• Clean Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 2018

There are various activities for reduction of the greenhouse gasses (GHG) emission around the world. The countries agreed to submit their's individual plans to the United Nations and have operated programs related to the Climate Change, in addition, the enterprises have spontaneously been developed individual calculation methodologies of GHG emission. This paper aims at examining methods for calculating the effect of the reduction of environmental impact, being divided into three categories; international standard, country, enterprise. The reduction effects of environmental impact were compared by applying an existing product of the vehicle undercover and the uni-materialized product and being selected six calculation methods of environmental footprint. There are significant differences according to the evaluation methods of product environmental footprint (PEF) reduction. Main factors of differences are a gap in system boundary, a scope of data collection and the replacement amount standard of existing products. Stakeholders are unreliable in the results of PEF reduction because of the differences in results by each methodology. Therefore, it is necessary to disclose in detail the methodologies of calculating the PEF reduction that relevant people can easily understand, also to enable comparisons of the reduction results by developing the standardization of evaluation methods of PEF in the long term.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.59-66
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• 2016

This paper presents an empirical evaluation on dimensionality reduction strategies by which dissimilarity-based classifications (DBC) can be implemented efficiently. In DBC, classification is not based on feature measurements of individual objects (a set of attributes), but rather on a suitable dissimilarity measure among the individual objects (pair-wise object comparisons). One problem of DBC is the high dimensionality of the dissimilarity space when a lots of objects are treated. To address this issue, two kinds of solutions have been proposed in the literature: prototype selection (PS)-based methods and dimension reduction (DR)-based methods. In this paper, instead of utilizing the PS-based or DR-based methods, a way of performing DBC in Eigen spaces (ES) is considered and empirically compared. In ES-based DBC, classifications are performed as follows: first, a set of principal eigenvectors is extracted from the training data set using a principal component analysis; second, an Eigen space is expanded using a subset of the extracted and selected Eigen vectors; third, after measuring distances among the projected objects in the Eigen space using $l_p$-norms as the dissimilarity, classification is performed. The experimental results, which are obtained using the nearest neighbor rule with artificial and real-life benchmark data sets, demonstrate that when the dimensionality of the Eigen spaces has been selected appropriately, compared to the PS-based and DR-based methods, the performance of the ES-based DBC can be improved in terms of the classification accuracy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.99-117
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• 2019

Environmental impact assessment (EIA), which predicts, evaluates, and manages the influences on natural landscape, plays a role of monitoring natural resources for systematic management of natural landscape. However, the function of verification and correction of the system is still insufficient and feed-back, one of the most important features of EIA follow-up, has not been introduced in Korea's EIA system yet. As a procedure, it is required to check if the opinions of the evaluators are properly reflected to the outcomes of the project through a reviewing process after assessing environmental impacts of a development project. In reality, despite the awareness about the importance of follow-up inspection of the conformity with, the system mainly focuses on the agreement during the planning stage of the development project and fails to continuously manage after its completion. There have been various preceding studies related to prediction, evaluation, and management of environmental impacts on natural landscape for better management. They primarily dealt with the problems in the EIA process and suggested improvement measures, including directions for institutional development, step-by-step goals, and operation methods, to address the problems which arise in the EIA follow-up process. However, suggested measures are not actively applied with the focus only put on institutional operation, there are virtually no standardized methods to predict and assess landscape changes due to the development project and to manage landscape after the project. Against this backdrop, this study aims to explore the existing methods to analyze the impacts natural landscape and to establish a system where landscape management is continued after the development project. To this end, we will suggest reducing methods according to the predicted changes in landscape for post-project management of natural landscape. Characteristics of reduction methods by project type were examined through reviewing the guide to natural landscape rating and the importance of development project impacts on natural landscape by type of reduction was evaluated through questionnaire for experts. Evaluated types of reduction are classified and presented by characteristics of each development project and content of reduction type.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.22-36
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• 2005

This research is to classify psychological risk perceptions in purchases process at counterfeit at fashion luxury brands, into a risk perception on purchase activity itself and a risk perception on the post-purchase situation, and to analyze types and characteristics at risk reduction behaviors to reduce each risk perception. In this research a qualitative method was employed, and research-related data were collected and analyzed through in-depth interviews. Results were shown that risk reduction behaviors at psychological risk perception on purchase activity itself included rationalization of purchase, accompanied purchase, reduction and discontinuance of purchase, and that risk reduction behaviors of psychological risk perception on the post-purchase situation included information search, establishment of selection criteria, establishment of marginal limit, selective purchase, planned and compared purchase, and reduction and discontinuance of purchase. Previous researches suggested brand loyalty, selection of famous brands, utilization of information agents by marketers, pre-purchase usage and guaranteed purchase, but these risk reduction methods were not utilized, this probably being interpreted as a result of characteristics of counterfeit. In addition, risk reduction behavior of one type tended to reduce risk perception of several other types, and risk reduction behaviors of various types were utilized to reduce a certain type's risk perception. Not only types of risk perception but also levels of risk perception appeared to have exerted influence to risk reduction behaviors.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.111-114
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• 2013

The anterior maxillary sinus walls are the most frequently injured sites in midfacial fractures. The maxillary sinus is a difficult surgical site for reduction and fixation due to its narrow surgical field, and has a chance of developing sinusitis when sufficient treatment is not given. In this study, the methods developed by the authors for managing such are introduced. Two small openings were made on both sides of the fracture line, then a suture knot was tied instead of wiring for reduction and fixation. Then an absorbable mesh was applied on top of the fracture site, with a suture knot for additional fixation. This method was applied on an actual patient, and it was a convenient method despite the narrow surgical field that was provided. The authors believe that using suture knots to fixate fractured segments and absorbable mesh is relatively convenient and economically efficient when it comes to the reduction and fixation of the maxillary sinus wall fracture with several fragments.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.484-491
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• 2014

Objectives: A radon emission reducing agent was prepared using charcoal and zeolite, and the amount was measured after coating construction materials with the agent. The availability of the radon emission reducing agent was evaluated. Methods: Construction materials (red brick, cement brick, and gypsum board) coated with reducing agent were placed in a chamber to measure radon emissions. The construction materials were coated one through three times. The spread volume for brick and gypsum board was 50 mL and 75 mL per application, respectively. The amount of radon emitted was measured by RAD-7 after 48 hours. Results: The reduction ratio increased with the number of coatings, and the reduction ratios for red brick, cement brick, and gypsum board were 63.3, 73.6, and 58%, respectively, in the case of three coatings of RA-1. The reduction ratios for red brick, cement brick, and gypsum board were 42.8, 58.1, and 26.2%, respectively in the case of three coatings with RA-2. RA-1 was slightly better than RA-2 in radon emission reduction. Conclusions: Radon emissions from construction materials decreased according to the concentration of reducing agent coating, and it was more effective than existing methods.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 1993

The present study was conducted to investigate the isolation frequency, biochemical prop erties and antimicrobial susceptibility of B. bronchiseptica isolated from slaughtered pigs during the period from March to December, 1992. In Kyeonggi province. A serological survey for antibody of B. bronchiseptica in 200 slaughtered pigs was carried out by agglutination and tetrazolium reduction methods. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. From 80 slaughtered pigs, 27(33.8%) case were isolated and all isolate strains were resistant to Penicillin, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Ampicllin, while the majority of them were susceptible to Gentamicin, Cloxacin, Colistin, Neomycin, and Kanamycin. 2. Incidence of B. bronchiseptica antibody in 200 slaughtered pigs were measured by agglutination and tetrazolium reduction methods. Agglutination method was shown 38 (19%) of 200 with a titer of below 1：20 and 20(10%) of 200 with a titer of above 1：640. Tetrazolium reduction method was observed 33(16.5%) of 200 with a titer of below 1 : 20 and 32(15%) of 200 with a titer of above 1：640. 3. LSD analysis indicated that the difference of the responses between agglutination test and tetrazolium reduction test was not significant.

• Near Infrared Analysis
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2001

This review paper outlines modern pretreatment methods used in NIR spectroscopy. The pretreatment methods can be divided into four categories. One method in is noise reduction. Smoothing is a representative method for the noise reduction. Another is baseline correction. The second derivative and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) are most frequently employed for baseline correction. The third is centering and normalization and the last is resolution enhancement. Difference spectra, mean centering and second derivative are used in NIR spectroscopy as resolution enhancement methods. In this paper advantages and drawbacks of pretreatment methods currently used in NIR spectroscopy are discussed with many examples of NIR spectra.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1124-1134
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• 2016

The tone reservation method is one of the most effective pre-distortion methods for peak-to-average power ratio reduction in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Its direct application to OFDM systems with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OQAM) is, however, not effective. In this paper, two novel TR-based methods are proposed, specifically designed for OFDM/OQAM systems by taking into consideration the overlapping nature of OQAM signals. These two methods have different approaches to the generation of the peak-cancelling signal. The first one (overlapped scaling tone reservation) generates the peak-cancelling signal using a least squares approximation algorithm with possible adjacent symbol overlap; the second one (multi-kernel tone reservation) generates the peak-cancelling signal by using multiple impulse-like time domain kernels. It is shown by simulation that, when used in OFDM/OQAM systems, the proposed methods can provide better performance than the direct application of the existing controlled clipping tone reservation method, and even outperform the multi-block tone reservation method.

• Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.2733-2746
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• 2018

The two inverse regression estimation methods, SIR and SAVE to estimate the central space are computationally easy and are widely used. However, SIR and SAVE may have poor performance in finite samples and need strong assumptions (linearity and/or constant covariance conditions) on predictors. The two non-parametric estimation methods, MAVE and dMAVE have much better performance for finite samples than SIR and SAVE. MAVE and dMAVE need no strong requirements on predictors or on the response variable. MAVE is focused on estimating the central mean subspace, but dMAVE is to estimate the central space. This paper explores and compares four methods to explain the dimension reduction. Each algorithm of these four methods is reviewed. Empirical study for simulated data shows that MAVE and dMAVE has relatively better performance than SIR and SAVE, regardless of not only different models but also different distributional assumptions of predictors. However, real data example with the binary response demonstrates that SAVE is better than other methods.