• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 2018

PURPOSE. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of a new implant impression technique using bite impression coping and a dual arch tray. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Two implant fixtures were placed on maxillary left second premolar and first molar area in dentoform model. The model with two fixtures was used as the reference. The impression was divided into 2 groups, n=10 each. In group 1, heavy/light body silicone impression was made with pick up impression copings and open tray. In group 2, putty/light body silicone impression was made with bite impression copings and dual arch tray. The reference model and the master casts with implant scan bodies were scanned by a laboratory scanner. Surface tessellation language (STL) datasets from test groups was superimposed with STL dataset of reference model using inspection software. The three-dimensional deviation between the reference model and impression models was calculated and illustrated as a color-map. Data was analyzed by independent samples T-test of variance at ${\alpha}=.05$. RESULTS. The mean 3D implant deviations of pick up impression group (group 1) and dual arch impression group (group 2) were 0.029 mm and 0.034 mm, respectively. The difference in 3D deviations between groups 1 and 2 was not statistically significant (P=.075). CONCLUSION. Within limitations of this study, the accuracy of implant impression using a bite impression coping and dual arch tray is comparable to that of conventional pick-up impression.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.75-97
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• 2007

Less than 3% of India's food basket, consists of processed food, therefore processed food can be viewed as an innovation or new product to Indian consumers. This research investigates the effects of product familiarity and reference groups on Indian consumers' attitudes and purchase behavior of new processed food products. For the study, the model is developed by modifying Cambel and Goodstein's (2001) "Moderate Incongruity Effect" to include important cross-cultural influences on attitudes and purchase decisions among Indian consumers. Empirical analysis was conducted through structural equation modeling (SEM). SEM results indicated that reference group influence has a stronger positive effect on consumers' attitudes and actual purchase behavior of more familiar processed foods than of less familiar processed food. In addition, attitudes have a stronger positive effect on consumers' actual purchase of more familiar than of less familiar processed foods.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2002

We developed a useful SQUID magnetometer for biomagnetic applications, magnetoencepha-logram(MEG) and magnetocardiogram(MCG), etc. The SQUIDs are based on Double Relaxation Oscillation SQUID(DROS). DROS consists of two SQUIDs(signal SQUID and reference SQUID) in series, and a relaxation circuit of an inductor and a resistor. Specially we used single reference junction instead of the reference SQUID. The SQUIDs are based on hysteretic $Nb/AlO_{x}$Nb junctions, fabricated by using a simple four level process. Because DROS magnetometer has large flux-to-voltage transfer coefficient, we can use simple flux-locked loop electronics fur SQUID operation. When the DROS magnetometer was operated inside a magnetically shielded room, its average magnetic field noise was about 3 (equation omitted) at 100 Hz. This noise level is low enough to measure biomagnetic fields. In this paper, we describe noise characteristics of DROS magnetometer, depending on the operation condition . .

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 1984

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dentofacial relationship of the Korean adult females who had excellent profile using roentgenocephalometry. The subjects were 35 females from 19 to 24 years of age selected among the professional models, beauty contest winners and performing stars. And, as the control group, 37 females from 18 to 23 years of age with normal occlusion and acceptable profile were selected. In both groups, each variable was measured and evaluated statistically introducing 24 reference points, 22 reference lines and 17 reference angles respectively. Conclusions from this study were as follows; 1. There was no significant difference between the two groups. But SNA and convexity angle which had indicated the maxillary protrusion were lesser in the professional models, beauty contest winners and performing stars than in ~he control group. 2. In the professional models, beauty contest winners and performing stars, the maxillary and mandibular incisors were more upright than in the control group. 3. The protrusion of the upper and lower lip was lesser in the professional models, beauty contest winners and performing stars than in the control group. 4. Professional models, beauty contest winners and performing stars revealed more straight profile than the control group and were similar to that of the Caucasian. 5. Generally, it was the tendency that the straight profile was accepted as esthetics.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2023

Purpose The reference range described in Adrenocorticotropic Hormone reagent used in our laboratory is 10-60 pg/mL at 8 a.m. to 10 a.m., and 6-30 pg/mL at 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. However, in the case of outpatients, blood is mainly collected between 10 a.m. and 6 p.m., accounting for 57.8% of the total. Therefore, This study is intended to help make a more accurate diagnosis by reevaluating the reference range provided by the manufacturer of the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone reagent and setting split-timed reference range. Materials and Methods The patients collected blood before 10 a.m. were group A (68 people), and the patients collected blood after 10 a.m. were set to group B (80 people). A T-test was performed between groups to test their significance. And it was confirmed whether it was necessary to set the gender classification as a subgroup. The method of setting the reference range was calculated by the Bayesian's method and the Hoffmann's method. Results The reference range of Group A was 8.6 to 60.6 pg/mL by the Bayesian's method, and the Hoffmann's method was 3.6 to 61.3 pg/mL. The reference range of Group B was 6.9 to 50.5 pg/mL when applying the Bayesian's method, and the Hoffmann method's was 2.3 to 48.9 pg/mL. Conclusion This study was concluded that it was necessary to set the split-timed reference range. Through this study, the later the blood collection time, the lower the level of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, indicating that blood collection time is important for patients with clinical significance. If a large number of subjects are selected and supplemented in the future, it is believed that systematic and accurate reference range can be set.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.9_10 s.157
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• pp.1434-1444
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of reference group on the adolescents' behavior of fashion brand conformity. As for the method of the research, questionnaires were given to 672 students of middle school and high school. The results of this study were as follows: First, the differences between disposition of general conformity and behavior of fashion brand conformity were found to be meaningful in the dimensions of reference groups and their influences. Second, the classification between stage of brand consideration and stage of brand choice was found to be significant in the two-stage model of brand choice. Finally, the subjective individualism and the behavior of brand conformity were significantly correlated and the mass media stars & the identificational influence were the most powerful factors to explain the behavior of fashion brand conformity for the adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.455-466
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of internal and external capacity on the practical capacity for food waste disposal in adults. Methods: The study subjects were 410 adults who answered a structured questionnaire. The survey was conducted in January 2021. Data were analyzed through descriprive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS Win 24.0. Results: First, in the analysis of internal capacity, attitude (3.95 out of 5 points) scored higher than knowledge (3.59 points). Attitudes showed significant differences according to gender (P < 0.001), age (P < 0.001), and income (P < 0.001). Knowledge showed significant differences according to gender (P < 0.01) and age (P < 0.05). Second, in the analysis of capacity, market constraints (3.73 points) scored the highest, followed by institutional conditions (3.48 points) and reference group (3.36 points). Market constraints differed according to gender (P < 0.001), and institutional conditions differed according to income (P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the reference group according to the level of education (P < 0.05) and income (P < 0.05). Third, the practical capacity scores appeared in the order of separating discharge behavior, using behavior, purchasing behavior, and leadership behavior. Separating discharge behavior showed significant differences according to gender (P < 0.001), education level (P < 0.05), and income (P < 0.01). Using behavior showed a difference according to gender (P < 0.01), and purchasing behavior showed a significant difference according to income (P < 0.05). Leadership behavior showed no difference according to demographic factors. Fourth, internal capacity and external capacity showed a significant positive relationship with practical capacity. Factors affecting purchasing behavior were knowledge, attitude, institutional conditions, and reference group, and their explanatory power was 53%. Factors influencing using behavior were knowledge, attitude, institutional conditions, and reference group, and had an explanatory power of 37%. Leadership behavior was influenced by institutional conditions and the reference group, with an explanatory power of 31%. Conclusions: Internal capacity, external capacity, and practical capacity show differences according to demographic factors. Factors influencing the practical capacity of adults were knowledge, attitude, institutional conditions, and reference group.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.39-54
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• 2021

This study aim to demonstrate and categorize the status of level of mobile information utilization of the 2030 youth generation, and to identify factors that may affect the digital divide within the generation. For this purpose, 1779 data were analyzed using materials for the 2018 digital divide survey in Korea Ministry of Science and ICT. According to the level of information utilization, the consumers were categorized into three types : reference group (46.5%), high utilization group (27.2%), and low utilization group (26.3%). There were statistically significant differences in demographics variable, consumer capabilities, living satisfaction by type of consumer. In addition, the factors influencing the digital divide of the high utilization group and low utilization group were identified compared to the reference group. It is meaningful that this study confirmed the actual gap of information utilization and raised the possibility of the digital divide within the 2030 youth generation.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.202-211
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• 2021

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) have been regulated by the Air Pollution Control Act (1978) and their atmospheric concentrations have been monitored in 39 monitor sites in Korea. However, measurement standards of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in HAPs at ambient levels have not been established in Korea. Primary reference gas mixtures (measurement standards) at ambient levels are required for accurately monitoring atmospheric VOCs in HAPs and managing their emissions. In this study, primary reference gas mixtures (PRMs) at 5 nmol/mol were developed in order to establish primary national standards of VOCs in HAPs at ambient levels. Primary reference gas mixtures (PRMs) were prepared in pressurized aluminum cylinders with special internal surface treatment using gravimetric method. Analytical methods using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) coupled with a cryogenic preconcentrator were also developed to verify the consistency of gravimetrically prepared HAP VOCs PRMs. Three different columns installed in the GC-FID were evaluated and compared for the retention times and separation of eighteen target components in a chromatogram. Results show that the HAP VOCs PRMs at 5 nmol/mol were consistent within a relative expanded uncertainty (k=2) of less than 3 % except acrylonitrile (less than 6 %) and the 18 VOCs were stable for 1 year within their associated uncertainties.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1990

This research was to investigate and study on 92 Dental Technicians who had had some experience of working or being employed at dental craft-shops or craft-rooms in Seoul area and had transferred to other types of occupation, with regard to their reasons for changing their profession. For an approach to the study, some questionnaires and interview including 3 aspects of in quiriesmental, economic and social backgrounds-were administered, and major findings are as follows ; 1. The ages in which transferring to other kinds of job happened occurred mostly from 20 to 30(78.26%) an a group of subjects whose ages ranged from 20 to 30 years old. And, with regard to their experience of working or being employed at dental craft-shops or craftrooms, the transfer of their profession to the other kinds mosty happened in a group of subjects(94.56%) whose experience of working in the dental field is less than 4 years. 2. The reason of transfer with reference to the mental background was mostly mattered in a group that expressed "Excessive Work Duties"(34.78%), and most lowly mattered in a group of subjets who had "Certain Relations with Dentists"(8.70%). Thus, it appeared that the biggest reason of transfer by the mental background was, due to the excessive duty work, not to have Sufficient time to be usualized by dental technicians for their own purpose. 3. With reference to the economical background, a group that declared there was "No Wage Standards in Ratio to Their Labor" was the most in the separation rate as shown 45.56%. And, a group suspecting "No Guarantee for Their Living after Retirement" Showed a separation rate, 9.78%. In other words, the reason for transfer was that they did not receive due wage according to their amount of labor. 4. With reference to the social background, a group making a subject for no good working environments or conditions had a separation rate, 41.30%, which was the most among others, and a group with a subject of "The Rarity of Employment because of Excessive Supply of Dental Technicians" had the rate, 10.87%, which was the lowest. This meant that the major cause of transfer by the social background was a phenomenon for dental technicans to escape from unclean working places.