• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2016

The neutron activation inventories in reactor vessel and its internals, and bio-shield of a PWR nuclear power plant were calculated to evaluate the effect of impurity elements contained in the structural materials on the activation inventory. Carbon steel is, in this work, used as the reactor vessel material, stainless steel as the reactor vessel internals, and ordinary concrete as the bio-shield. For stainless steel and carbon steel, one kind of impurity concentration was employed, and for ordinary concrete five kinds were employed in this study using MCNP5 and FISPACT for the calculation of neutron flux and activation inventory, respectively. As the results, specific activities for the cases with impurity elements were calculated to be more than twice than those for the cases without impurity elements in stainless and carbon steel. Especially, the specific activity for the concrete material with impurity elements was calculated to be 30 times higher than that without impurity. Neutron induced reactions and activation inventories in each material were also investigated, and it is noted that major radioactive nuclide in steel material is Co-60 from cobalt impurity element, and, in concrete material, Co-60 and Eu-152 from cobalt and europium impurity elements, respectively. The results of this study can be used for nuclear decommissioning plan during activation inventory assessment and regulation, and it is expected to be used as a reference in the design phase of nuclear power plant, considering the decommissioning of nuclear power plants or nuclear facilities.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is for fundamental research of meditation smart wear for physical and mental healing, and researching method for monitoring phase of meditation through textile by measuring the number of abdominal respiration when meditating. For this purpose, the research implemented Single Wall Carbon Nano-Tube (SWCNT) based strain gauges type textile sensor, considered reliability and validity of respiratory sensing, and analyzed efficiency of respiratory sensing based on body parts comparatively. The first preliminary experiment was to evaluate the performance of textile sensor through abdominal model dummy which open and shut of 5 cm repeatedly for 2 minutes at the rate of 0.1Hz in order to simulate abdominal respiration. It concluded signal efficiency between reference sensor(BIOPAC) and textile respiratory sensor appears statistically significant (p<0.001). The second experiment were conducted with 4 subjects doing abdominal respiration under same conditions, and after comparing the signal values between two sensors from 4 attached locations(around center and sides of omphali and phren), center of omphali and sides of phren were selected as suitable location for measuring meditational breathing as they showed large and stable signals. In result, this research aimed for implementing of the textile sensor for sensing meditational breathing of long respiration cycle, review of reliability and validity for sensing number of meditational respiration with the sensor and consideration of sensing efficiency by sensing location on body parts.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1797-1806
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• 1998

Future satellite communication systems will be developed at Ka-band (20/30 GHz) owing to the relatively wide frequency allocation and current freedom from terrestrial interference for multimedia services. A serious disadvantage of the Ka-band, however, is the very high atmospheric attenuation in rainy weather. Synchronous CDMA drastically redces the effect of self-noise with several interesting features of CDMA for mobile communications such as fixible freuqncy rese, the capability of performin soft-handover and a lower sensitivity to interference. This paper evaluates the performance of a synchronous CDMA reture link for a Ka-band geostationary satellite communication system. For a fixed satellite channel whose characteristics depend on weather conditions, the signal envelope and phase for this channel is modelled as Gaussian. The bit error and outage probability, and the detection loss due to imperfect chip timing synchronization is analytically evaluated and the system capacity degaradation due to the weather condition is estimated. The two cases consist of the general case in which all users are affected by rain condition, and the worst case in which the reference user is only affected by rain attenuation. the results for two cases of rain condition clearly show that synchronous CDMA eases the power control requirements and has less sensitivity to imperfect power control.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.538-548
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• 1995

Exercises are achievement oriented, the process is frequently perceived as hard and difficult Participants drop out from exercise programs in the middle of the training period. Dance movement, which is the deliberate and systematic use of movement, is enjoyable during the movement and provides opportunities for persons to express them-selves. Regular long term dance movement may in-duce a training effect with a decreased drop out rate. Dance movement could be one way to attain wellness, however, there have been few studies to evaluate both physiological and psychological aspects of dance movement. This study focused on evaluating the effects of dance movement training on body weight, resting blood pressure and heart rate, limb circumference and strength, stress response and subjective feelings. This quasi-experimental study was designed as a nonequivalent control group pre test -post test study. Ten healthy fe-male subjects, aged between 19 and 31 years volunteered for an eight week dance movement program. Ten healthy female subjects, between 19 and 21 years of age paticipated as controls. None of the subjects had performed regular physical activity for six months prior to the study. Dance movement was created with reference to Heber's movement guide. The Dance movement program consisted of approximately 30 minutes of dance, three days per week, for eight weeks. During each 30 minute work out, there were approximately 5 minutes of warm-up dancing, 20 minutes of conditioning dance and 5 minutes of cool-down dancing. The intensity for the conditioning phase was at between 60% and 65% of age-adjusted maximum heart rates. Body weight, resting blood pressure and heart rate, circumference of mid upper arm, mid thigh and mid calf, muscle strength of upper and lower limb, physical and psychological response to stress were measured prior to, and following the experimental treatment. Body weight was measured by digital weight scale(Kyung In Corp., Korea). Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by sphygmomanometer, Resting heart rate was measured for one minute in a relaxed sitting position using the radial artery. Circumference of mid upper arm, mid thigh and mid calf was determined by tape measure. Muscle strength of the upper extremities was measured by a grip dynamometer (Takei Corp. No.1857, Japan) and that of the extremities was measured by the length of time the leg could be held at 45° Physical and psychological responses to stress were measured using the Symptoms of Stress (SOS)Scale. Paticipants in the dance movement were interviewed by the facilitator following the eight weeks, and their thematic responses about the dance movement were recorded. Following the eight week dance movement train-ing, body weight decreased significantly, circumference of mid thigh and mid calf increased. The length of time leg - raising could be held tended to increase following the dance movement training. Resting systolic and resting heart rate showed a tendency to decrease. Total mean score of stress response tended to de-crease, and mean score of habitual patterns, do-pression, anxiety / fear, anger and cognitive disorganization decreased remarkably following the eight week dance movement. Thematic responses about the dance movement were positive following the training.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.3-23
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• 2015

The Chevron saga including Chevron/TexPet v. Ecuador, PCA Case No. 34877(hereinafter referred to as "Chevron I") and Chevron/TexPet v. Ecuador, PCA Case No. 2009-23(hereinafter referred to as "Chevron II") started out of domestic litigations between TexPet and Ecuador in the early 1990s. In Chevron I, the Tribunal decided that Article 2(7) of the U.S.-Ecuador BIT on effective means of provision was breached because of undue delays in the seven legal proceedings TexPet had brought against Ecuador in respect to contractual obligations. In Chevron II, it was contended that through the actions and inactions of the judiciary and the executive, Ecuador breached her several obligations under the BIT. Ecuador objected to the jurisdiction of the Tribunal because TexPet's investment was terminated in 1992, and because Chevron is not a party to the 1995 Settlement Agreement and 1998 Final Release. In its Interim Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility, the Tribunal applied a prima facie standard to the facts alleged by the Claimants but denied by the Respondent, and decided that questions in respect of the Respondent's jurisdictional objections should be joined to the merits under Article 21(4) of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. In the merits phase of Chevron II, the Tribunal divided the merits of the Parties' dispute into two parts, entitled "Track 1" and "Track 2". In its Partial Award on Track 1, the Tribunal decided that Chevron is a "Releasee" under the 1995 Settlement Agreement. In a decision on "Track 1B", the Tribunal decided that the Lago Agrio complaint cannot be read as pleading "exclusively" or "only" diffuse claims, and that, to this extent, the Claimants' reliance on the 1995 Settlement Agreement as a complete bar to the Lago Agrio complaint must fail, as a matter of Ecuadorian law. The Tribunal maintained the position that the Parties' disputes on both merit and jurisdiction should be reserved for Track 2. It remains to be seen how the Tribunal addresses the Claimants' allegations of multiple denials of justice under international law against the judgments of the Respondent's Courts, together with the Respondent's jurisdictional objections in Track 2 of the arbitration.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.368-376
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• 2009

In this study we investigated and tried to understand problems monitored in an experiment on reactivity of metals in chemistry I. Three problems were discussed. First, the reason that aluminium plate does not react with other metal ions such as zinc, iron and copper was studied and the way to overcome this problem was suggested. Second, the reason that the bubbles were generated when FeS$O_4$(aq) and Zn(s) react was discussed. Third, the precipitates which appeared in the reaction of FeS$O_4$(aq) and Zn(s) were identified. Through reference study and experimental investigation, we could reach the following results. First, aluminium could not react with other metal ions due to the surface oxide layer that is formed very fast and prevents aluminium from reacting with metal ions in solution. This problem could be overcome by allowing a competing reaction of acid and aluminium during the reaction of aluminium and metal ions. Second, the observed bubbles were identified to be hydrogen gas, produced by the reaction between metals and hydronium ion in the solution. Third, black precipitates that were produced on the surface of zinc plate and exhibited magnetic property were characterized to be $Fe_3O_4$(s), and brown precipitates that were produced in the solution phase were to be $Fe_2O_3$(s) by the analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectra.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2017

This study evaluated tidal stream energy resources according to tidal flow properties around Uido off the west coast of, Jeollanam-do, South Korea. A feasibility study was first carried out through the collection of bathymetry data and tidal phase information. For this simulation, a depth-averaged 2D ADCIRC (Advanced Circulation) model for real sea situations was applied to a Finite Element Method (FEM) approach for tides given the variation of tidal current speed. Hydrodynamics were simulated with 4 major tidal constituents (M2, S2, K1, and O1) after setting up 4 observation points. From the real depth-averaged model simulation results, it was found that the spring tide Higher High Water (HHW) and tidal current speed values at the 4 observation points were about 2.2 m and 1.33 m/s, respectively. The ADCIRC model results were analyzed with reference to the Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency's (KHOA) observed data for verification. Furthermore, using topographical characteristics via the Tidal Flux Method (TFM), tidal energy density distribution was calculated, indicating a maximum tidal energy density of about $1.75kW/m^2$ for the 5 assessment areas around Uido. The tidal energy density was evaluated with consideration given to topographical characteristics as well as tidal elevation and tidal current speed to determine an optimum tidal farm candidate.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 1992

Cultivation of competent manpower is recognized as one of the important factors in the development of fisheries as well as of other industries. For reference to the development of education of fisheries high schools in the Republic of Korea, the author carried out a study on the education in Japan. The reason is why the education on fisheries had been initiated in Japan and her educational system has played the role of a model for neighboring countries. Even though the education on fisheries tends to shrink a little in recent years by diffusing the unwilling tendency to engage in 3D (dirty, difficult and dangerous) jobs, there are fifty-one high schools educating fisheries in Japan. Thirty-eight of them are specialized fisheries high schools and the others are comprehensive high schools to put common course and fisheries course together. In the first step of study, the goal of education on fisheries, organization of department and arrangement of curriculum are analysed. 1. In the newly arranged curriculum which will come into effect from 1994, the goal of education on fisheries is set up as "By educating fundamental knowledge and technology on the production and circulation in the field of fisheries, have students understand the significance and role of fisheries, and so cultivate ability and active attitude to the development of fisheries". The goal means that the circulation of fishery products are regarded as important as the production itself, and active attitude to the development of fisheries is also stressed, different from the present goal. 2. Standard departments directed by the Government are set up as five-Departments of Marine Fishing, of Fisheries Engineering, of Information Communication, of Fish Culture, of Sea Foods. But they are actually organized and named by the founders of schools-local government. Then there are many unique-named departments and the management of schools are somewhat flexible according to the situation of local district. 3. Special subjects are revised to twenty-four in the new curriculum from twenty-two in the present curriculum. Among them the contents are widely revised in the subjects such as Introduction to Fisheries, Fisheries Engineering, Communication Engineering, Communication Technology, Fish Culture. On the other hand, five subjects such as Information Treatment on Fisheries, Information Technology on Fisheries, Subjective Study, Fisheries Economics, Circulation of Sea Foods are newly set up to meet the changing phase of the time.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.11
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• pp.1039-1050
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• 2014

The goal of this study is to demonstrate the diversity of model performance for various climatic elements and indicators. We evaluated the skills of the most advanced 17 General Circulation Models (GCMs) i.e., CMIP5 (Climate Model Inter-comparison project, phase 5) climate models in reproducing retrospective climatology from 1950 to 2000 over the Southeast US for the key climatic elements important in the hydrological and agricultural perspectives (i.e., precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature, and wind speed). The biases of raw CMIP5 GCMs were estimated for 16 different climatic indicators that imply mean climatology, temporal variability, extreme frequency, etc. using a grid-based observational dataset as reference. Based on the error (RMSE) and correlation (R) of GCM outputs, the error-based GCM ranks were assigned on average over the indicators. Overall, the GCMs showed much better accuracy in representing mean climatology of temperature comparing to other elements whereas few GCM showed acceptable skills for precipitation. It was also found that the model skills and ranks would be substantially different by the climatic elements, error statistics applied for evaluation, and indicators as well. This study presents significance of GCM uncertainty and the needs of considering rational strategies for climate model evaluation and selection.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.12-20
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• 2018

As facilities have become larger, more complex, and advanced, the importance of the facility management in the operation phase of the building is increasing. As a result, the scope of the facility management function is expanding, and the requirements of information are ever-increasing. However, inefficient exchange of information occurs due to duplicated tasks and lack of collaboration among the construction life cycle phases, resulting in cost loss. These low interoperability issues can be complemented by construction information management from a life cycle perspective. Efficient construction information management at each life-cycle stage is derived from the owner's will and is materialized through the construction information handover requirements by the owner. The purpose of this study is to develop an evaluation method of construction information handover requirements for facility management. In order to develop the method, facility management types and business functions are also classified and defined in this paper. Using the methodology proposed by this study, a case-study of evaluating the 'takeover items' submitted by contractors was performed for the purpose of research validation. The results of the case-study found that the most effective areas are in the order of 'legal informations', 'drawings', 'guides', etc. This study can be used as a reference data for deriving handover requirements for construction information at the early stage of the project.