• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2001

This paper presents a phase-only modulation scheme for a three-dimensional (3-D) image matching system to improve optical efficiency of the system. The 3-D image matching system is based on the two mask heterodyne scanning. A hologram of the 3-D reference object is first created and then the phase of the hologram is extracted. The phase of the hologram is represented as one mask with the other mask being a plane wave. The superposition of each beam modulated by the two masks generated a scanning beam pattern. This beam pattern scans the 3-D target object to be recognized. The output of the scanning system gives out the correlation of the phase-only hologram of the reference object and the complex hologram of the target object. Since a hologram contains 3-D information of an object as a form of fringe pattern, the correlation of holograms matches whole 3-D aspect of the objects. Computer simulations are performed with additive gaussian noise and without noise for the complex hologram modulation scheme and the phase-only hologram modulation scheme. The computer simulation results show that the phase-only hologram modulation scheme improves the optical efficiency. Thus the system with the phase-only hologram modulation scheme is more robust than the system with the complex hologram modulation scheme.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.3165-3181
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• 2019

Spherical videos, which are also called 360-degree videos, have become increasingly popular due to the rapid development of virtual reality technology. However, the large amount of data in such videos is a huge challenge for existing transmission system. To use the existing encode framework, it should be converted into a 2D image plane by using a specific projection format, e.g. the equi-rectangular projection (ERP) format. The existing high-efficiency video coding standard (HEVC) can effectively compress video content, but its enormous computational complexity makes the time spent on compressing high-frame-rate and high-resolution 360-degree videos disproportionate to the benefits of compression. Focusing on the ERP format characteristics of 360-degree videos, this work develops a fast decision algorithm for predicting the coding unit depth interval and adaptive mode decision for intra prediction mode. The algorithm makes full use of the video characteristics of the ERP format by dealing with pole and equatorial areas separately. It sets different reference blocks and determination conditions according to the degree of stretching, which can reduce the coding time while ensuring the quality. Compared with the original reference software HM-16.16, the proposed algorithm can reduce time consumption by 39.3% in the all-intra configuration, and the BD-rate increases by only 0.84%.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.140-147
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• 1995

This paper deals with conversion from the STL file to the Slice to the Slice cross-sectional information for Stereolithography. The STL file is widely used for Stereolithography, but it is very difficult to convert STL file into Slice file directly. Because it consists of an ordered list of triangular net without any topological information other than the orientation of each facet. So, The system is accomplished by data flow through several intermediate stages such as Reference. SL1. .SL2L. .SL3. and .SLC file. The data processing is performed in 5 steps: 1) Create a Reference file including common information. 2) Modify STL file within the effective range of SL machine. 3) Calculate a point of intersection between plane equation and line equation. 4) Sort z values in ascending order using quick sort algorithm. 5) Search the adjacent points and formulate a closed loop usingsingly linked linear list. The system is developed by using Borland C++ 3.1 compiler in the environment of Pentium PC, and verified to be satisfactory by making some prototypes of electric household appliances.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.231-239
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• 2012

Objectives: This study sought to provide guidelines in order to decrease the incidence of nerve injury during mandibular ramus bone harvesting, and to improve understanding of the anatomical structure of the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) to include its distance from the exterior buccal cortex. Materials and Methods: In January and February 2009, 20 patients who visited the Wonkwang University Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery reporting various conditions underwent cone beam computed tomography and were included in this study. Patients with missing left or right mandibular first molars or incisors, or who had jaw fracture or bone pathologies, were excluded. The reference point (R point) was defined as the point where the occlusal plane reached the anterior ramus of the mandible. The position of the IAC in relation to the R point, the buccal bone width (BW), the alveolar crest distance (ACD), the distance from the alveolar crest to the occlusal plane (COD), and the distance from the IAC to the sagittal plane (CS) were determined using proprietary image analysis software which produced cross-sectional coronal and axial images. Results: The distance medially from the R point to the IAC along the axial plane was $6.19{\pm}1.21mm$. The HD from the R point, posteriorly to IAC, in the lateral view was $13.07{\pm}2.45mm$, the VD from the R point was $14.24{\pm}2.41mm$, and the ND from the R point was $10.12{\pm}1.76mm$. The pathway of the IAC was positioned almost in a straight line along a sagittal plane within $0.56{\pm}0.70mm$. The distance from the buccal bone surface to the IAC increased anteriorly from the R point. Conclusion: Marking osteotomy lines in the retromolar area in procedures involving bone harvesting should be discouraged due to the risk of damage to IAC structures. Our measurements indicated that the area from the R point in the ramus of the mandible to 10 mm anterior can be safely harvested for bone grafting purposes.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.152-159
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of advancement magnitude and changes in mandibular plane angle on the stability of mandibular advancement. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated the postoperative stability of mandibular advancement in class II skeletal subjects who underwent bilateral sagittal split osteotomy. Radiographs taken preoperatively, immediately postoperatively and 1 year postoperatively were traced and analyzed using linear and angular measurements. To determine horizontal and vertical relapse, an X-Y coordinate system was established in which the X-axis was constructed by rotating S-N downward by $7^{\circ}$ (approximation of the Frankfort horizontal plane) and the Y-axis was defined as a line perpendicular to the X-axis and passing through the point Sella. For certain reference points including point A, point B, pogonion and menton, the perpendicular distance between each point and both axes was determined and cephalometric variables were recorded as X and Y coordinates. Results: Twenty-five subjects were studied. A significant correlation between the amount of mandibular advancement and relapse in the B point (vertical and horizontal) and the pogonion point was observed (vertical and horizontal, P<0.001). Evaluation of data demonstrated a positive correlation between the mandibular plane angle (SN/ML) change and vertical relapse in the B point (P<0.05). A simple regression model demonstrated that 74% of horizontal relapse and 42.3% of vertical relapse in the B point was related to the amount of mandibular advancement. The receiver operating characteristic test showed that 8.5 mm mandibular advancement is related to a relapse rate of 1 mm or more in the pogonion, vertically or horizontally. Conclusion: The magnitude of mandibular advancement is a stronger surgical predictor for horizontal rather than vertical relapse at the B point. Changes in mandibular plane angle (SN/ML) during surgery affect vertical, but not horizontal relapse at the B point.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.326-333
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 원 영상을 푸리변환한 후 위상 변조 XOR 연산으로 암호함으로써 정보의 손실에 강하며 한 개의 광 경로만으로 간단히 복호화 할 수 있는 위상 암호화 시스템을 제안하였다. 영 삽입된(zero-padded) 원 영상에 무작위 위상 영상을 곱하여 푸리에 변환된 데이터 값을 키 데이터와 위상 변조 XOR 연산으로 암호화한다. 이렇게 생성된 암호화 데이터와 키 데이터를 최종적으로 위상 변조하여 위상 암호화 영상과 위상 키 영상을 만든다. 위상 변조된 암호화 영상과 키 영상은 비가시성과 비선형성으로 인해 높은 정보보호의 특성이 있으며 또한, 푸리에 영역의 암호화로 인해 절단에 의한 정보의 손실에도 영상을 복호화 할 수 있다. 복호화 과정은 암호화 영상과 키 영상의 단순곱을 푸리에 변환한 후 영차 성분(zero-order component)을 공간 필터링함으로써 간단히 구현할 수 있으며, 복호화 시스템은 2공구조의 단일 경로의 구조를 바탕으로 하므로 부피가 상대적으로 작을 뿐만 아니라 외부 충격이나 기온 변화와 같은 환경적인 영향을 받지 않고 복호화를 수행할 수 있다. 제안한 암호화 과정과 복호화 시스템의 구현 가능성 및 타당성을 컴퓨터 모의실험을 통해 확인하였다.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2021

비밀 통신에서 스테가노그래피는 제3자에게 인지되지 않으면서 비밀 메시지를 송수신한다. 공간 영역 방법에서 비트화 된 정보가 이미지의 분해된 화소 값의 가상 비트 평면에 삽입된다. 즉 비트화 된 비밀 메시지는 커버 매체인 이미지의 최하위 비트(LSB)에 순차적으로 삽입된다. 표준 LSB는 간단하게 적용할 수 있지만 제3자에 의해 쉽게 탐지될 수 있는 단점이 있다. 보안성을 높이기 위해 상위 비트 평면을 이용할 경우 이미지 품질이 떨어질 수 있다. 이 논문에서 lo번째 비트 평면과 수정된 화소 강도 값 분해에 기반한 이미지 스테가노그래피에 한글 비밀 메시지를 은닉하는 방법을 제시한다. 이때 은닉하려는 한글 메시지를 초성, 중성, 종성으로 분해한 후 혼합과정을 적용하여 기밀성과 견고성을 높인다. 제안된 방법의 효율성을 확인하기 위해 PSNR을 이용하였다. 제시된 기법은 상위 비트 평면에 비밀 메시지를 삽입할 경우 BCD와 Fibonacci를 적용한 방법보다 이미지 품질에서 적은 영향을 받는다는 것을 확인하였다. 기준값과 비교했을 때 제안한 방법의 PSNR 값이 적절한 것을 확인하였다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.332-336
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• 2017

Background Little is known concerning hair diameter variation within the safe donor area for hair transplantation surgery. Thicker or thinner hair may be needed, depending on the recipient area, hairline design, and the purpose of surgery. Methods Twenty-seven patients (7 men and 20 women; mean age, 28 years; range, 20-47 years) were included in this study. The midoccipital point was used as the reference point on the horizontal plane at the upper border of the helical rim. The target area width was 15 cm (7.5 cm to the right and left of the reference point) and the height was 8 cm (2 cm above and 6 cm below the reference point). The study area was divided horizontally into 3 5-cm sections (A, B, C) and vertically into 4 2-cm sections (1-4), creating a total of 12 zones. Ten anagen hairs were randomly obtained from each zone and their diameters were measured. Results Hair diameter in the 4 vertical sections varied significantly, gradually decreasing from sections 1 (superior) to 4 (inferior) in all 3 horizontal sections (A, B, and C). Conclusions Our results suggest that sections 1 and 2 of the occipital safe donor area would be useful for obtaining thicker hair, such as in procedures to treat male- and female-pattern hair loss, whereas hair from zones 3 and 4 could be useful for transplantation surgery requiring thinner hair, such as eyebrows, eyelashes, and female hairline correction. Our results may be clinically valuable for planning hair transplant surgery and choosing the optimal donor region.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.420-430
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• 2008

연구목적: 기존의 교합기들은 서양인의 악안면구조와 하악운동 평균치에 맞추어 제작되어 있다. 이에 현재 임상교육에 널리 사용하고 있는 반조절성 교합기 (KaVo PROTAR, Hanau Modular)를 한국인에게 적용함에 있어서 적절한 기준을 구하고자 이번 연구를 시행하였다. 연구방법: $24{\sim}41$세 한국인 성인 59명 (남41명, 여18명)을 선정하였다. 피검자 일인당 두쌍의 상하악 모형을 제작, KaVo PROTARevo 7과 Hanau Modular 반조절성교합기에 facebow transfer하여 교합기에 부착 후 전방시상과로각, 교합평면경사도, 교합기 상의 하악의 위치를 계측하였다. 연구성적: 1. 평균 전방시상과로각은 KaVo PROTAR 반조절성 교합기상에서 $33.75^{\circ}$(표준편차 $12.46^{\circ}$)였고, Hanau Modular 반조절성 교합기상에서 $40.72^{\circ}$(표준편차 $12.09^{\circ}$)였다. 2. 평균 교합평면경사각은 KaVo PROTAR 반조절성 교합기상에서 $-2.76^{\circ}$(표준편차 $3.63^{\circ}$)였고, Hanau Modular 반조절성 교합기상에서 $11.87^{\circ}$(표준편차 $3.63^{\circ}$)였다. 3. 하악치열의 중심은 교합기의 중심에서 평균 $5{\sim}7$ mm 범위내에 있었으며 KaVo PROTAR 반조절성 교합기에서는 전치부와 구치부 모두 교합기의 상하적 위치관계에서 중앙에 위치하였고, Hanau Modular 반조절성 교합기에서는 교합기의 중앙높이에서 전치부는 하방 5 mm, 구치부는 상방 3 mm에 위치하였다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.241-247
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• 2012

우리나라에서는 2003년부터 세계측지계로 전환하였으며, 이에 따른 우리나라의 행정구역도상의 면적 변화를 살펴보기 위해 통계청에서 제공하는 센서스용 행정구역경계 자료를 이용하여 전국토를 대상으로 면적의 변화량을 계산하였다. 면적 계산 과정에서는 국토지리정보원에서 제시하는 표준절차를 이용하였으며, 전국 단일 원점TM좌표를 세계측지계로 변환한 후 타원체면 및 투영평면상에서 면적을 대상으로 하였다. 광역시도행정경계가 우리나라 직각좌표의 두 개 이상의 원점에 해당하는 경우에는 각 좌표계의 경계선을 기준으로 행정경계를 개별 폴리곤으로 분할한 후 별도의 원점을 기준으로 투영하였다. 세계측지계 변환 후 모든 행정경계가 북서방향으로 이동함으로써 결과적으로 우리나라 전체 면적이 투영평면 기준으로 $1.36km^2$(약 0.0013%) 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 타원체의 장반경이 확대됨으로 인한 면적증가보다 행정경계의 경위도 좌표가 고위도로 변경됨으로 인한 면적감소가 크기 때문으로 판단된다. 각 행정구역별 면적변화율은 고위도에 위치한 광역시도가 더 민감하게 반영되었다. 이와는 별도로 통계청에서 제공하는 행정구역경계 자료로부터 계산된 면적은 국토해양부의 국토해양통계 자료와 상당한 차이를 보이고 있으며 이에 대한 일원화가 진행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.