• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권7호
• /
• pp.927-932
• /
• 2018

The demand for beef as a protein source is increasing worldwide, although in most countries beef accounts for considerably less than half of total meat consumption. Beef also provides a highly desirable eating experience in developed countries and, increasingly, in developing countries. The sustainability of beef production has different meanings in the various geographical and socio-economic regions of the world. Natural resources including land mass and uses, rainfall and access to livestock feed, and the robustness of the economy are major determinants of the perception of beef sustainability. In this overview of the 2016 International Symposium on "Future Beef in Asia" and this subsequent Special Edition of the Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences on "Current Situation and Future Prospects for Global Beef Production", the contributions have been grouped into the following categories: Countries in Southeast Asia; Europe; and Countries producing highly marbled beef for export and/or domestic consumption. They also include reference to Special Topics including marbled beef production, and use of "omics" technologies to enhance beef quality assurance. Among these broad categories, notable differences exist across countries in the production and marketing of beef. These reflect differences in factors including natural resource availability and climate, population size, traditional culture and degree of economic development including industrial and technological developments. We trust that the International Symposium and this Special Edition on Current Situation and Future Prospects for Global Beef Production, the contents of which that are briefly summarized in this paper, will serve as a valuable resource for the livestock industries, researchers and students with an interest in enhancing the prospects for sustainable, efficient beef production that satisfies the growing size and complexity of consumer demands and markets for beef.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
• /
• pp.3103-3103
• /
• 2001

NIR has been extensively used to predict directly measurable properties of materials that are important to the appropriate industries. Commonly, NIR is used to perform fast, routine tests to improve control response as against the response time for the (normally chemical) base test. This paper discusses the use of NIR to measure indirect properties of materials. In these cases, the pure chemical or physical tests are either unable measure the appropriate parameters (eg GMO modification) or there are mitigating effects that are not properly addressed by the base tests. In particular, we looked at the digestible portion of amino acids within meat and bone meal. This is the desired response measurement by end-users of the product (intensive livestock producers) but is currently unable to be offered as a measurement by producers. The base test method is by controlled feeding trials. These are somewhat cumbersome, taking 2-3 months, involving several sets of animals, and considerable expense. A shortened test (feed trial based) would be of little use, as the precision blows out over short period feeding trials. For example, a rat ileal digestibility test requires around 2 months, and costs some $USD1000. This is clearly impractical test for a producer involved in continuous production, with a 1-2 day turn around. While the amino acid abundance is accessible chemically, the uptake of amino acids into usable material by mammalian species is not simply related to the measured abundance within the material. There are many co-related material properties that might help or hinder uptake, some chemical based (eg protein damage), some indirect (eg palatability), some physiological (intestinal tract response vs speed of throughput). We discuss the approaches taken to provide a suitable reference data set, and present the derived prediction and validation relationships.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
• /
• pp.1171-1171
• /
• 2001

Quantitative analysis is an important requirement in exploration, mining and processing of minerals. There is an increasing need for the use of quantitative mineralogical data to assist with bore hole logging, deposit delineation, grade control, feed to processing plants and monitoring of solid process residues. Quantitative analysis using X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) requires fine grinding and the addition of a reference material, or the application of Rietveld analysis to XRD patterns to provide accurate analysis of the suite of minerals present. Whilst accurate quantitative data can be obtained in this manner, the method is time consuming and limited to the laboratory. Mid infrared when combined with multivariant analysis has also been used for quantitative analysis. However, factors such as the absorption coefficients and refractive index of the minerals requires special sample preparation and dilution in a dispersive medium, such as KBr to minimize distortion of spectral features. In contrast, the lower intensity of the overtones and combinations of the fundamental vibrations in the near infrared allow direct measurement of virtually any solid without special sample preparation or dilution. Thus Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) has found application for quantitative on-line/in line analysis and control in a range of processing applications which include, moisture control in clay and textile processing, fermentation processes, wheat analysis, gasoline analysis and chemicals and polymers. It is developing rapidly in the mineral exploration industry and has been underpinned by the development of portable NIR spectrometers and spectral libraries of a wide range of minerals. For example, iron ores have been identified and characterized in terms of the individual mineral components using field spectrometers. Data acquisition time of NIR field instruments is of the order of seconds and sample preparation is minimal. Consequently these types of spectrometers have great potential for in-line or on-line application in the minerals industry. To demonstrate the applicability of NIR field spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of minerals, a specific example on the quantification of lateritic bauxites will be presented. It has been shown that the application of Partial Least Squares regression analysis (PLS) to the NIR spectra can be used to quantify chemistry and mineralogy in a range of lateritic bauxites. Important, issues such as sampling, precision, repeatability, and replication which influence the results will be discussed.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제35권5B호
• /
• pp.816-823
• /
• 2010

정보 검색서비스 모델 도출 영역에서는 정보 검색시스템을 각 센서 네트워크의 서비스로의 추상화를 기반으로 동적으로 필요한 센서 네트워크 서비스의 검색서비스로 제공하는 시스템으로 정의하였다. 이어 효율적인 정보 검색서비스의 요구사항을 정의하였으며 이러한 요구사항을 만족시킬 수 있는 성능 분석 모델을 개발하였으며 마지막으로 효과적인 설계 공간을 도출하였다. USN 기술 현황 분석 영역에서는 USN 시스템 기술, USN 네트워킹 기술, 그리고 USN 미들웨어 및 서비스플랫폼 부문으로 분류한 후 각 기술부분별로 세부기술에 대하여 국내외 대표적인 기술개발의 내용과 현황을 조사. 분석 결과를 제시한다. 이러한 기술 분석의 결과를 바탕으로 USN 소프트웨어 모델 도출 영역에서는 센서 네트워크의 센싱, 데이터 저장, 데이터 네이밍, 네임서비스 부문에 대하여 모델을 도출한다. 이러한 모델 도출은 USN 하드웨어 및 소프트웨어의 참조 모델을 제시한다. 정보 검색서비스 아키텍처 프레임워크 개발 영역에서는 입력 쿼리 명세, Lookup, 분산 레졸루션을 위한 성능확장성 측면에서 효과적인 시스템 구축 프레임워크로 DNS 기반 정보 검색서비스 아키텍처와 DHT 기반 정보 검색서비스 아키텍처 프레임워크를 제시하였다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.323-349
• /
• 2013

The mud shrimp Upogebia major (Upogebiidae: Decapoda: Crustacea) is a common species on muddy and sandy mud tidal flats in the west coast of Korea. They reside in Y-shaped burrows that can extend up to more than 2 meters below the sediment surface. They feed on suspended detritus carried into their burrow by the beating of their pleopods and captured by their hairy first two pairs of thoracic legs. Mud shrimp burrows provide a habitat for a variety of small organisms such as crabs, shrimps, polychaetes, and mollusks. Ovigerous females are observed from December to May. Females deposit eggs only once per breeding season. They start hatching in March and the pelagic larvae of first zoea appear in March and April, followed by benthic settlement in May. Growth over the first year is rapid, and females deposit their first eggs in the third breeding season, 31 months after their settlement. Adult shrimps live for 4~5 years. Depth of the burrow increases with body length. The deep burrows provide refuge from predators and physical stress, allowing the shrimps to survive for a long time. The mud shrimps supply oxygen-rich water to their deep burrows, and exert a great influence on the structure and metabolism of the tidal flat benthic community. However, recently this type of mud shrimp has posed a serious threat to the Korean clam industry along the west coast of Korea. The extensive burrowing shrimp populations suddenly invaded the tidal flats from 2010 where the clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) are raised. As a consequence, clam production has decreased by about 10% over the past three years in some Korean clam beds. Therefore, the objective of this study is to review the biology of this mud shrimp in order to seek solutions to control the burrowing of these shrimps.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제34권4호통권96호
• /
• pp.342-348
• /
• 2001

본 연구는 호소내 오염된 퇴적물 처리를 위한 분리 및 농축을 위한 전처리 장치로서 hydrocyclone의 이용 가능성을 평가하는 실험이다. 외국의 선행 연구자인 Rietema의 표준 규격을 참고하여 제작된 Hydrocyclone을 이용하여 분리 및 농축 실험과 유입 및 배출 시료의 물리화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 실험결과 Hydrocyclone의 장치특성 실험에서 분리 및 농축에 가장 큰 영향요소는 몸통직경이며, 유입속도, 유입시료의 농도에 영향을 받는 것으로 조사되었다. 분리 및 농축에 필요한 한계 유입속도는 1.5 m/s로 조사되었으며, Cyclone의 몸통 직경이 작고, 유입 속도가 빠르며, 유입되는 시료의 농도가 낮을수록 분리 및 농축 효율이 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 재활용 가능성 평가를 위한 오염도 평가 결과 입자의 입경이 작을수록 오염도가 높은 것으로 조사되었으며, 분리 처리 결과 현저하게 높은 유기물 제거율을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.606-612
• /
• 2005

Individual production traits, such as reproduction and mortality rates, are partial measures, but may be used to evaluate the performance of different systems by comparing the rate of flock growth and potential offtake. The productivity of two existing sheep production systems, one extensive, one intensive, was compared with an alternative semi-intensive system. The future flock sizes, offtakes and structures were predicted based on the age structure of the flock and age-specific reproduction, mortality and growth rates. The measurements were illustrated with reference to growth of a sheep flock of different age and sex categories. The flock was in a socalled dynamic situation. During the dry period, the digestible organic matter intake of the animals in the intensive system and both extensive and semi-extensive systems was 36 and 20.1 g kg$^{-0.75}$ d$^{-1}$, respectively. During the cold period, the digestible organic matter intake of the animals in extensive, intensive and semi-extensive systems was 34, 34.5 and 41 g kg$^{-0.75}$ d$^{-1}$, respectively. During the dry period, the animals in the both extensive and semi-intensive systems lost in body weight at a rate of 19 g per day, but the rate of gain in body weight of the animals in intensive system was 57 g per day. During the cold period, the animals in extensive, intensive and semiintensive systems gained in body weight at rates of 56, 67 and 97 g per day, respectively. The higher gain of animals during the cold period in the semi-intensive system was related to a sustained higher intake of low-quality roughage and more efficient use of the available feed. Compared to the intensive system, the annual concentrate input of the semi-intensive system was about 48% lower for each livestock unit. The productivity of the semi-intensive system was higher than that of the extensive system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제14권10호
• /
• pp.1483-1496
• /
• 2001

Small ruminants form an important economic and ecological niche in small farm systems and agriculture. Their current low level of contribution is dismal, and is not commensurate with the potential capacity for higher levels of production. The context for productivity enhancement and increased socio-economic contribution relates to large sizes of small ruminant populations; wide distribution across various agro-ecological zones and production systems; and diversity of breeds, where 66% of all goat and 57% of sheep breeds in Asia are found in China, India and Pakistan. The advantages and disadvantages of small ruminants over larger ruminants are enumerated with reference to adaptation and environment, small size, production systems and products and interactions with the environment. Discussion focuses especially on efficiency of meat production and niche markets for higher-priced goat meat, and inefficient marketing systems given an estimated 40-45% loss of income to farmers presently. Increasing the quantity of meat produced is related to live weight and the total number of animals at Slaughter, which in turn, depend on the total number of offsprings weaned and lifetime productivity. At the national level, priority attention is essential to build up numbers in concerted breeding programmes, selection for efficiency of reproduction and meat production, and improvements to make traditional markets and marketing systems to respond to the changing environmental and consumer preferences. Post-production systems are neglected and improvements are associated with collection, handling, marketing, slaughter facilities and consumer requirements. Potential opportunities to expand and benefit from integrating small ruminants into annual and perennial cropping systems remain largely unexplored. Important development imperatives include choice of species and better use of available breeds, appropriate production systems that match available feed resources, and linkages between production, products and by-products to markets. Affirmative action is necessary, backed by official policy support, institutional commitment and increased resource use, that can target poverty and directly benefit the poor, and shift subsistence production to a more market-oriented opportunity. These efforts together constitute the challenges for both the owners and producers of small ruminants in the immediate future, as also the will to accelerate increased productivity, improve their livelihoods and promote rural growth.

• 한국생활과학회지
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.793-798
• /
• 2009

Hair cut is one of the best useful technical tool for hair styling. In this study using the rule of the layers of hair design, balanced for visual art, perceptual ability and form created by the principles of analysis and offer hair cuts and hair design of the representation of regions and even hair design as the basis of a student of Hair Beauty and all the people working in the field can create a variety of hair design puts the purpose to establish a basis. The result of this study can be outline as follows: First, the step line and the movement of the relationship between the law of the layers above and below the length of the same layer techniques, the same consists of a vertical cross-section of the overall round shape of the cut same layer is created and the appropriate volume and movement, the movement of low-layer round a little bit more feeling and expression is used when you want. High-layer used to want to move a lot of light and could see that. Second, the layer of the Law and over direction, lifting, section, the line control. weight control and analyzed by principle and the principle of the process of forming the written form was unknown. Third, hair design, the expansion of the expressive power of the law of the layers, and the section of the over direction depends on the presence of line control to express the length of the outline I had to, lifting the weight to adjust form controls, and the expression of Hair Design will be expanding the width. A hair designer, a layer style to create a zone he thought the law of the first layer formative area To further the reach will be a lot of research, leading up formative aspects of this research thesis do not have missing parts, or as a result of the Beauty of Hair Design and the width of a hair design education in the field can perform to help feed the reference materials that will be.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제59권3호
• /
• pp.71-81
• /
• 2017

Organic dust generated inside livestock facilities includes toxic organic matters such as bacteria and endotoxin. Dust can cause respiratory disease for worker and livestock, and consequently, degradation of welfare and productivity. Influence of dust on livestock workers has been studied since the 1970s. However, exposure limit for cattle farmer has not been established, unlike exposure limit for pig and poultry farmer. Furthermore, study on air quality inside livestock facility, especially inside dairy farm has been rarely conducted in Korea. In this study, dust concentration of TSP, PM10, inhalable and respirable dust has been monitored in the commercial dairy house according to location and working activities. Bedding material inside the stall was one of the major sources of dust. The amount of dust was related to water content level of the bedding material. Dust concentration was relatively high in leeward location, and the highest concentration was measured during TMR mixing process. The maximum value of inhalable dust concentration was 29.1 times higher than the reference value as fine particles drop to the TMR mixer. Dust generated by TMR mixing was presumed to decrease by adjusting moisture and drop height of feed.