• 제목/요약/키워드: Reduction rates

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홍수 유출자료의 공간확장과 홍수저감효과에 대한 댐 영향 분석 II (Dam Effects on Spatial Extension of Flood Discharge Data and Flood Reduction Scale II)

  • 정용;김남원;이정은
    • 한국수자원학회논문집
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    • 제48권3호
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    • pp.221-231
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    • 2015
  • 본 연구는 홍수 유출자료의 공간확장에 대한 중간 시설물 (e.g. 댐)의 영향 연구의 연장으로, 공간확장된 시간당 홍수 유출자료를 활용해 댐의 홍수조절 특성과 댐의 홍수저감률 변화를 공간적으로 분석하였다. 이를 위해 횡성댐과 충주댐의 직접적인 영향을 받는 남한강 본류를 연구중심지역으로 선정하였다. 댐의 홍수저감률에 대한 댐 자체 분석에 의하면 홍수사상 크기가 커질수록 댐의 홍수저감률이 작아지는 것을 횡성댐과 충주댐 모두 보였다. 두 댐의 영향을 받는 여주 수위관측소에서 유역면적의 비와 홍수저감률과의 관계는 댐이 포함하는 유역이 커질수록 홍수저감률이 커지는 특성이 있으며 선정된 수위관측소에서의 평균 홍수저감률은 유역면적비에 비해 작게 나타났다. 일예로, 첨두홍수량(peak discharge)을 기준으로, 횡성댐과 충주댐의 유역면적비가 0.02와 0.6인데 평균 홍수저감률이 0.01와 0.51로 나타났다. 댐에서 떨어진 거리의 수위관측소에서도 홍수의 크기에 따른 홍수저감률은 댐 자체의 홍수저감 특성과 동일하게 작용하였다. 댐의 홍수저감률에 대한 공간적 영향범위를 세 곳의 수위관측소(강천, 여주, 양평)를 기준으로 분석하였다. 이 과정을 통해 댐을 포함하는 유역면적의 7배에 해당하는 유역면적에서는 홍수저감률이 약 0.1이하로 떨어졌고, 최저 0.02까지 떨어지는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다.

천연가스 유량변화에 따른 터보팽창기 감압시스템 운전 최적화에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Operational Optimization of Turbo-Expander Pressure Reduction System to the Natural Gas Flow Rates)

  • 유한빛;김효
    • 한국가스학회지
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    • 제19권6호
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    • pp.72-79
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    • 2015
  • 천연가스 감압기지에 터보팽창기 감압시스템을 도입하여 천연가스의 감압과정에서 전기에너지를 생산할 수 있다. 터보팽창기의 효율은 천연가스의 유량과 터보팽창기 설계유량의 비에 따라 달라진다. 따라서 터보팽창기로 들어가는 유량을 조절함으로써 감압시스템을 운전하기 위한 최적조건을 결정할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 두 곳의 저압 정압기지에서 천연가스의 압력이 17.5 bar에서 8.5 bar로 감압될 때 천연가스의 유량에 따라 생산 가능한 전력을 계산하고 계산결과의 비교를 통해 터보팽창기 감압시스템이 최적으로 운전되기 위한 조건을 찾았다. 천연가스의 평균 유량이 크고 유량의 변화가 작을 때 터보팽창기가 효율적으로 운전되었고 터보팽창기의 설계유량은 천연가스의 유량을 가장 많이 포함하는 용량에서 결정되었다. 선정된 두 정압기지에서 회수 가능한 전력생산량은 9 MW(B 기지), 12 MW(D 기지)로 추산되었다.

학령 전기 아동의 말속도 모방능력에 관한 연구 (The Imitating Ability of Speaking Rates in 4-5 year old Children)

  • 심현섭;김수진;이희란;김정미
    • 음성과학
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.141-149
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    • 1999
  • Parental speaking rates reduction is frequently recommended by speech-language pathologists as a way to facilitate the fluency of preschool children who stutter. However, this clinical notion is in need of empirical support. For this reason, Sim & Zebrowski (1995) examined the ability of young children imitating different speaking rates. However, Sim & Zebrwoski's study was not made in a natural context but in the laboratory, so the findings are limited to apply to the clinical situation. The current study aimed to examine the ability of three different speaking rates(baseline, 10% slower, and 24% slower) in a natural situation both with instruction and without instruction. The results show that (1) all children were able to imitate the stimulus speaking rates adequately, (2) instruction about speaking rates for each child influenced the ability to imitate slower speaking rates. These clinical implications of findings in this study are that 4-5 year-old children are able to imitate different speaking rates with instruction and can be candidates for the parental speaking rates reduction program in the stutter therapy.

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음식물 쓰레기를 줄이기 위한 체계화 연구(I) -상용식품의 폐기율 조사와 급식소의 유형별 음식물 쓰레기량과 교육에 의한 개선효과- (The Systematic Study on Reduction of Food Waste Products(I) -Survey on Waste Rates of Frequently Consumed Korean Foods and Effect of Education on Kitchen Wastes of Institutional Foodservices -)

  • 전예숙;최미경
    • 동아시아식생활학회지
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    • 제9권1호
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    • pp.55-63
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    • 1999
  • This research was conducted to estimate waste rates of 69 food items after pre-preparation and amounts of food wastes disposed and it's reduction effect by education in some institutional foodservices for reduction of the food wastes. The result are as follows: 1. The waste rates were 55.40% for sweet corn, 5.73% for potatoes, 19.14% for sweet potatoes, and 33.47% for chestnuts. 2. The waste rates of fruits were 0.21-49.36%. Food items with over 40% waste rate were banana, watermelon, and pineapple. 3. The waste rates of vegetables were 1.14-52.90%. The number of foods with under 10% waste rate were 14 items(red pepper, green pepper, chard, and so on), 10-20% was 9 items(perilla leaf, chinese cabbage, ginger root, and so on), 20-30% was 5 items(root of chinese bellflower, garlic, radish-leaves, burdock, welsh onion-large type), 30-40% was 3 items(shepherd's purse, head lettuce, kale) and over 40% was 3 items(water dropwort, crown daisy, mallow). 4. The waste rates were 24.30% in chicken, 9.53-13.79% in eggs, and 9.30-55.32% in fishes. The waste rates of vegetables and fishes were higher than those of other food groups. 5. There were significantly different in amount of food wastes disposed (g/person/day) to institutional foodservices (hospital>industrial institution> Korean restaurant>elementary school). The amount of food wastes disposed, especially amount in pre-preparation phase, after education for reduction of food wastes was significantly reduced. Since these study results show significant deviations in food waste rates and education effect, there should be more studies for standard waste rates of each food and systematic education method for reduction of food wastes.

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의료기관 운영요인과 환경요인이 진료비 삭감율에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 (Study of Management and Environmental Factors Affecting Medical Expense Reduction)

  • 양유정
    • 디지털융복합연구
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    • 제10권11호
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    • pp.493-502
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    • 2012
  • 본 연구는 진료비 삭감율에 영향을 미치는 의료기관의 운영요인과 환경요인이 무엇인지 알아보기 위한 연구로 삭감율을 최초 삭감율과 최종 삭감율로 구분하고, 진료비는 입원과 외래로 구분하여 조사 연구 하였다. 연구의 자료는 전국 병원급 이상 독립된 보험심사부서의 부서장을 대상으로 직접 설문조사를 통해 얻어진 205부의 설문지를 최종 분석 자료로 이용하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 진료비 최초 삭감율과 최종 삭감율에 대한 집단 간의 차이를 분석한 결과 입원의 의료기관 운영요인은 보유 병상, 총 진료과, 보험심사 인력, 총 직원수에 유의한 결과를 보였으며, 외래는 의무기록 운영형태, 보유병상, 총 진료과, 보험심사인력, 총 직원수에 유의한 결과를 보였다. 진료비 삭감율에 영향을 미치는 의료기관의 운영요인은 최초 삭감과 최종 삭감이 동일하게 입원은 병상수가 높을수록, 외래는 전자의무기록을 시행할수록 유의한 결과를 보였다. 진료비 삭감율에 영향을 미치는 의료기관의 환경요인은 최초 삭감과 최종 삭감이 동일하게 입원은 업무협조가 잘 될수록, 지표관리를 시행할수록, 시간외 수당이 지급될수록 유의한 결과를 보였다. 외래의 경우 진료비 최초 삭감은 지표관리를 시행할수록, 진료비 관련 위원회를 구성하여 운영할수록 유의한 결과를 보였으며, 최종 삭감은 업무협조가 잘 될수록, 지표관리를 시행할수록, 시간외수당이 지급될수록 유의한 결과를 보였다.

신축성 원단의 축소율과 의복압에 대한 기초 연구 (Fundamental Relationship between Reduction Rates of Stretch Fabrics and Clothing Pressure)

  • 정연희
    • 한국생활과학회지
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    • 제17권5호
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    • pp.963-973
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    • 2008
  • Clothing pressure is closely connected with the degree of comfort of an athlete's tight-fitting garments. Therefore, the construction of sports garments is very important to the wearer's athletic performance. In this study, the fundamental relationship between the reduction rates of stretch fabrics and clothing pressure was explored with the aim of improving clothing comfort and obtaining a systematic pattern reduction for women's tight-fitting bodysuits. A women's bodysuit pattern was obtained by the draping method using a dressform. The basic pattern was divided into four parts and changed into reduced pattems according to the amount of fabric stretch determined by ASTM D2594. Clothing pressure was measured using an air-pack-type pressure sensor (model AMI 3037-2) at 20 locations (shoulder, 9 locations; bust, 5; and armhole, 6). Among the 15 garments tested, the mean pressure of the A1 bodysuit was 4.60 $gf/cm^2$, and that of the C5 bodysuit was 22.98 $gf/cm^2$. The mean pressures of the bodysuits with reduction rates of 10% and 20% were below 10 $gf/cm^2$, while those of suits with reduction rates of 30%,40%, and 50% (except C5) were below 20 $gf/cm^2$. The pressure at the shoulder was 9.50$\sim$32.24 $gf/cm^2$, which was higher than that at the bust (3.34$\sim$24.56 $gf/cm^2$) and the armhole (0.95$\sim$12.15 $gf/cm^2$). The mean pressures of the 15 bodysuits were divided into five groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and were found to be significantly different (p<0.001). Regression analysis afforded the following expression: mean pressure ($gf/cm^2$) = 1.607 + 0.369[reduction rate (%)].

논과 갯벌에서 톨루엔의 혐기성 생분해에 미치는 전자수용체의 영향 (Effect of Electron Acceptor on Anaerobic Toluene Biodegradation in Rice Field and Tidal Mud Flat)

  • 조경숙
    • 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.197-200
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    • 2003
  • In oil-contaminated environments, anaerobic biodegradation of toluene depended on the concentration and distribution of terminal electron acceptor as well as the physicochemical properties such as DO concentration, redox potential and pH. This study showed the anaerobic biodegradation of toluene in two different soils by using nitrate reduction, ferric iron reduction, sulfate reduction and methanogensis. Toluene degradation rates in the soil samples taken from rice filed and tidal mud flat by nitrate reduction were higher than those by other processes. Tho soil samples from the two fields were enriched for 130 days by providing toluene as a sole carbon source and nitrate or sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor. The toluene degradation rates in the enriched denitrifying consortia obtained from the rice field and tidal mud flat soil were 310.7 and 200.6 $\mu$mol$ L^{-1}$ / $d^{-1}$, respectively. The toluene (legradation rates in the enriched sulfate-reducing consortia from the fields ranged fi-om 149.1 to 86.1$\mu$mol $L^{-1}$ / $d^{-1}$ .

식생체류지의 원지반 침투율이 유출량 저감효과에 미치는 영향모의 (The Effects of Infiltration Rate of Foundation Ground Under the Bioretention on the Runoff Reduction Efficiency)

  • 전지홍;정광욱
    • 한국물환경학회지
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    • 제35권1호
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    • pp.72-77
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    • 2019
  • Soil type in LID infiltration practices plays a major role in runoff reduction efficacy. In this study, the effects of infiltration rate of foundation ground under bioretention on annual runoff reduction rate was evaluated using LIDMOD3 which is a simple excel based model for evaluating LID practices. A bioretention area of about 3.2 % was required to capture surface runoff from an impervious area for a 25.4 mm rainfall event. The relative error of runoff from bioretention using LIDMOD3 is 10 % less than that of SWMM5.1 for a total rainfall event of 257.1 mm during the period of Aug. 1 ~ 18, 2017, hence, the applicability of LIDMOD3 was confirmed. Annual runoff reduction rates for the period 2008 ~ 2017 were evaluated for various infiltration rates of foundation ground under the bioretention which ranged from 0.001 to 0.600 m/day and were converted to annual runoff reduction for hydrologic soil group. The runoff reduction rates within hydrologic soil group C and D were steeply increased through increased infiltration rate but not steep within hydrologic A and B with reduction rates ranging from 53 ~ 68 %. The estimated time required to completely empty a bioretention which has a storage depth of 0.632 m is 3.5 ~ 6.9 days and we could assume that the annual average of antecedent rainfall is longer than 3.5 ~ 6.9 days. Therefore, we recommended B type as the minimum hydrologic soil group installed LID infiltration practices for high runoff reduction rate.

침수피해에 의한 벼 감수량 추정기법 개발 (Development of Estimation Technique for Rice Yield Reduction by Inundation Damage)

  • 박종민;김상민;성충현;박승우
    • 한국농공학회논문집
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    • 제46권5호
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    • pp.89-98
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    • 2004
  • The amount of rice yield reduction due to inundation should be estimated to analyse economic efficiency of the farmland drainage improvement projects because those projects are generally promoted to mitigate flood inundation damage to rice in Korea. Estimation of rice yield reduction will also provide information on the flood risk performance to farmers. This study presented the relationships between inundated durations and rice yield reduction rates for different rice growth stages from the observed data collected from 1966 to 2000 in Korea, and developed the rice yield reduction estimation model (RYREM). RYREM was applied to the test watershed for estimating the rice yield reduction rates and the amount of expected average annual rice yield reduction by the rainfalls with 48 hours duration, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 years return periods.

의료기관 진료비 삭감율 및 이의신청 회수율과 관련되는 관리요인 (The Management Factors of Medical Expenditure Reduction and Recovery of Hospital Health Insurance Department)

  • 박현숙
    • 한국병원경영학회지
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.46-75
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    • 2008
  • Main objective of this study is to investigate the factors that affect the reduction and recovery rate of hospital health insurance review departments of Korean tertiary hospitals, general hospitals and hospitals. A nationwide mail survey was conducted through structured questionnaire for chiefs and members of health insurance review departments of 178 hospitals, and data from 1,064 respondents were utilized in the final analysis. Major findings are as follows: 1) Monthly average reduction rate of surveyed hospitals was 1.18% for inpatients and 0.56% for outpatients. Also, average recovery rates from protests were 45.7% and 53.6%, respectively. 2) Average ages of health insurance review department employees were 41.5 for chiefs and 34.9 for members, and their average working period was 6.64 years. 69.1% of the respondents felt stress in their jobs, and they suggested 'communication problems with doctors' along with 'heavy workloads' as major reasons for the stress. 3) Reduction rates decreased and recovery rates increased when separate member in charge was assigned to each medical department, when health insurance review departments periodically provided medical parts with related education, and when the members participated in various committees.

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