• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2023

Light is an important factor that influences the growth and development of flowering plants. The present study investigated the effects of in vitro acclimatization to different light colors (white light (WL; control), blue light (BL; 447 nm), green light (GL; 519 nm), and red light (RL; 667 nm)) on the growth of petunia (Petunia hybrida) and of hardening cultivation of plant transferred form in vitro to a greenhouse under sunlight. Compared to the control, the shoot length and leaf width of Petunia increased by 42% and 11.7%, respectively, after acclimatization to BL and the shoot growth increased by 29.3% after acclimatization to RL. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents after acclimatization to BL and GL were 16.7% and 11.3% higher, respectively, and 14.4% and 11.9% higher, respectively, than those in the control. During greenhouse cultivation, the shoot length increased by 16.7% and 11.3%, respectively, after acclimatization to BL and RL, respectively, and the leaf length and leaf width increased by 14.4% and 11.9%, respectively, after acclimatization to GL. While dry weight of root of GL and BL was not significant difference in vitro, increased by 59.0% and 22.9% ex vitro than that of WL. Thus, acclimatization to BL increased the shoot growth and leaf chlorophyll contents, and acclimatization to GL and RL enhanced shoot and root growth, in petunia.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.99-114
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of various eco light sources with various lighting distance in 'Viking' rose (Rosa spp.) on the growth and flowering quality to be applied for farm sites. Treatment included 10-, 20-, and 30-RL (-BL, -RBL, -FL, and -IL), which referred to red LED (blue LED, red+blue LED, fluorescent, and incandescent) lighting at 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm respectively, apart from flowers. NL referred to natural light as a control. Growth and flowering of 'Viking' rose were non-destructively measured at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after treatment (WAT). FL treatment increased plant height at 4, 6, and 8 WAT, regardless of lighting distance, with the shortest height observed for the NL-treated flowers. 30 RL treatment also increased plant height at 6 and 8 WAT. Stem diameter and number of leaves were not significantly different for all the treatments at 8 WAT, with the lowest values observed for RBL treated-flowers among the light source treatments. Number of root was the greatest for the 30 BL-treated flowers (10.0) but the fewest for the 30 FL (4.7). Length of flower neck at 6 WAT was the extended by 6~7 cm in the 10 FL and 20 FL treatments as well as by 5~6 cm in the 20 RL and 30 RL treatments, inducing 100% of flowering. NL increased $a^*$ (29) of flower color, with the lowest value (10) observed for 20 RL. All things considered, 30 RL would be the best interaction treatment of source and distance of eco light to improve plant height and flowering quality of 'Viking' rose.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1052-1059
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• 2016

Red light (RL) marked higher weight gain (WG) and preference of broilers compared to other light colors. This study aimed to investigate how different intensities of RL affect the performance, behavior and welfare of broilers. RL treatments were T1 = high intensity (320 lux), T2 = medium intensity (20 lux); T3 = dim intensity (5 lux), T4 = control/white light at (20 lux) provided on 20L:4D schedule and T5 = negative control; 12 hours dark: 12 hours day light. Cobb strain broilers were used in a Complete Randomize Design with 6 replicates. WG, water/feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality, behavior and welfare were assessed. At 35 d, significantly (p<0.05) highest body weight ($2,147.06g{\pm}99$) was recorded by T3. Lowest body weight ($1,640.55g{\pm}56$) and FCR (1.34) were recorded by T5. Skin weight was the only carcass parameter showed a significant (p<0.05) influence giving the highest (56.2 g) and the lowest (12.6 g) values for T5 and T1 respectively. Reduced welfare status indicated by significantly (p<0.05) higher foot pad lesions, hock burns and breast blisters was found under T3, due to reduced expression of behavior. Highest walking ($2.08%{\pm}1%$) was performed under T1 in the evening during 29 to 35 days. Highest dust bathing ($3.01%{\pm}2%$) was performed in the morning during 22 to 28 days and highest bird interaction (BI) ($4.87%{\pm}4%$) was observed in the evening by T5 during 14 to 21 days. Light $intensity{\times}day$ $session{\times}age$ interaction was significantly (p<0.05) affected walking, dust bathing and BI. Light intensity significantly (p<0.05) affected certain behaviors such as lying, eating, drinking, standing, walking, preening while lying, wing/leg stretching, sleeping, dozing, BI, vocalization, idling. In conclusion, birds essentially required provision of light in the night for better performance. Exposed to 5 lux contributed to higher WG, potentially indicating compromised welfare status. Further researches are suggested to investigate RL intensity based lighting regimen that favors for both production and welfare of Broilers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.149-156
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• 2018

Objective: Broilers show clear preference towards red color light (RL). However setting of an optimum light intensity is difficult since dim intensities that favor growth reduce welfare. This experiment was conducted to test the most effective RL intensity regimen (Dim [5 lux; DI] vs high [320 lux; HI]) in combination applied at different growth stages that favors for both performance and welfare. Methods: Complete randomize design was adopted with 6 replicates. Treatments were; T1 = early DI (8-21 d)+latter HI (22-35 d); T2 = early DI (8-28 d)+latter HI (29-35 d), T3 = early HI (8-21 d)+latter DI (22-35 d), T4 = early HI (8-28 d)+latter DI (29-35 d) and T5 = control (white light; WT) (8-35 d) at medium intensity (20 lux). Body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), water/feed intake and ratio, feed conversion ratios (FCR) were assessed. Common behaviours (15) were recorded by scan sampling method. Lameness, foot pad dermatitis, breast blisters, hock burning damage were assessed as welfare parameters. Fear reactions were tested using Tonic Immobility Test. Ocular and carcass evaluations were done. Meat and tibiae were analyzed for fat and bone ash respectively. Results: On 35 d, the highest BW ($2,155.72{\pm}176g$), WG ($1,967.78{\pm}174g$) were recorded by T2 compared to WT ($BW_{WT}=1,878.22{\pm}155$, $WG_{WT}=1,691.83{\pm}160$). But, application of RL, either DI, or HI during early/latter stage had no significant effect on FCR. Under HI, birds showed much higher active behaviours. DI encourages eating. Though LI changed from DI to HI, same trend could be seen even under HI. The highest leg strength ($218.5{\pm}120s$) was recorded by T2. The lowest leg strength ($64.58{\pm}33s$) and the highest ocular weight ($2.48{\pm}1g$) were recorded by T1. Significantly (p<0.05) the highest skin weight ($162.17{\pm}6g$) but the lowest fat% in meat ($13.03%{\pm}5%$) was recorded by T2. Conclusion: Early exposure to DI-RL up to 28 days followed by exposure to HI-RL is the most favorable lighting regimen for optimizing production, better welfare of broilers and improving health benefits of meat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.709-715
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• 2015

As consumers interest in microgreens is increasing worldwide, the production of leafy microgreens uisng different LED lights was investigated in this study. The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different LED lights on the composition and vitamin C contents of buckwheat microgreens. Physicochemical properties of buckwheat microgreens grown under different lights (red, blue, and white) and control exposed to a dark room were investigated. Moisture contents of buckwheat microgreens were 95.65% under white light (WL), 95.75% under blue light (BL), 90.77% under red light (RL), and 89.71% under dark room (DR). Crude ash contents of buckwheat microgreens grown under WL, DR, RL, and BL were 0.39%, 0.39%, 0.31%, and 0.37%, respectively. Crude protein contents of buckwheat microgreens grown under DR, RL, WL, and BL were 7.12%, 7.81%, 1.60%, and 2.40%, respectively. Crude fat contents of buckwheat microgreens grown under DR, BL, RL, and WL were 1.12%, 0.54%, 0.35%, and 0.22%, respectively. $^{\circ}Brix$ was the highest in microgreens grown under BL and RL and the lowest in buds grown under DR. Vitamin C content was the highest in buds grown under WL and the lowest in buds grown under BL. Total chlorophyll content was the highest in microgreens grown under RL and the lowest in buds grown under WL. For mineral content measurement of buckwheat microgreens, Ca, K, Mg, and P contents were high whereas B, Cu, and Zn contents were not detected. The mineral contents of buckwheat microgreens according to each color of light showed significant differences. These results demonstrated that treatment of different colored LED lights during cultivation was able to increase vitamin C content up to affecting the nutritional value of buckwheat microgreens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.117-126
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• 1997

This study was conducted to estimate the hatching and growing performance, and heterosis of Korean Native Chicken(KNC), Rhode Island Red(RIR) and KNC XRIR crossbred. A total of 1,274 female pullets were produced from KNC, RIR and KNC x RIR crossbred kept in National Live-stock Research Institute, Korea. The experiment was conducted for 20 weeks from Sep. 2, 1995 to Jan. 20,1996. Hatchabilities of KNC dark brown strain x RlR(DR), KNC light brown strain x RlR (LR) and KNC dark black strain x RlR(BR) were 77.3%, 73.6% and 72.5%, respectively. Viabilities up to 20 weeks of age were not significantly (P>0.05) different among purebreds and crossbred. Body weights of DR, LR and BR were 1,890 g, 1,849 g and 1,967 g, respectively, at 20 weeks of age. The feed conversion ratio(feed /gain) of DR, LR, and BR were 5.88, 6.07 and 5.87, respectively, up to 20 weeks of age. Average shank lengths of DR, LR and BR were 97.1 mm, 98.9 mm and 99.4 mm, respectively, at 20 weeks of age. The heterosis effects were estimated to be -0. 48%, and 12.58%, respectively, in fertility and hatchability. Up to 20 weeks of age, the heterosis effects were estimated to be 0.07%, 13.49%, -5.77%, and 3.52% in viability, body weight, feed conversion ratio, and shank length, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.127-137
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• 1997

This study was conducted to estimate the laying performance and heterosis of Korean Native Chicken(KNC), Rhode Island Red(RIR), and KNC x RIR crossbreds A total of 1,274 female pullets were produced from KNC, RIR and RIR crossbreds in National Livestock Research Institute, Korea. The experiment was conducted for 2O~64 weeks from Jan 20. to Nov.25, 1996. The age at first egg of crossbreds were 144.1~148.7 days. The first egg weight of crossbreds was 39. 4~40.3 g, and body weights at first egg of KNC dark brown strain x RlR(DR), KNC light brown strain x RlR(LR) and KNC dark black strain x RlR(BR) were 1,943 g, 1,925 g and 2,044 g, respectively. During the laying period the average viability of crossbreds was 96.6~98.3%. The hen-day egg production of crossbreds were 111.1~113.O eggs at 40 weeks of age, and 223.5~227.5 eggs at 64 weeks of age, respectively. The hen-day egg production peaks were 78.2~80.1% in KNC, and 85.8~87.5% in crossbreds. The heterosis were estimated to be 3.61%, 9.21%, 4.78%, 2.97% and -1.63% for the first egg days, body weights at first egg, layer viability, hen-day egg production, and feed conversion ratio, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.70-74
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• 2015

An LED plant factory farm is an alternative way to grow crops regardless of weather, season, and blight in such times of climate change. In recent years, it is a currently active and vibrant research field. The industry, which ranges from leaf vegetables to high value products, is expanding. This study was conducted to test tthe response of LED (Light-emitting diode) irradiation on the growth characteristics and ginsenoside levels indoors, in order to find out suitable light conditions. Ginseng seedling was transplanted from a styrofoam pot ($L{\times}W{\times}D$:$495{\times}315{\times}215mm$, inside diameter) into a closed plant production system in four blue LED (BL) and red LED (RL) different ratios of 1:1, 1;2, 1:3, 1:4 in a temperature range of $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$, relative humidity of between 55 and 65%, and a 12-hour photoperiod. The LED irradiation shows the highest levels were found at 1:1 of BL and RL ratio at $61.21{\mu}mol\;s^{-l}m^{-2}$, 1:2 ratio $68.55{\mu}mol\;s^{-l}m^{-2}$, 1:3 ratio $63.85{\mu}mol\;s^{-l}m^{-2}$ and 1:4 ratio $62.41{\mu}mol\;s^{-l}m^{-2}$ from highest to lowest respectively. After analyzing from shoot and root 2 yers old ginseng plant which were cultivated under 1:3 irradiation of BL and RL ratio, it generally showed a positive effect under a 1:3 ratio of BL and RL.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.383-388
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• 2010

The chicken eye can discriminate light color, and different light wavelengths may affect reproduction ability. This study was carried out to identify effect of monochromatic light using light emitting diode (LED) in laying hens. Chickens were exposed to white light (WL), blue light (BL), yellow light (YL), green light (GL) and red light (RL) made by using LED as well as incandescent light (IL) (control). All light sources were equalized to a light intensity of 20 lux. The results indicated that the age of first egg laying and 50 % egg laying in laying hens treated under RL is significantly younger than under other lights (P<0.05). And the ovary weight of laying hens reared under RL is significantly heavier than under other at from 16 to 20 wks (P<0.05). The largest number of eggs production was produced in a group with treated with RL by 59 wks of age compared with any other group. The egg weight of YL was greater than other treatment groups from 26 to 45 wks (P<0.05). The egg shell from hens treated with RL was the strongest and thickest at 20 wk (P<0.05). These results suggest that the egg quality of laying hens reared in different spectrum of LED can be different and RL may enhance the laying performance.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.126-134
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• 2015

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer is one of the most commonly used herbs. Recently, the stem and leave of the plant have been interested in physiological activities because the aerial parts have been thrown away. Finding out cultivation method of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer to improve chemical ingredients and biological activities has been tried these days. In this study, different wavelengths of light emitting diode (LED) were used for a cultivation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer. Antioxidant activities and inhibitory effect on mutagenecity of samples were evaluated. The stem and leave cultivated under blue light (BL-0) showed the strongest antioxidant activities of $3.02{\pm}0.13{\mu}g/ml$ ($EC_{50}$) and $2.18{\pm}0.18{\mu}g/ml$ ($EC_{50}$) in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging test, respectively. Total phenolic content of BL-0 was $2.93{\pm}0.11g/100g$, the highest value between cultivation conditions. However, antioxidant activities of the stem and leave cultivated under red light were the weakest between samples. All of the stem and leave used in this study showed inhibitory effect on mutagenecity of 1-nitropyrene. BL-0 showed stronger inhibitory effects on mutagenicity of Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, and AFB1 than samples cultivated under other conditions. Only on mutagenecity of 2-aminoanthracene, the stem and leave cultivated at 1 m apart from red light (RL-1) showed the strongest inhibitory effect. These results indicate that blue LED might be the most effective condition for improvement of physiological activities for the aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer in cultivation. The components were identified with GC/MS. Cytidine was detected only in RL-1 at 25 min of retention time and 2-bromotrimethylene glycol was detected only in BL-0 at 37 min.