• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.305-309
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• 2012

Purpose:This study was conducted to research any effect on aided distance visual acuity and refractive error changes by using smartphone at near for long term. Methods: 20($20.6{\pm}0.9$ years) young adults subjects with no ocular diseases, over 0.8 of aided distance visual acuity, normal amplitude of accommodation and normal accommodative facility agreed to participate in this study. The subjects were divided into two group, Group 1 (15 cm fixation distance) included 10 subjects and Group 2(40 cm fixation distance) included 10 subjects. Aided distance visual acuity and refractive error were measured before and after using smartphone for 30 minutes by auto-chart project (CP-1000, Dongyang, Korea), phoropter (VT-20, Dongyang, Korea), auto refractor-keratometer (MRK-3100, Huvitz, Korea). After then, the subjects looked at distance with wearing spectacles. Refractive error was measured at 5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes later, respectively. Results: After using smartphone at 15 cm for 30 minutes, there was statistically significant reduction of aided distance visual acuity (p=0.030) and increasing myopia (p=0.001). The increased myopia was not statistically significant after 5 minutes rest (p${\geq}$0.464). However there was no statistically significant changes in aided distance visual acuity (p=0.163) and refractive error (p=0.077) after using smartphone at 40 cm for 30 minutes. Conclusions: It is recommend to keep 40 cm off the smartphone from eyes to avoid any aided distance visual acuity and refractive error changes. If smartphone is used closer than 40 cm, a rest for 5 minutes is also recommend after every 30 minutes use with smartphone to avoid any aided distance visual acuity and refractive error changes.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.996-1002
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• 2003

Purpose : In Rett syndrome patients, the incidence of sudden death is greater than that of the general population, and cardiac electrical instability including fatal cardiac arrhythmia is a main suspected cause. In this study, we are going to find out the possible cause of the higher risk of sudden death in Rett patients by the evaluation of heart rate variability, a marker of cardiac autonomic activity and corrected QT intervals. Methods : Diagnosis of Rett syndrome was made by molecular genetic study of Rett syndrome (MECP2 gene) or clinical diagnostic criteria of Rett syndrome. Heart rate variability and corrected QT intervals were measured by 24 h-Holter study in 12 Rett patients, and in 30 age-matched healthy children with chief complaints of chest pain or suspected heart murmurs. The were compared with the normal age-matched control. Results : Patients with total Rett syndrome, classic Rett syndrome, and Rett variants had significantly lower heart rate variability(especially rMSSD)(P<0.05) and longer corrected QT intervals than age-matched healthy children(P<0.05). Sympathovagal balance expressed by the ratio of high to low frequency(LF/HF ratio) also showed statistically significant differences between the three groups considered(P<0.05). Conclusion : A significant reduction of heart rate variability, a marker of autonomic disarray, suggests a possible explanation of cardiac dysfunction in sudden death associated with Rett syndrome.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.989-995
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• 2003

Purpose : Dexamethasone is frequently administered to prevent or treat chronic lung disease in human neonates who are also prone to hypoxic-ischemic(HI) insults. Recently, meta-analysis of the follow-up studies reveals a significantly increased odd ratio for the occurrence of cerebral palsy or an abnormal neurologic outcome, and there is conflicting evidence regarding the impact of dexamethasone exposure on HI brain injury. This study was conducted to explore the effect of post-HI dexamethasone administration on neuronal injury in neonatal rats. Methods : HI was produced in seven-day-old rats by right carotid artery ligation followed by two hours of 8% oxygen exposure. At the end of HI, the animals were injected intraperitoneally either with dexamethasone(0.5 mg/kg) or saline. Neuronal injury was assessed seven days after the HI by the area of infarction, TUNEL reactivity, Bcl-2 and Bax expression in brain. Results : Post-insult dexamethasone administration resulted in reduction of weight gain and a higher mortality rate during seven days after HI. Dexamethasone treatment revealed no effect on the size of brain infarction induced by HI. Bax protein expression increased in dexamethasone treated brain but Bcl-2 protein expression and TUNEL reactivity revealed no significant differences between dexamethasone treated and non treated brain. Increased Bax protein expression suggest upregulation of the apoptosis by dexamethasone. Conclusion : The result suggests the adverse role of Post-HI administration of dexamethasone in neonatal HI.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.565-570
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• 2010

Purpose : To verify the efficacy and safety of lamotrigine (LTG) monotherapy in newly diagnosed children with epilepsy. Methods : We prospectively enrolled 148 children who had undergone LTG monotherapy at our institution between September 2002 and June 2009. Twenty-nine patients were excluded: 19 due to incomplete data and 10 were lost to follow up. The data of the remaining 119 patients was analyzed. Results : We enrolled 119 pediatric epilepsy patients (aged 2.8-19.3 years; 66 males and 53 females) in this study. Out of 119 patients, 29 (25.2%) had generalized epilepsy and 90 (74.8%) had partial epilepsy. The responses of seizure reduction were as follows: Seizure freedom (no seizure attack for at least 6 months) in 87/111 (78.4%, n=111) patients; partial response (reduced seizure frequency compared to baseline) in 13 (11.7%) patients; and persistent seizure in 11 (9.9%) patients. The seizure freedom rate was in 81.6% in patients with partial seizure (75.9% for complex partial seizure and 90.9% for benign rolandic epilepsy) and 44.8% in patients with generalized epilepsy (30.0% for absence seizure, 35.7% for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy patients, and 100.0% for idiopathic generalized epilepsy patients). Adverse reactions were reported in 17 (14.3%) patients, and 8 patients (6.7%) discontinued LTG because of rash and tic. No patient experienced severe adverse reaction such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Conclusion : LTG showed excellent therapeutic response and had few significant adverse effects. Our findings report may contribute in promoting the use of LTG monotherapy in epileptic children.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.173-189
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• 1973

The followings are the results obtained in a series of experiments concerning of the varieties, the short-day-treatment, the fertilizer application, and the planting space of soybean, which were carried out to investigate the methods best suited for cultivating green soybean as the preceding crop of the rice. in the paddy-field in the middle parts of Korea at the practice farm attached to Agriculture College of Kon Kuk University in 1972. 1. Though the varieties of soybean was planted on the hot-bed on March 15 and then set in the main plot, none of them did flower within May 15, which is the limit time of flowering in growing soybean as the preceding crop of the rice in the paddy-field without the short-day-treatment being applied during raising seedlings. 2. The earliest-maturing variety groups such as HOKKAl#l, WASEMIDORI, YAEHUSANARI, MIT AKARAHAKUCHO, and VERDE flowered within May 15 by the short-day-treatment during raising seedlings. 3. The optimum hours of the day length was known to be 7 to 9 in the medium-maturing and late-maturing variety groups and 7 to 11 in the early-maturing and the earliest-maturing variety groups in the case of appling the short-day-treatment for 10 days from the beginning of the primary regular compound leaf development. 4 The optimum days in appling the short-day-treatment for 11 hours a day was recognized to be about 10 days regardless of the maturity of varieties. 5. Reduction of days required to flower by the short-clay-treatment, that is, light-sensitivity was remarkably higher in the medium-maturing and the late-maturing variety groups than in the earliest-maturing and the early-maturing variety groups. 6. The yield showed an increase of about 17 per cent in the case of appling the standard amount of nitrogen(4.0 kg/10 a), but it tended to reduce on the contrary in appling the increased amount of nitrogen. 7. The application of increased amount of phosphate had less significant effect on the yield increase than in the case of application of its standard amount( 4.0 kg/l0 a). 8. When the number of transplantation plant was changed from 54 to 130 per 3.3 $m^2$, the yield in 130 plant plot was about two times so higher than in 54 plant plot that the effect of close planting cultivation on the yield was proved to be remarkable. 9. Conditions possible for cultivating green soybean as the preceding crop of the rice in the paddy-field in the middle parts of Korea are turned to be as follows: (a) to plant the earliest-maturing-variety groups on the hot-bed on March 15. (b) to apply the short-day-treatment by 11 hours a day for 16 days from April 16, which is about the time when the primary regular leaf begin to develop. And it was, found to be a most remarkable in the increased yield that apply nitrogen 4.0 kg, phosphate 4.0 kg, and potassium 6.0 kg per 10 a as basic manuring totally and apply the close planting by 130 plants per $3.3{m^2}$(50 cm $\times$ 5 cm).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.622-628
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• 2007

Purpose : While pediatric observation units (POU) have become a common practice in hospitals throughout developed countries, there has been no report about POUs in Korea so far. The aims of this study were to analyze our one-year's experience of the POU and to decide which disease entities are suitable for the POU. Methods : All children admitted from March 2006 to February 2007 to the POU at the Department of Pediatrics in Our Lady of Mercy Hospital were included in this study. Data were collected from retrospective reviews of their medical records. Results : There were a total of 1,076 POU admissions. Median age of patients was 2.4 years and median length of hospital stay 14.0 hours. The most common diagnoses were gastroenteritis (42.7%), pharyngotonsillitis (19.1%), bronchiolitis (7.8%), pneumonia (5.5%) and febrile seizure (5.2%). Overall, 7.5% of the POU patients required subsequent inpatient admissions due to hospital stays of longer than 48 hours. The disease entities that were most likely to require inpatient admission were pneumonia (17.0%), febrile seizure (12.5%) and asthma (11.5%). Diseases that allowed successful discharge from the POU were gastroenteritis (4.6%), upper respiratory tract infection (5.8%), such as otitis media and pharygnotonsillitis and seizure disorder (6.4%). Compared with the previous year when the POU was not in operation, there was a statistically significant reduction in the average length of hospital stays (from 4.69 to 3.75 days), as well as a rise in the bed turnover rate (from 78.8 to 98.2 patients/bed). Conclusion : Our study shows that the POU is efficient for the management of children with certain acute illnesses. Based on this study, we suggest that the POU be used as a new modality which links between the outpatient, inpatient, and emergency departments in the field of pediatrics in Korea.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes and the prognosis of various surgical treatments for the distal clavicle fracture with an acromioclavicular joint injury. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 21 patients with a minimum of 12 months follow up was done. We classified acromioclavicular (AC) injury into type I (only intra-articular fracture (IAF), 5 cases), type II (IAF with widening of the AC joint > 7 mm, 9 cases) and type III (IAF with AC joint superior subluxation > 50%, 7 cases). The distal clavicle fractures were fixed using plate (9 cases), mini screws (1 case), K wire and tension band wiring (10 cases) and transarticular pinning (1 case). Acromioclavicular or coracoacromial ligament reconstruction was not done in all the cases. Results: In 20 of 21 cases, bone union was achieved at an average of 8.4 weeks. Traumatic arthritis (5 cases), AC joint widening (4 cases) and AC joint subluxation (2 cases) were noted at the last follow up. The average UCLA score was 32.6 in the type I AC joint injuries, 34 in type II and 34.1 in type III. There was no relationship between the clinical outcomes and the preoperative AC joint injury pattern, postoperative traumatic arthritis, AC joint widening or AC joint subluxation (p>0.05). Conclusion: Satisfactory results were achieved by acute reduction and firm fixation of the distal clavicle fracture with AC joint injury. There was no relationship between the pattern of AC joint injury, the residual radiologic findings and the functional outcome.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.228-239
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• 2009

Purpose: 4DCT scans performed for radiotherapy were retrospectively analyzed to assess the possible benefits of respiratory gating in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and established the predictive factors for identifying patients who could benefit from this approach. Materials and Methods: Three treatment planning was performed for 15 patients with stage I~III NSCLC using different planning target volumes (PTVs) as follows: 1) PTVroutine, derived from the addition of conventional uniform margins to gross tumor volume (GTV) of a single bin, 2) PTVall phases (patient-specific PTV), derived from the composite GTV of all 6 bins of the 4DCT, and 3) PTVgating, derived from the composite GTV of 3 consecutive bins at end-exhalation. Results: The reductions in PTV were 43.2% and 9.5%, respectively, for the PTVall phases vs. PTVroutine and PTVgating vs. PTVall phases. Compared to PTVroutine, the use of PTVall phases and PTVgating reduced the mean lung dose (MLD) by 18.1% and 21.6%, and $V_{20}$ by 18.2% and 22.0%, respectively. Significant correlations were seen between certain predictive factors selected from the tumor mobility and volume analysis, such as the 3D mobility vector, the reduction in 3D mobility and PTV with gating, and the ratio of GTV overlap between 2 extreme bins and additional reductions in both MLD and $V_{20}$ with gating. Conclusion: The additional benefits with gating compared to the use of patient-specific PTV were modest; however, there were distinct correlations and differences according to the predictive factors. Therefore, these predictive factors might be useful for identifying patients who could benefit from respiratory-gated radiotherapy.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the incidence and prognostic factors of treatment-related pneumonitis in non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC) patients treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT). Materials and Methods: One-hundred-five patients with NSCLC treated with IMRT between 1 August 2004 and 30 November 2006 were analyzed retrospectively. The mean age of patients was 62.9 years, and squamous carcinomas were confirmed in 81 patients(77%). Sixty-six patients(62.9%) were classified as stage III, and 59 patients had lesions in the right lung. Twenty-seven patients were treated with a dose of 3,060 cGy preoperatively, and 10 patients were given a dose of 5,040 cGy postoperatively. Sixty-eight patients received a dose of 7,020 cGy for curative intent. Sixty-eight patients were treated with the use of the CORVUS planning system and 37 patients were treated with the use of the ECLIPSE planning system. Results: Of 105 patients, 21 patients(20%) had abnormal radiological findings, but only seven patients(6.7%) required treatment for radiation pneumonitis. Six of the seven patients had other serious lesions, including a bronchioesophageal fistula(one patient), recurrence in the treatment field(two patients), brain metastasis(one patient) and lung-to-lung metastasis(two patients); all of these patients died within 19 months after radiation treatment. Sixteen patients(23.5%) that received planning with the CORVUS system had abnormal lung findings. Five patients(13.5%) had abnormal lung findings with the use of the ECLIPSE planning system. Other prognostic factors such as perioperative radiation therapy, a volume over 10% of the V20 volume in the right lung, were also statistically significant. Conclusion: This retrospective analysis suggests that IMRT could be a beneficial treatment modality for the reduction of radiation pneumonitis in NSCLC patients. However, the higher incidence of abnormal radiological findings in perioperative patients treated with relatively lower doses($3,060{\sim}5,040$ cGy) suggest the need for judicious treatment planning in preoperative or postoperative treatment.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2009

Purpose: To analyze the clinical spectrum of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after liver transplantation in children. Methods: From January 1988 to June 2009, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 8 PTLD cases among 148 pediatric patients underwent liver transplantation. The age at transplantation, time of presentation after transplantation, clinical manifestations, histologic diagnosis, results of EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) assessments, managements and outcomes of PTLD were investigated. Results: The prevalence of PTLD in liver transplant pediatric recipients was 5.4% (8 of 148). The mean age of patients was 25.4${\pm}$21.3 months (range 10 to 67 months). Seven of 8 patients (87.5%) underwent liver transplantation before 1 year of age. The common clinical presentations were persistent fever (8 of 8, 100%) and bloody diarrhea (6 of 8, 75%). PTLD was diagnosed with gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies in five patients and surgical biopsies in three. Histologic findings showed early lesion in three patients, polymorphic in two, and monomorphic in three. Burkitt lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma were found in two of 3 monomorphic patients. Seven of 8 patients were found with EBV-positive. Eight patients were treated with dose reduction of immunosuppressants and infusion of ganciclovir. Rituximab was added to four patients. PTLD were successfully managed in all patients except one who died of sepsis during chemotherapy. Conclusion: Major risk factor of PTLD was to undergo liver transplantation before 1 year of age. Continuous monitoring for EBV viral load and gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsy may be useful to early detection of PTLD.