• Title/Summary/Keyword: Reference Grid

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Case Study of the Stability of a Large Cut-Slope at a Tunnel Portal (터널 입구부 대절토 사면 안정성 사례 연구)

  • Park, Dong Soon;Bae, Jong-Soem
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.115-129
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    • 2015
  • The cut-slope of a large-sectional tunnel portal is recognized as a potential area of weakness due to unstable stress distribution and possible permanent displacement. This paper presents a case study of a slope failure and remediation for a large-scale cut-slope at a tunnel portal. Extensive rock-slope brittle failure occurred along discontinuities in the rock mass after 46 mm of rainfall, which caused instability of the upper part of the cut-slope. Based on a geological survey and face mapping, the reason for failure is believed to be the presence of thin clay fill in discontinuities in the weathered rock mass and consequent saturationinduced joint weakening. The granite-gneiss rock mass has a high content of alkali-feldspar, indicating a vulnerability to weathering. Immediately before the slope failure, a sharp increase in displacement rate was indicated by settlement-time histories, and this observation can contribute to the safety management criteria for slope stability. In this case study, emergency remediation was performed to prevent further hazard and to facilitate reconstruction, and counterweight fill and concrete filling of voids were successfully applied. For ultimate remediation, the grid anchor-blocks were used for slope stabilization, and additional rock bolts and grouting were applied inside the tunnel. Limit-equilibrium slope stability analysis and analyses of strereographic projections confirmed the instability of the original slope and the effectiveness of reinforcing methods. After the application of reinforcing measures, instrumental monitoring indicated that the slope and the tunnel remained stable. This case study is expected to serve as a valuable reference for similar engineering cases of large-sectional slope stability.

NEAR REAL-TIME IONOSPHERIC MODELING USING A RBGIONAL GPS NETWORK (지역적 GPS 관측망을 이용한 준실시간 전리층 모델링)

  • Choi, Byung-Kyu;Park, Jong-Uk;Chung, Jeong-Kyun;Park, Phil-Ho
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.283-292
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    • 2005
  • Ionosphere is deeply coupled to the space environment and introduces the perturbations to radio signal because of its electromagnetic characteristics. Therefore, the status of ionosphere can be estimated by analyzing the GPS signal errors which are penetrating the ionosphere and it can be the key to understand the global circulation and change in the upper atmosphere, and the characteristics of space weather. We used 9 GPS Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS), which have been operated by Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) , to determine the high precision of Total Electron Content (TEC) and the pseudorange data which is phase-leveled by a linear combination with carrier phase to reduce the inherent noise. We developed the method to model a regional ionosphere with grid form and its results over South Korea with $0.25^{\circ}\;by\;0.25^{\circ}$ spatial resolution. To improve the precision of ionosphere's TEC value, we applied IDW (Inverse Distance Weight) and Kalman Filtering method. The regional ionospheric model developed by this research was compared with GIMs (Global Ionosphere Maps) preduced by Ionosphere Working Group for 8 days and the results show $3\~4$ TECU difference in RMS values.

Future Projection of Changes in Extreme Temperatures using High Resolution Regional Climate Change Scenario in the Republic of Korea (고해상도 지역기후변화 시나리오를 이용한 한국의 미래 기온극값 변화 전망)

  • Lee, Kyoung-Mi;Baek, Hee-Jeong;Park, Su-Hee;Kang, Hyun-Suk;Cho, Chun-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.47 no.2
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    • pp.208-225
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    • 2012
  • The spatial characteristics of changes in extreme temperature indices for 2070-2099 relative to 1971-2000 in the Republic of Korea were investigated using daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperature data from a regional climate model (HadGEM3-RA) based on the IPCC RCP4.5/8.5 at 12.5km grid spacing and observations. Six temperature-based indices were selected to consider the frequency and intensity of extreme temperature events. For validation during the reference period (1971-2000), the simulated Tmax and Tmin distributions reasonably reproduce annual and seasonal characteristics not only for the relative probability but also the variation range. In the future (2070-2099), the occurrence of summer days (SD) and tropical nights (TR) is projected to be more frequent in the entire region while the occurrence of ice days (ID) and frost days (FD) is likely to decrease. The increase of averaged Tmax above 95th percentile (TX95) and Tmin below 5th percentile (TN5) is also projected. These changes are more pronounced under RCP8.5 scenario than RCP4.5. The changes in extreme temperature indices except for FD show significant correlations with altitude, and the changes in ID, TR, and TN5 also show significant correlations with latitude. The mountainous regions are projected to be more influenced by an increase of low extreme temperature than low altitude while the southern coast is likely to be more influenced by an increase of tropical nights.

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Development of Change Detection Technique Using Time Seriate Remotely Sensed Satellite Images with User Friendly GIS Interface (사용자 중심적 GIS 인터페이스를 이용한 시계열적 원격탐사 영상의 변화탐지 기법의 개발)

  • 양인태;한성만;윤희천;김흥규
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.151-159
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    • 2004
  • The diversity, expansion of human activity and rapid urbanization make modem society to faced with problems like damage of nature and drain of natural resources. Under these circumstances rapid and accurate change detection techniques, which can detect wide range utilization changes, are needed for efficient management and utilization plan of national territory. In this study to perform change detection from remote sensing images, space analysis technique contained in Geographic Information System is applied. And from this technique, the software. that can execute new change detection algorithm, query, inquiry and analysis, is produced. This software is on the basis of graphic user interface and has many functions such as format conversion, grid calculation, statistical processing, display and reference. In this study, simultaneously change detection for multi-temporal satellite images can be performed and integrated one change image about four different periods was produced. Further more software user can acquire land cover change information for an specific area through querying and questioning about yearly changes. Finally making of every application module for change detection into one window based visual basic program, can be produced user convenience and automatic performances.

Evaluation of EGM2008 earth geopotential model using GPS/leveling data (GPS/leveling 데이터에 의한 EGM2008 지구중력장모델의 평가)

  • Lee, Suk-Bae;Kim, Jin-Soo;Kim, Cheol-Young
    • Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.117-126
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    • 2008
  • Earth geopotential models were used to determine the reference surface in geoid modelling and many global geopotential models were developed after 1980's. Nowadays, EGM96 and EIGEN-GL04C geopotential models have been most widely used in the world, but what so called EGM2008 earth geopotential model were developed in 2008 by NGA. In this paper, we intended to compare the results of spherical harmonic analyses using the three geopotential model, EGM96, EIGEN-GL04C and EGM2008. So, the spherical harmonic analyses were performed up to degree and order 360(in case of EGM2008, up to degree and order 720, 1440, 2190 in addition), on each $1'{\times}1'$grid point in and around Korean peninsula. Geometric geoid were calculated at 464 GPS/leveling points for accuracy evaluation and then the results of three geopotential models were compared to geometric geoid. The results show that the accuracy of EGM2008 is improved considerablely compared to EGM96 and EIGEN-GL04C and it is possible to calculate geoidal heights within 14cm standard deviation and 5.5cm standard deviation after LSC fitting in and around Korean peninsula using EGM2008 geopotential model.

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Assessing the Performance of CMIP5 GCMs for Various Climatic Elements and Indicators over the Southeast US (다양한 기후요소와 지표에 대한 CMIP5 GCMs 모델 성능 평가 -미국 남동부 지역을 대상으로-)

  • Hwang, Syewoon
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.47 no.11
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    • pp.1039-1050
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    • 2014
  • The goal of this study is to demonstrate the diversity of model performance for various climatic elements and indicators. We evaluated the skills of the most advanced 17 General Circulation Models (GCMs) i.e., CMIP5 (Climate Model Inter-comparison project, phase 5) climate models in reproducing retrospective climatology from 1950 to 2000 over the Southeast US for the key climatic elements important in the hydrological and agricultural perspectives (i.e., precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature, and wind speed). The biases of raw CMIP5 GCMs were estimated for 16 different climatic indicators that imply mean climatology, temporal variability, extreme frequency, etc. using a grid-based observational dataset as reference. Based on the error (RMSE) and correlation (R) of GCM outputs, the error-based GCM ranks were assigned on average over the indicators. Overall, the GCMs showed much better accuracy in representing mean climatology of temperature comparing to other elements whereas few GCM showed acceptable skills for precipitation. It was also found that the model skills and ranks would be substantially different by the climatic elements, error statistics applied for evaluation, and indicators as well. This study presents significance of GCM uncertainty and the needs of considering rational strategies for climate model evaluation and selection.

Connectivity Assessment Based on Circuit Theory for Suggestion of Ecological Corridor (생태축 제안을 위한 회로 이론 기초 연결성 평가)

  • Yoon, Eun-Joo;Kim, Eun-Young;Kim, Ji-Yeon;Lee, Dong Kun
    • Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.275-286
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    • 2019
  • In order to prevent local extinction of organisms and to preserve biodiversity, it is important to ensure connectivity between habitats. Even if the habitat is exposed to various disturbance factors, it is possible to avoid or respond to disturbances if they are linked to other habitats. Habitat connectivity can be assessed from a variety of perspectives, but the importance of functional connectivity based on species movement has been emphasized in recent years due to the development of computational capabilities and related software. Among them, Circuitscape, which is a connectivity evaluation tool, has an advantage it can provide detailed reference data for the city planning because it maps ecological flows on individual grid based on circuit theory. Therefore, in this study, the functional connectivity of Suwon was evaluated by applying Circuitscape and then, the ecological corridor to be conserved and supplemented was suggested based on it. The results of this study are expected to effectively complement the methodology related ecological corridor/axis, which was previously provided only in the form of a diagram, and to be effective in management of development project and urban planning.

Evaluation of Grid-Based ROI Extraction Method Using a Seamless Digital Map (연속수치지형도를 활용한 격자기준 관심 지역 추출기법의 평가)

  • Jeong, Jong-Chul
    • Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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    • v.49 no.1
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    • pp.103-112
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    • 2019
  • Extraction of region of interest for satellite image classification is one of the important techniques for efficient management of the national land space. However, recent studies on satellite image classification often depend on the information of the selected image in selecting the region of interest. This study propose an effective method of selecting the area of interest using the continuous digital topographic map constructed from high resolution images. The spatial information used in this research is based on the digital topographic map from 2013 to 2017 provided by the National Geographical Information Institute and the 2015 Sejong City land cover map provided by the Ministry of Environment. To verify the accuracy of the extracted area of interest, KOMPSAT-3A satellite images were used which taken on October 28, 2018 and July 7, 2018. The baseline samples for 2015 were extracted using the unchanged area of the continuous digital topographic map for 2013-2015 and the land cover map for 2015, and also extracted the baseline samples in 2018 using the unchanged area of the continuous digital topographic map for 2015-2017 and the land cover map for 2015. The redundant areas that occurred when merging continuous digital topographic maps and land cover maps were removed to prevent confusion of data. Finally, the checkpoints are generated within the region of interest, and the accuracy of the region of interest extracted from the K3A satellite images and the error matrix in 2015 and 2018 is shown, and the accuracy is approximately 93% and 72%, respectively. The accuracy of the region of interest can be used as a region of interest, and the misclassified region can be used as a reference for change detection.

Production of Digital Climate Maps with 1km resolution over Korean Peninsula using Statistical Downscaling Model (통계적 상세화 모형을 활용한 한반도 1km 농업용 전자기후도 제작)

  • Jina Hur;Jae-Pil Cho;Kyo-Moon Shim;Sera Jo;Yong-Seok Kim;Min-Gu Kang;Chan-Sung Oh;Seung-Beom Seo;Eung-Sup Kim
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.404-414
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    • 2023
  • In this study, digital climate maps with high-resolution (1km, daily) for the period of 1981 to 2020 were produced for the use as reference data within the procedures for statistical downscaling of climate change scenarios. Grid data for the six climate variables including maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation was created over Korean Peninsula using statistical downscaling model, so-called IGISRM (Improved GIS-based Regression Model), using global reanalysis data and in-situ observation. The digital climate data reflects topographical effects well in terms of representing general behaviors of observation. In terms of Correlation Coefficient, Slope of scatter plot, and Normalized Root Mean Square Error, temperature-related variables showed satisfactory performance while the other variables showed relatively lower reproducibility performance. These digital climate maps based on observation will be used to downscale future climate change scenario data as well as to get the information of gridded agricultural weather data over the whole Korean Peninsula including North Korea.

Steel Plate Faults Diagnosis with S-MTS (S-MTS를 이용한 강판의 표면 결함 진단)

  • Kim, Joon-Young;Cha, Jae-Min;Shin, Junguk;Yeom, Choongsub
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.47-67
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    • 2017
  • Steel plate faults is one of important factors to affect the quality and price of the steel plates. So far many steelmakers generally have used visual inspection method that could be based on an inspector's intuition or experience. Specifically, the inspector checks the steel plate faults by looking the surface of the steel plates. However, the accuracy of this method is critically low that it can cause errors above 30% in judgment. Therefore, accurate steel plate faults diagnosis system has been continuously required in the industry. In order to meet the needs, this study proposed a new steel plate faults diagnosis system using Simultaneous MTS (S-MTS), which is an advanced Mahalanobis Taguchi System (MTS) algorithm, to classify various surface defects of the steel plates. MTS has generally been used to solve binary classification problems in various fields, but MTS was not used for multiclass classification due to its low accuracy. The reason is that only one mahalanobis space is established in the MTS. In contrast, S-MTS is suitable for multi-class classification. That is, S-MTS establishes individual mahalanobis space for each class. 'Simultaneous' implies comparing mahalanobis distances at the same time. The proposed steel plate faults diagnosis system was developed in four main stages. In the first stage, after various reference groups and related variables are defined, data of the steel plate faults is collected and used to establish the individual mahalanobis space per the reference groups and construct the full measurement scale. In the second stage, the mahalanobis distances of test groups is calculated based on the established mahalanobis spaces of the reference groups. Then, appropriateness of the spaces is verified by examining the separability of the mahalanobis diatances. In the third stage, orthogonal arrays and Signal-to-Noise (SN) ratio of dynamic type are applied for variable optimization. Also, Overall SN ratio gain is derived from the SN ratio and SN ratio gain. If the derived overall SN ratio gain is negative, it means that the variable should be removed. However, the variable with the positive gain may be considered as worth keeping. Finally, in the fourth stage, the measurement scale that is composed of selected useful variables is reconstructed. Next, an experimental test should be implemented to verify the ability of multi-class classification and thus the accuracy of the classification is acquired. If the accuracy is acceptable, this diagnosis system can be used for future applications. Also, this study compared the accuracy of the proposed steel plate faults diagnosis system with that of other popular classification algorithms including Decision Tree, Multi Perception Neural Network (MLPNN), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Tree Bagger Random Forest, Grid Search (GS), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The steel plates faults dataset used in the study is taken from the University of California at Irvine (UCI) machine learning repository. As a result, the proposed steel plate faults diagnosis system based on S-MTS shows 90.79% of classification accuracy. The accuracy of the proposed diagnosis system is 6-27% higher than MLPNN, LR, GS, GA and PSO. Based on the fact that the accuracy of commercial systems is only about 75-80%, it means that the proposed system has enough classification performance to be applied in the industry. In addition, the proposed system can reduce the number of measurement sensors that are installed in the fields because of variable optimization process. These results show that the proposed system not only can have a good ability on the steel plate faults diagnosis but also reduce operation and maintenance cost. For our future work, it will be applied in the fields to validate actual effectiveness of the proposed system and plan to improve the accuracy based on the results.