• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.535-540
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• 2006

For a biosensor development, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the fungicide iprovalicarb was developed by minimizing the processing time. The time for whole incubation process was reduced from 135 minutes to 15 minutes. The concentration of antibody was varied to improve sensitivity. The total processing time was reduced from 2.5 hours to 20 minutes, the final sensitivity ($IC_{50}$ value) of 7.93 ng/mL and the lowest detection limit of 0.045 ng/mL were obtained. This ELISA was applied to potatoes and onions, and the recoveries were in the range of 98.85 $\sim$ 101.20% and 87.97 $\sim$ 102.70%, respectively. Accordingly, this method can be used as basis for a biosensor for rapid monitoring of iprovalicarb residues in crops.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2005

This study was performed to understand the changes in wood extractives, mainly acetone extracts, in pine woods (Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida) treated by three blue stain fungi (BSF) such as native BSF in Korea, Leptographium sp., screened Albino strain(BSFcs-1) and commercial Cartapip and fungicide, Wood guard. In addition their pulping and bleaching properties were investigated. BSF treatment has significantly reduced acetone extracts, $25.1{\sim}30.4%$ decreasing in red pine and $22.9{\sim}28.1%$ in pitch pine. Three week aging treatment showed about 20% decreasing in red pine and 19.3% in pitch pine. There were not so significant differences in extracts reduction among native BSF and Albino-type strains (Albino strain, BSFcs-1, and commercial Cartapip). But fungicide, Wood guard, treated wood showed relatively lower decreasing rates of extractives, 14% in red pine and 10.1% in pitch pine. Therefore it is understandable that the fungicide could protect the wood from blue stain fungi attack, but has no effect on its extractive reduction. Concerned to pulping properties of BSF and fungicide treated woods, red pine and pitch pine, optimum pulping condition was 20% active alkali, wood to liquor ratio 1 to 6, $170^{\circ}C$, and 2.5 hr. In the case of BSF woods, optimum pulping condition was same as the sound wood, $43.5{\sim}45%$ of pulp yields and $1.3{\sim}1.45%$ of rejects. Screened pulp yield of fungicide treated wood was lower than those of BSF treated woods. Rejects in pulps were higher in fungicide-treated wood than BSF treated woods. Bleaching pulp yields were ranged of 92 to 93.5%. BSF, Cartapip and fungicide treated woods resulted in lower brightness of $55{\sim}58%$, but Albino-type strain(BSFcs-1) $61.3{\sim}62.3%$, very similar to untreated one. Therefore bleaching chemicals could be saved in the processing of chemical pulping.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.171-174
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• 2002

Two systemic fungicides, SF1 (Bavistin, a carbandazim fungicide 50% WP, Rallis India ltd., India) and SF2 (Bayleton 25% WP-Triadiamefon, a Triazole compound, Rallis India Ltd., India) were screened for control of muscardine disease in silkworm, Bombyx mori. One and two percent of SF1 and 0.05 and 0.1 % of SF2 in aqueous solution were found to be effective in in vivo condition for the control of the disease. These fungicides, on feeding through mulberry leaves continuously for two days to 4$^{th}$ and 5$^{th}$ instar silkworm larvae inoculated topically with conidia of Beauveria bassiana (4$\times$10$^{6}$ conidia/ml) resulted in reduction in mortality due to muscardine by over 90% as against 100% mortality in inoculated control. SF1 at 1% reduced the mortality by 90% in 4$^{th}$ instar and 91% in final instar silkworm while at 2%, the reduction was 92% and 96%, respectively. SF2 at 0.05 and 0.1 % concentration reduced the mortality by 82 and 88% during 4$^{th}$ instar and by 88 and 92% during 5$^{th}$ instar, respectively.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.393-405
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• 2019

Survival factor 1 (Svf1) is a protein involved in cell survival pathways. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Svf1 is required for the diauxic growth shift and survival under stress conditions. In this study, we characterized the role of FgSvf1, the Svf1 homolog in the homothallic ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. In the FgSvf1 deletion mutant, conidial germination was delayed, vegetative growth was reduced, and pathogenicity was completely abolished. Although the FgSvf1 deletion mutant produced perithecia, the normal maturation of ascospore was dismissed in deletion mutant. The FgSvf1 deletion mutant also showed reduced resistance to osmotic, fungicide, and cold stress and reduced sensitivity to oxidative stress when compared to the wild-type strain. In addition, we showed that FgSvf1 affects glycolysis, which results in the abnormal vegetative growth in the FgSvf1 deletion mutant. Further, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in the FgSvf1 deletion mutant, and this accumulated ROS might be related to the reduced sensitivity to oxidative stress and the reduced resistance to cold stress and fungicide stress. Overall, understanding the role of FgSvf1 in F. graminearum provides a new target to control F. graminearum infections in fields.

• 식물병연구
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

The succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) is a class of fungicides, which is widely and rapidly used to manage fungal pathogens in the agriculture field. Currently, fungicide resistance to SDHIs has been developed in many different plant pathogenic fungi, causing diseases on crops, fruits, vegetables, and turf. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of fungicide resistance is important for effective prevention and resistance management strategies. Two different mechanisms have currently been known in SDHI resistance. The SDHI target genes, SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD, mutation(s) confer resistance to SDHIs. In addition, overexpression of ABC transporters is involved in reduced sensitivity to SDHI fungicides. In this review, the current status of SDHI resistance mechanisms in phytopathogenic fungi is discussed.

• 식물병연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2018

Pyraclostrobin은 광범위한 스펙트럼의 항진균 활성이 있는 퀴논외부저해제(Quinone outside inhibitor, QoI)로 작용하는 살균제이다. 기존 보고에 의하면 pyraclostrobin이 일부 세균병과 바이러스병에 대해 병 저항성을 유도한다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 pyraclostrobin 항진균제를 활용하여 고추 세균점무늬병(Xanthomonas euvesicatoria)의 예방 가능성을 검토하였다. Pyraclostrobin은 in vitro 상에서 X. euvesicatoria에 대해 항균활성이 없었지만, 고추에 pyraclostrobin 단독(방제가 69%) 또는 streptomycin과 혼합 살포(방제가 90%) 하였을 때, 고추 세균점무늬병 예방 효과를 나타냈다. Pyraclostrobin의 고추 세균점무늬병 예방 효과는 병원균 접종 1-3일전이 효과적이었다. 이상의 결과로 pyraclostrobin 살진균제를 활용하여 고추 세균점무늬병을 효과적으로 예방할 수 있을 것을 사료된다.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.253-259
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• 1998

Effects of soil disinfection, fungicide application, and narrow ridge cultivation on ginger rhizome rot development were examined in two naturally-infested fields at Seosan, Choongnam province. Soil disinfection treatments were assigned to main plots, and fungicide and ridge treatments to sub-plots in a split plot design with three replications. The rhizome rot started in late July, and progressed rapidly until late September with the peak incidence in mid-august to early September. Soil disinfection by dazomet application showed the most prominent inhibition effects in both fields, where the disease was reduced by the treatment from 17.5% to 4.8% in one field, and from 51.0% to 2.2% in the other field. Three to five applications of fungicide metalaxyl-copper during the growing season inhibited the disease by 89.7% in one field, but less effectively in the other field. Narrow ridge cultivation reduced the disease effectively by 78.1% and 63.9%, compared to the unridged control plots in each field, respectively. Germination rate of seed-rhizomes and growth of ginger plants were similar between treatments, except when the plots received improper aeration after applying dazomet, and then the germination rate was significantly reduced. The greatest yields were obtained in the disinfected plots, regardless of rhizome rot incidence, except one control plot with very little disease. Ginger yield was negatively correlated with disease severity. However, the yield of ridge plots averaged 58∼59% compared to those of the unridged plots, due mainly to the half planting rate of the ridge plots. In spatial progress, the disease in the disinfected plots started from a single focus of the inoculum, and spread into the adjacent areas only, whereas in the untreated plots, the disease started from many foci that were distributed over the plot, and rapidly progressed to make an epidemic during the season. The soil density of P. myriotylum in the disinfected plots was not changed or, if not, increased slightly during the season. However, in the untreated plots it increased rapidly to reach the density 3 to 5 times greater by the end of the season.

• 식물병연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.217-221
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• 2009

Fludioxonil은 미국 EPA에 의해 저독성(reduced-risk) 살균제로 분류되었으며, 이 살균제는 Pseudomonas pyrrocinia가 생산하는 항균 물질인 pyrrolnitrin을 선도 물질로 하여 합성하였다. 본 연구에서는 상추 품종, 기주 식물의 생육 시기, Botrytis cinerea 포자농도, 접종원의 영양분 농도 등의 발병 조건에 따른 fludioxonil의 상추 잿빛곰팡이병에 대한 방제효과를 온실에서 실험하였다. 상추의 생육시기에 따른 fludioxonil 방제효과를 실험한 결과, 2 ${\mu}g$/ml 처리구는 어린 유묘에서 잿빛곰팡이병 방제효과가 더 높았으나, 10 ${\mu}g$/ml 이상 농도에서는 생육 시기에 따른 방제효과의 차이는 거의 없었다. 또한 fludioxonil 10 ${\mu}g$/ml 이상 농도 처리구는 B. cinerea의 포자 농도(2.5$\times$10개/ml 부터 $2{\times}10^6$ 개/ml까지)에 관계없이 모두 우수한 방제효과를 나타냈다. 반면에 fludioxonil 2 ${\mu}g$/ml은 접종원의 포자농도가 높을수록 낮은 방제효과를 보였다. 그리고 영양분농도에 따른 fludioxonil의 잿빛곰팡이병 방제효과를 실험한 결과, potato dextrose broth의 농도가 낮을수록 fludioxonil은 상추 잿빛곰팡이병에 대한 높은 방제효과를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로부터 살균제 fludioxonil은 상추 잿빛곰팡이병에 대한 효과적인 살균제임을 알 수 있었으며, 다만 낮은 농도에서는 발병 조건에 따라 다소 낮은 방제효과를 나타낼 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2003

토양에 시용한 규산의 참외 흰가루병에 대한 직접적인 억제 효과와 살균제의 방제 효과를 증진시킬 수 있는 보조효과를 조사하였다. 규산질 비료의 처리는 흰가루병 균에 의해 감염된 참외 잎에서 균사의 생장과 분생포자의 형성을 억제함으로써 흰가루병 발생을 일부 억제할 수 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 물론 규산질 비료 자체만의 흰가루병 발생 억제 효과는 매우 미약한 수준이었으나 살균제의 흰가루병 방제 효과를 크게 증진시켜줄 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 현재 농가 현장에서 밝혀지고 있는 규산질 비료의 참외 병해 발생 억제 효과는 주로 이러한 살균제의 효과를 증진시킬 수 있는 규산의 보조적인 작용에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 토양에 대한 적절한 수준의 규산질 비료의 시용은 살균제의 방제 효과 증진을 통하여 과다한 약제의 사용과 그에 따른 부작용을 경감시킬 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 규산질 비료의 흰가루병 발생 억제 효과를 증진시키기 위해서는 앞으로 병의 발생을 최대로 억제할 수 있는 참외 잎 중의 적정 규소 함량에 대한 검토 등의 추가적인 연구가 필요 할 것이다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.109-112
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• 2013

Azole fungicides are one of the most wide-spread antifungal compounds in agriculture and pharmaceutical applications. Their major mode of action is the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis, giving depletion of ergosterol, precursors and abnormal steroids. However, metabolic consequences of such inhibition, other than steroidal metabolitesare not well established. Comprehensive metabolic profiles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been presented in this study. Wild type yeast was treated either with glucose as control or azole fungicide (ketoconazole). Both polar metabolites and lipids were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Approximately over 180 metabolites were characterized, among which 18 of them were accumulated or depleted by fungicide treatment. Steroid profile gives the most prominent differences, including the accumulation of lanosterol and the depletion of zymosterol and ergosterol. However, the polar metabolite profile was also highly different in pesticide treatment. The concentration of proline and its precursors, glutamate and ornithine were markedly reduced by ketoconazole. Lysine and glycine level was also decreased while the concentrations of serine and homoserine were increased. The overall metabolic profile indicates that azole fungicide treatment induces the depletion of many polar metabolites, which are important in stress response.