t-test, and ANCOVA, using the SPSS program package. Result: 1. The experimental group improved sleep quality more than the control group. 2. The experimental group had less depression disorder than the control group. 3. The experimental group had higher serotonin levels than the control group. Conclusion: It's necessary to give foot reflexion massage as a successful nursing intervention to elderly who undergo a change in sleep, and suffer from a depression disorder due to a deterioration in sleep.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제58권
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• pp.178-200
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• 2012

커뮤니케이션의 이론연구에서 일반모델에 대한 섬세한 구상은 다양한 형태로 발전되는 커뮤니케이션 현상에 대한 이해를 위해 필요하다. 본 논문은 다양한 이론연구의 유형들 가운데 체계이론의 관점으로 이루어진 커뮤니케이션 모델에 대해 고찰하고, 이 모델에서 특히 중요한 성찰성 개념을 부각시켜보고자 한다. 의미전달과 상호이해의 관점을 중심으로 한 커뮤니케이션 모델에는 여러 가지 논리적인 문제점이 있는데, 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점들을 주체, 전달, 대화의 패러독스로 정리하였다. 체계이론의 성찰성 개념은 이러한 패러독스의 문제를 해결할 수 있기 때문에 중요하다. 그리고 하버마스의 커뮤니케이션 이론이 패러독스의 문제를 어떻게 풀어가는지 아울러 알아보았는데, 여기에서 언어화용론을 중심으로 한 문제해결 방식에도 역시 논리적인 난점이 있다고 보았다. 따라서 커뮤니케이션학의 관점에서 보았을 때, 루만의 모델은 하버마스의 이론을 보완하는 역할을 한다. 왜냐하면 메르텐으로부터 시작되어 루만, 슈미트 그리고 그랜트에 의해 제시되는 체계이론과 구성주의적 이론은 다른 방식으로 패러독스의 문제를 해결하기 때문이다. 그리고 그 방식을 성찰성으로 개념화할 수 있다. 결국 커뮤니케이션의 합리성론에 대해 비판적인 문제의식에서 출발한 체계이론과 구성주의적 커뮤니케이션 이론은 각각의 경우에 약간의 상이한 점도 나타나지만, 성찰성 개념에 치중하여 커뮤니케이션의 근본적인 문제점들을 해소하는 모델이라고 볼 수 있다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.43-61
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• 1990

The laser reflexion method is a new technique which permits precise contactless measurement and observation of tooth mobility as well as tooth movement. The purposes of this study were to clarify the reliability of the laser reflexion method in clinical application and to measure the abutment tooth movement according to clasp design. This study was designed to determine 1) How much a bending movement of the impression plate stand affects the position of the reflexion pattern and how precise the patient bites into plate 2) Which clasp design causes greater movement of the abutment tooth. Under medium and maximum bite forces, tests were performed on central loading position which was 13mm distal to terminal abutment tooth of distal extension removable partial denture. The movement in the mesiodistal and buccolingual directions was measured. The Duncan's New Multiple-Range test was used to compare the means for the four castings under each direction-load combination; and the paired sample t-test was for medium and maximum bite forces. From this experiment, the following results were obtained. 1. The Roach clasp, the combination clasp, the RPI clasp, and the Akers clasp did not significantly differ in their effects on buccolingual movement of the abutment tooth. 2. The direction of abutment tooth movement was not significantly altered by clasp design and all abutment tooth movements were oriented distobuccally. 3. Under medium bite force, the Akers clasp caused greater distal movement of the abutment tooth than did the combination clasp and the RPI clasp. Under maximum bite force, the Akers clasp caused greater distal movement of the abutment tooth than did the RPI clasp. 4. The testing apparatus and procedures used in this study(laser reflexion method) proved to be reliable in clinical application.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.299-312
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• 1998

In this study, we have investigated the meaning and mechanism of the 'construction' in the operational constructivism and the social constructivism. According to Piaget, a mathematical concept is the operational sch me, which is constructed through the reflective abstraction from a general coordination of activities and operations. The process of the reflective abstraction consists of 'reflechissement'and 'reflexion'. The reflechissement starting from 'intriorisation' concludes with 'thematisation', and the reflexion consists in the 'equilibration' of the result of reflechissement. The 'construction' in the social constructivism includes two process. One is the process from the individual, subjective knowledge of mathematics to the social, objective knowledge of mathematics, and the other is vice versa. The emphases is placed on the 'social interaction' and the 'representation' in this two processes. In this context, if we want to apply the social constructivism, we should clarify the meaning of 'society', and consider the difference between the society of mathematicians and the society of students.

• 한국디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국디자인학회 2004년도 추계 학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.238-239
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• 2004

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.383-404
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• 1999

This study began with an epistemological question about the nature of mathematical cognition in relation to the learner's activity. Therefore, by examining Piaget's 'reflective abstraction' theory which can be an answer to the question, we tried to get suggestions which can be given to the mathematical education in practice. 'Reflective abstraction' is formed through the coordination of the epistmmic subject's action while 'empirical abstraction' is formed by the characters of observable concrete object. The reason Piaget distinguished these two kinds of abstraction is that the foundation for the peculiar objectivity and inevitability can be taken from the coordination of the action which is shared by all the epistemic subjects. Moreover, because the mechanism of reflective abstraction, unlike empirical abstraction, does not construct a new operation by simply changing the result of the previous construction, but is forming re-construction which includes the structure previously constructed as a special case, the system which is developed by this mechanism is able to have reasonability constantly. The mechanism of the re-construction of the intellectual system through the reflective abstraction can be explained as continuous spiral alternance between the two complementary processes, 'reflechissement' and 'reflexion'; reflechissement is that the action moves to the higher level through the process of 'int riorisation' and 'thematisation'; reflexion is a process of 'equilibration'between the assimilation and the accomodation of the unbalance caused by the movement of the level. The operational learning principle of the theorists like Aebli who intended to embody Piaget's operational constructivism, attempts to explain the construction of the operation through 'internalization' of the action, but does not sufficiently emphasize the integration of the structure through the 'coordination' of the action and the ensuing discontinuous evolvement of learning level. Thus, based on the examination on the essential characteristic of the reflective abstraction and the mechanism, this study presents the principles of teaching and learning as following; $\circled1$ the principle of the operational interpretation of knowledge, $\circled2$ the principle of the structural interpretation of the operation, $\circled3$ the principle of int riorisation, $\circled4$ the principle of th matisation, $\circled5$ the principle of coordination, reflexion, and integration, $\circled6$ the principle of the discontinuous evolvement of learning level.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.73-77
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• 2008

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.304-310
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• 2005

Bulging of the lower eyelid & tear trough groove is regarded as a sign of aging. In the past, the surgical excision of the fat pad has been the mainstray of the management of lower palpebral bag in cosmetic blepharoplasty, Recently, fat pad sliding method has been introduced to make more attractive lower eyelids. We used the fat pad for covering the hollowness of the lower eye lid. And we use redundant fat pad for filling & augmentation of the lower eye lid by reflexion. Redraping of the orbicularis arc, with its accompanying midfacial fat repositioning, anatomically restores the cheek and lower lid to make more youthful contour. By redraping and fixing the orbicularis arc on the medial surface of the orbital rim, it becomes a more attractive midface and may prevent of ectropion. From August, 2002 to July, 2004 in correction of lower palpebral bulge & tear trough groove, these two technique were performed in 42 consecutive individuals (84 lower eyelid) for two-year period. Follow up ranged from 3 to 15 months. (an average of 9 months) Palpebral bulge & tear trough groove were corrected and obtained a youthful midface. Complication was rare. The advantages of these techniques are that: prevent in of secondary palpebral bulge and irregularity of lower eyelid by using of reflexed fat fad; prevent in of ectropion. Thus an attractive midface is obtained by redraping of orbicularis arc.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제23권
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• pp.167-189
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• 2011

In modern Spanish culture, there is not other cineaste who has explored the controversial topic of sexuality deeper and more reiterative ways than Pedro $Almod{\acute{o}}var$. In our opinion, $Educaci{\acute{o}}n$> fundamentally, is a metaphoric work about the corruption of the Catholicism during Francisco Franco regime in Spain. This movie is a brilliant and solid critic to the abuses suffered by a child in a religious school during the Franco regime. This movie is about the forbidden desire in Catholicism and the tragic end of a priest. Father Manolo sexually abused one of his students at the school; as a result, this student loses his sexual identity and ends up ruining his own life due to using drugs. Eventually he is revenged by his younger brother. On this movie, $Educaci{\acute{o}}n$>, Pedro $Almod{\acute{o}}var$ portrays a sentiment of anticlericalism and blasphemy against God and Jesus Christ through a story which contains homosexual scenes and direct quotations of biblical cites, such as the expulsion of the merchants and sellers out of the temple in Jerusalem in the Mathew gospel to insinuate Jesus'lack of charity and love to others. We conclude that Almodovar's description of the fallout of this priest, caused by his forbidden desire, is not only beyond anti-Catholicism but it can also be seen as an actual reflection of the cultural and sexual change in the European and, in particular, Spanish society.

• 한국독어학회지:독어학
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• 제1집
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• pp.263-286
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• 1999

In diesem Aufsatz handelt es sich um den Stand der wissen­schaftlichen Forschung unter dem sprachimperialistischen Zeitalter. Dazu mochte ich folgende Punkte zur Diskussion bringen: Erstens, wissen­schaftliche Erkenntnisse sol1en nicht nur zur akademischen Bildung, sondern auch zur gesellschaftlichen Praxis beitragen, sonst haben sie in der Zukunft keine Chance zum $\"{U}berleben$. Zweitens, alle $m\"{o}glichen$ Formen der Diskrimination auf der wissenschaftlichen $B\"{u}hne$, sei es politisch, regional, epistemologisch oder semiotisch, mussen sofort, und zwar von Grund ab abgeschafft werden. Drittens, die germanistische Linguistik soll eine akkumulierende Wissenschaft werden. Dabei darf man nicht $mi{\ss}verstehen$: mein Vorschlag ist kein Dogma, sondern ein $pers\"{o}nliches\;Gespr\"{a}chsangebot$, dessen Grundlage in der Diskurs- und Textwissenschaft liegt. Aber damit hoffe ich mindestens, das $k\"{o}nnte$ zur Reflexion $\"{u}ber\;den\;zuk\"{u}nftigen$ Stand unseres Faches und zur Verbesserung cler $gegenw\"{a}rtigen$ Situation beitragen.