• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.16-21
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• 2005

This study was conducted to establish the elaborate nitrogen fertilization method to enhance N use efficiency in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy. The nitrogen uptake by rice plants was insignificant until 25 days after seeding, and increased gradually thereafter. During this early growth stage, rice plants absorbed only the $4\%$ of basal applied N, while the $45\%$ of N fertilizer remained in the paddy soil. The absorption of basal N by rice plants was almost completed at 46 days after application. Nitrogen top-dressed at 5-leaf stage was well matched to crop nutrient demand, so it could be absorbed so actively in 8days after application. As a result, we could cut down the amount of N fertilizer to $36\%$ of the basal N level without significant difference in yield. Plant recoveries of fertilizer $^{15}N$ applied with different application timings were $7.8\%$ for basal, $9.4\%$ for 5-leaf stage, $17.1\%$ for tillering stage, and $23.4\%$ for panicle initiation stage, respectively. When urea was applied with nitrogen fertilization practice based on basal incorporation (BN), plant recovery of $^{15}N$ at harvest was $31.0\%$, which was originated from $13.7\%$ for grain, and $21.3\%$ of the fertilizer $^{15}N$ remained in the soil, and the rest could be uncounted. Plant recovery of fertilizer $^{15}N$ applied with nitrogen fertilization practice based on topdressing at 5-leaf stage (TN), where N rate was reduced by $18\%$ compared with BN, was $35.1\%$ (grain $15.6\%$), and $19.9\%$ of the fertilizer $^{15}N$ remained in the soil, and the rest could be uncounted. TN showed a higher $^{15}N$ recovery than BN because it was to apply N fertilizer at a time to well meet the demand of rice plant direct-seeded on flooded paddy. We concluded that TN would be the nitrogen fertilization method to enhance N use efficiency in direct-seeded rice on flooded paddy.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.69-75
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• 1994

This experiment was canied out to study the effect of cutting frequencies (3, 4 and 5 cuts per year) and mineral nitrogen fertilization on dry matter yields, in order to estimate optimum level of fertilizing mineral nitrogen in orchardgrass(Dacry1is glomerafa L.). The results are as follows: 1. Dry matter yields were the highest in the 1st cut at 3 cutting frequency and in the 2nd cut at 4 and 5 cutting frequencies, and they shared 49.7, 37.0 and 37.0% of annual dry matter yield respectively. 2. When only phosphorus and potassium were applied, annual dry matter yields were between 9.4 and 11.5 tons per ha and the highest yield was observed at 3 cutting frequency. 3. Dry matter yield in relation to fertilization of mineral nitrogen was highly increased when more nitrogen was applied as 360 kg per ha compared to 240 kg per ha at 3 cutting frequency. At 4 and 5 cutting frequencies, increases in dry matter yield, to large extent, were showed at 120 and 150 kg of nitrogen per ha(30 kg Nlcutlha) compared to no application of nitrogen. The efficiencies of mineral nitrogen fertilization (kg DM/kg N) were 28.0, 22.7 and 20.6 kg dry matter yields per nitrogen(kg) respectively). 4. At 4 and 5 cutting frequencies, dry matter yields were reduced when 360 kg and 300 kg of mineral nitrogen per ha(90 kg and 60 kg Nlcutlha) were applied respectively. 5. Particularly at 4 and 5 cutting frequencies of this study, maximum marginal yields reached at 129.9 kg and 148.0 kg of fertilizing mineral nitrogen per ha, and economical borden of mineral nitrogen fertilization were between 222.4 and 250.0 kg and between 244.8 and 276.8 kg respectively. At the same cutting frequencies, the highest dry matter yields were obtained at 365.4 and 433.8 kg of fertilizing mineral nitrogen respectively.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.110-114
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• 1994

93년 뽕나무 생육기에 내습한 이상저온 현상에 대한 감수정도와 요인을 분석하는 한편, 경감대책을 마련하기 위해 수원 잠업시험장과 충남 공주군에 소재한 충남도 잠업사업소 등 2개 장소에서 방임구를 대조로 요소엽면시비구 (요소 0.7%), 잠시비료 8호구 (요수 0.7%와 미량요소 함유), 그리고 질소질 6kg/10a를 황산암모늄으로 덧거름한 4개처리구를 설치하여 시험결과 다음과 같았다. 1. 여름베기후 뽕나무 생육기간 중인 6월 하순-9월 상순사이에 전국적으로 평년대비 평균기온은 1.4$^{\circ}C$ 낮았으며, 강우량은 83mm나 많았으며, 그 결과 가을뽕 수량은 평년대비 16.4% 감수되었는데, 뽕잎의 감수에 더 크게 영향하는 요인은 기온의 저하보다는 강우량의 과다에서 오는 질소질의 용탈에 원인하는 것으로 판단되었다. 2. 이상저온 내습시 생육부진을 막기 위해 요소 및 잠시비료 8호를 각각 엽면시비한 구보다는, 질소질 6kg/10a를 덧거름으로 시비한 구에서 5% 수준에서 통계적인 유의차가 인정될 정도로 증수되었다. 3. 뽕잎분석 결과 전질소 함량은 요소살포구와 질소질 덧거름구에서 방임구 3.53% 대비 0.53% 높았다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.201-209
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• 1982

'80년도(年度)는 수도재배기간중(水稻栽培期間中) 이상저온(異常低溫)이 계속(繼續)되었으며 냉해피해(冷害被害)가 컸으므로 냉해(冷害)의 양상(樣相)과 정도(程度) 및 영양흡수(營養吸收)와의 관계(關係)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 1. '80년도(年度) 벼의 냉해(冷害)는 수도생육(水稻生育) 후기(後期)에 계속(繼續)된 저온(低溫) 및 일조부족(日照不足)과 더불어 감수분열기(減數分裂期)에 있었던 생식생장(生殖生長) 한계온도(限界溫度) 이하(以下)의 저온(低溫)에 크게 영향(影響)을 받았기 때문인 것으로 사료(思料)된다. 2. 삼요소중(三要素中) 질소무시용구(窒素無施用區)에서 냉해피해(冷害被害)가 적었으며 질소시용량(窒素施用量)이 많을수록 냉해(冷害)가 심(甚)한 경향(傾向)이었고 삼요소(三要素) 균형시비(均衡施肥)으로 냉해(冷害)가 경감(輕減)되었다. 3. 냉해(冷害)는 통일계품종(統一系品種)이 일반계품종(一般系品種)보다 심(甚)한 경향(傾向)이었고 냉해(冷害)는 불임(不稔), 영화퇴화(穎花退化), 추수불량(抽穗不良) 및 양분흡수(養分吸收) 억제등(抑制等)으로 나타났다. 4. 저온하(低溫下)에서는 질소시용량(窒素施用量)이 많을수록 식물체내(植物體內) 규산함량(珪酸含量)이 유의성(有意性)있게 감소(減少)되었다. 5. 냉해조건하(冷害條件下)에서의 통일계품종(統一系品種)의 질소비료(窒素肥料) 시용적량(施用適量)은 13.6kg/10a으로서 예년(例年)보다 약(約) 10kg/10a 적었으며 수량(收量)도 크게 감소(減少)되었고 감소율(減少率)은 통일계품종(統一系品種)이 일반계품종(一般系品種)보다 심(甚)하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.527-533
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• 2003

질소시비량이 쌀의 품질 특성과 취반미의 향기성분에 미치는 영향을 알고자, 조생종인 대진벼, 중만생종인 일품벼와 추청벼를 공시하고, 질소 시비수준을 0, 5.5, 11, 16.5kg/10a로 처리하여 2001년에 포장실험을 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 질소시비량이 증가할수록 세 품종 모두 쌀 수량은 고도로 유의하게 증가하였는데(r=$0.93^{**}\textrm{-}0.97^{**}$) 이는 단위면적당 수수가 유의하게 증가하였기 때문이었다. 2. 질소시비량이 증가함에 따라 현미 완전미율은 유의하게 감소하였고($-0.84^{**}$~$-0.91^{**}$), 불완전미율은 유의하게 증가하였다. 3. 질소시비량이 증가할수록 현미의 단백질 함량은 세 품종 모두 유의하게 높아졌고, 아밀로스 함량은 대진벼와 일품 벼에서는 유의하게 높아졌으나, 추청벼는 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 4. 기계적 식미값은 대진벼와 일품벼에서는 질소시비량 0-11kg/10a 사이에 차이가 없었고, 16.5kg/10a에서는 매우 유의하게 감소하였다. 추청벼는 질소시비량에 비례하여 식미 값이 유의하게 감소하였다. 5. 쌀의 단백질 함량과 질소시비량 간에는 고도로 유의한 정의 상관(r=$0.88^{**}\textrm{-}0.96^{**}$)이, 질소시비량과 완전미율간에는 고도로 유의한 부의 상관(r=$-0.84^{**}$~$-0.91^{**}$)이, 그리고 질소시비량과 식미값 간에도 매우 유의한 부의 상관(r=$-0.72^{**}$~$-0.85^{**}$)이 나타났다. 6. 질소시비 처리한 추청벼 취반미의 취발성 방향 성분을 분석한 결과 총 11종이 검출되었다. 그러나 질소시비량이 증가함에 따라 방향 성분이 뚜렷하게 증가한다고 보기는 어려줬다. 7. 쌀의 수량과 품질을 동시에 고려할 때 질소시비량은 표준시비량(11kg/10a)이 가장 적정할 것으로 생각되며 식미를 높이기 위해 질소 시비량을 표준비 이하로 감소시킬 필요는 없을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.442-446
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• 2004

Reducing the particle size of drug materials down to submicron is an important matter in pharmaceutical industry. Cryogenic milling technology is one of the mechanical milling processes, which is mostly utilized in refining grain size of metal and ceramics at extremely low temperature environment. This technique has not been readily studied in application to medical and biotechnology. This paper, therefore, describes the application of cryogenic milling process to reduce particle size of Ibuprofen. The shape and size of the Ibuprofen particle before and after the cryogenic ball milling process were analyzed. XRD analysis was performed to examine a change in crystallinity of Ibuprofen by the cryogenic ball milling process. The results showed that the size of Ibuprofen particles was reduced to 1/10 or less of its initial size. The results also showed that the degree of crystallinity of Ibuprofen was slightly reduced after cryogenic ball milling with nitrogen

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.230-235
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• 1999

To study the effects of an urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl)-thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), and a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), on nitrogen losses and nitrogen use efficiency, urea fertilizer with or without inhibitors and slowrelease fertilizer (synthetic thermoplastic resins coated urea) were applied to direct-seeded flooded rice fields in 1998. In the urea and the urea+DCD treatments, NH$_4$$^{+}$ -N concentrations reached 50 mg N L$^{-1}$ after application. Urea+NBPT and urea+ NBPT+DCD treatments maintained NH$_4$$^{+}$ -N concentrations below 10 mg N L$^{-1}$ in the floodwater, while the slow-release fertilizer application maintained the lowest concentration of NH$_4$$^{+}$ -N in floodwater. The ammonia losses of urea+NBPT and urea+NBPT+DCD treatments were lower than those of urea and urea+DCD treatments during the 30 days after fertilizer application. It was found that N loss due to ammonia volatilization was minimized in the treatments of NBPT with urea and the slow-release fertilizer. The volatile loss of urea+DCD treatment was not significantly different from that of urea surface application. It was found that NBPT delayed urea hydrolysis and then decreased losses due to ammonia volatilization. DCD, a nitrification inhibitor, had no significant effect on ammonia loss under flooded conditions. The slow-release fertilizer application reduced ammonia volatilization loss most effectively. As N0$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N concentrations in the soil water indicated that leaching losses of N were negligible, DCD was not effective in inhibiting nitrification in the flooded soil. The amount of N in plants was especially low in the slow-release fertilizer treatment during the early growth stage for 15 days after fertilization. The amount of N in the rice plants, however, was higher in the slow-release fertilizer treatment than in other treatments at harvest. Grain yields in the treatments of slow-release fertilizer, urea+NBPT+ DCD and urea+NBPT were significantly higher than those in the treatments of urea and urea+DCD. NBPT treatment with urea and the slow-release fertilizer application were effective in both reducing nitrogen losses and increasing grain yield by improving N use efficiency in direct-seeded flooded rice field.field.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2015

Urea has been the most useful N-source, due to lower cost per unit of N. But nitrogen use efficiency of urea may be reduced because of losses from agricultural system by volatilization of ammonia to atmosphere. This study was conducted to evaluate the nitrogen efficiency and growth of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) by mixed treatment with nitrogen and zeolite. They were treated with N $161kg\;ha^{-1}$, N $230kg\;ha^{-1}$, nitrogenzeolite mixture (NZM) $161kg\;ha^{-1}$, NZM $230kg\;ha^{-1}$ and N $0kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. In the soil chemical properties after experiment, soil pH decreased but available $P_2O_5$, EC and total nitrogen increased in nitrogen-zeolite mixture treatment. $NO_3-N$ content in the soil showed the highest level in NZM $230kg\;ha^{-1}$. NZM $161kg\;ha^{-1}$ treatment increased growth and yield of hot pepper compared to urea alone. Nitrogen utilization efficiency of hot pepper plant was 47.15% at the treatment of NZM $161kg\;ha^{-1}$, while 36.74% at N $230kg\;ha^{-1}$. These results showed that application of mixture of nitrogen and zeolite had positive influence to improve the efficiency of nitrogen utilization and increase of red pepper yield.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.273-278
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• 2002

An efficient low-input system (LIS) for fertiliser use in rice cultivation is necessary to reduce fossil energy use and pollution. Japanese people like Japonica rice, especially cv. Koshihikari. However, it has very low lodging resistance in Japanese weather condition. Our objective was to develop a LIS with the minimum sacrifice of grain yield in rice. Koshihikari was grown using conventional fertilization as a control (CON) with 4 g N $m^{-2}$., 8g $P_2$ $O_{5}$ $m^{-2}$ and 8 g $K_2$O $m^{-2}$ as a basal fertilizer dressing. It was compared with a low fertilizer treatment (LF) with only 4 g $P_2$ $O_{5}$ $m^{-2}$ as a basal dressing in the first year and no basal phosphorus fertilizer in the second year. Chopped rice straw was incorporated into the soil before the cropping season in both years. Fertilizer of 4 g N $m^{-2}$ was top-dressed at 15 days before heading in CON plots and 30 days before heading in LF plots in both years. Lodging was significantly less in LF than in CON plots, however, no rice straw effect was found in low fertilized condition. Grain yields in LF plots were reduced by 15-16% below those of CON plots. Lower yields in LF plots were associated with a reduced number of spikelets per unit area. However, big spikelet size was acquired in LF by 10 days earlier N top dressing than CON plots. A close relationship was found between spikelet numbers and N content of the plant at heading, and between grain yield or shoot dry weight and N content of the plant at maturity. Regardless of the fertilizer application methods, N use efficiency for the number of spikelets, final total dry matter and grain yield was essentially identical among fertilizer treatments. The reduced growth and yield in the LF plots resulted from low absorption of nitrogen. Conclusively, LIS can drastically reduce chemical fertilizer use and facilitate harvest operations by reducing lodging with some yield reduction..

• 유기물자원화
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.19-30
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• 2019

본 연구는 국내산 우각이 혼합된 유기질비료를 개발하여 가장 많은 유기재배 면적을 차지하고 있는 벼를 포함하여 가지에 대한 시용효과를 조사하고 수입 유박을 대체할 유기자원으로 우각의 활용가능성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 질소함량이 높은 국내산 유기자원 선발을 위하여 계분, 어분, 콩깻묵, 참깻묵, 들깻묵, 혈분, 우각, 맥주오니 등 8종을 분석하여 질소함량이 높은 유기자원을 선발하였고 보조제로 왕겨 바이오차, 미강 등을 원료별, 혼합비율별로 혼합하고 성분을 분석하여 유기농업에 사용 가능한 유기질비료 제조조건을 확립하였다. 우각은 전질소(T-N) 함량이 12.0 %로 높아 혈분 13.5 % 다음으로 높았으며 어분 및 깻묵은 전질소 함량이 5.9~7.9 % 수준이었다. 계분은 유기농업에 사용가능한 무항생제 산란계 계분을 사용하였으며, 맥주오니는 질소함량이 3.4 %로 나타났다. 무항생제 계분, 우각, 맥주오니 등을 주재료로 바이오차, 미강 등을 보조제로 사용하여 유기질비료를 제조한 결과. 수입유박의 질소함량(4.0~4.2 %) 대비 개발한 유기질비료의 질소함량은 7.5 %로 높고 중금속함량은 Zn 400 mg/kg, Cu 120 mg/kg 이하 등으로 나타나 질소 함량이 높고 유기농업자재 품질기준에 적합한 유기질비료를 개발하였다. 우각이 포함된 유기질비료를 사용하여 벼와 가지를 재배하면서 시용효과를 조사한 결과 토양검정질소시비량 기준 100 % 시용시 혼합유박 대비 시용량을 40 % 감소하였음에도 벼 생육 및 수량이 대등하였으며, 가지 재배시에도 동일한 결과를 나타내었다. 우각 등 국산 유기자원을 이용한 새로운 고농도 질소원 선발 및 이를 이용한 유기재배 적합 유기질비료 개발은 친환경농업 확대 보급의 중요성이 높아지고 있는 현 시점에서 지역자원을 이용한 기존 수입 혼합유박 대체 연구의 출발점이자 폐기되고 있는 국내 유기자원의 활용 방안 모색에서 큰 의미를 가지며 향후 확대 보급된다면 친환경농산물의 안정적 생산에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.