• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.249-253
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• 1995

In the browning reaction of Korean ginseng, it appears that enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning reaction occurred in the initial stage of heating fresh ginseng at low temperature, and then non-enzymatic browning reaction followed in the drying period after heating. Activation energy of the browning reaction for red ginseng was about 9.0 kcal/mol. Browning reaction of red ginseng was accede- rated with an increase in steaming time, and a great extent of browning reaction occurred between 60-90 min of steaming at 10$0^{\circ}C$. Browning pigments of red ginseng were mostly water soluble subset.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.244-248
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• 1995

Water-soluble browning pigments were artily purified from Korean red ginseng through the several procedures such as fractionation by n-butanol, precipitation by ethanol, dialysis and gel filtration. At least four kinds of water-soluble browning pigment were separated from each other, two kinds of low-molecular-weight and two kinds of high-molecular-weight pigments.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.236-239
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• 1993

We studied the chloroplast rearrangement, short-term regulation depending on the light conditions in plants, and the characteristic of photosynthic rate as affected by in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. The chloroplast rearrangement of ginseng mesophyll cell was induced with the irradiation of blue light (400~500 nm) and through this process the rate of leaf transmittance increased 5~7.5%. The time to reach the maximum value of photosynthesis was shorter above 20 minutes with the blue light irradiation than that of the red light.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 1997

In order to elucidate the mechanism of red-colored phenomena(RCP) in ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), distribution of inorganic elements of ginseng root and its surrounding soil, and microflora in the soil were investigated. Red brown colored-substances were accumulated in the cell wall of epidermis at early stage of red-colored ginseng (RCG). Cell wall of the late stage of RCG was disordered and microorganisms were shown in the disordered cell wall. Al, Si and Fe contents among inorpanic elements in the epidermis of RCG were higher at two or three times than that of healthy ginseng. On the other hand, K content was higher at three times in healthy ginseng than that of RCG. Especially, Fe content was higher at three times in lateral roots of RCG than that of healthy ginseng. Total 21 strains of microorganisms were isolated on the 523 medium from surface soil, surrounding soil of both healthy and RCG, and RCG. Six strains of microorganisms among them were resistant to 2 mM Fe. Two species in Bacillus app. and Lactobacillus app. , and one species in Micrococcus sp. and Npisseria sp. respectively were identified. It seemed that RCP was closely related with the distribution and uptake of inorganic elements, was also correlated Fe-independent metabolism of microorganisms.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.133-138
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• 2006

In order to enhance the components of bioactive ginsenosides and the manufacturing process of red ginseng, we developed the simplified method for red ginseng production. The red ginseng extract was prepared from red ginseng produced with the simplified method, and the production rate of extract ($62^{\circ}$ brix) was more than 60%. The ginsenosides of red ginseng were purified and analyzed by HPLC using ELSD. Ginsenoside-$Rg_3,\;Rh_2$ and $Rh_1$, specific artifacts found only in red ginseng, were detected by HPLC. Especially, contents of ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ and Rh1 were detected high than two times in red ginseng produced the simplified method compared to commercial products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 1992

Polysaccharide contents in Panax ginseng roots were evaluated by a spectrophotometry, utilizing the complex formation of ginseng polysaccharide with alcian blue dye in 50 mM ammonium biphos-phate, pH 4.2. The polysaccharide content in red ginseng was about three times higher than that in fresh ginseng when both were extracted with water, and increased about two times when red ginseng was extracted with an alkaline solution. The determination of polysaccharide in various parts of ginseng revealed that main roots contained the component more than fine roots. Fresh ginseng sections stained by the dye showed polysaccharide mainly was found in cortex and combium but not in epidermis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.389-392
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• 1996

Crude polysaccharide fractions were isolated from white ginseng and red ginseng (Panax ginseng). The amount of crude polysaccharide fraction in red ginseng was higher than that of white ginseng. The glucose contents of crude polysaccharide fraction isolated from white ginseng and red ginseng were determined as 95.1% and 89.9% by HPLC, respectively. Method of carbazole-sulfuric acid was applied to determine the amount of acidic polysaccharide in white ginseng and red ginseng. The amount of acidic polysaccharide in red ginseng was higher than that of white ginseng. Whereas, contents of minerals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg) in crude polysaccharide fraction from white ginseng were higher than those of crude Polysaccharide fraction from red ginseng.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 1992

The changes of protein bodies in endosperm cells of both seeds with red seed coat and indehiscent seeds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer have been investigated in relation to the embryo development. In the early stage of seeds with red seed coat, spherical spherosomes were distributed in endosperm cells. Protein bodies were formed from vacuoles containing the storage protein. Cell organelles were hardly observed in the cytoplasm. In the late stage of the seed with red seed coat, the endosperm was filled with spherosomes and protein bodies. The protein bodies consisted of amorphous inclusions with high electron density or proteinaceous matrix with even electron density. In the seed of in dehiscence, the protein body in endosperm cells contained globoids and protein crystalloids. The globoid of protein body had a electron dense materials. Umbiliform layer was formed between embryo and endosperm. The deformation patterns of endosperm cell wall and the cellulose microfibril were observed in endosperm cells near the umbiliform layer. Umbiliform layer consisted of lipid body and autolyzed cell debris. The protein body of endosperm cell near the umbiliform layer showed various degenerative patterns, and so electron density of proteinaceous matrix was gradually decreased.reased.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.173-188
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• 2015

We have conducted a comprehensive literature review regarding the chemical constituents and biological activities of Korean black ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), three to nine times-steamed and dried ginseng, which shows strong black color through Maillared browning reaction. It has been reported that some chemically deglycosylated and transformed saponins are obtained from black ginseng as artifacts produced during intensive steaming. They have been known to be ginsenosides Rg3, Rg4, Rg5, Rg6, Rh1, Rh2, Rh4, Rk1 and Rk3, quite different from those of red ginseng, among which ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5 and Rk1 are considered to be major components. And also, black ginseng has been recently found to demonstrate anticancer, recovery from learning and memory damages, hypontensive, antidiabetic, antiobesitic, tonic and antiatopic activities, together with antioxidative and exercise performance improving activities, exhibiting their effects to be a little bit stronger than those of red ginseng. These findings suggest that black ginsng might play an important role in the development of promising functional foods and drugs from the viewpoint of the chemical composition and biological activities of black ginseng with a distinction from those of white and red ginsengs. In this review, the authors will survey and evaluate further functions of black ginseng with a focus on its physicochemical properties and biological activities.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 1982

The effect of soil fumigation on the growth, yield, root-rot and red discoloration of 2 year-old ginseng, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer was investigated in the ginseng replanted fie14 Six soil fumigants, Cylone, Basamid, D-D, Dowfume MC-2, Telone C-17, and Vapam were applied in March, 1980, and 2 year-old ginseng plants were transplanted in April, 1981, and sampled in August, 1981. Growth an yields in Cylone and Basamid treated plots in the replanted soil were better than those in control. Especially, growth and yields of ginseng in Cyclone treated Plots were comparable to these in untreated virgin soil. Control effect of soil fumigants used on root-rot was in the order of Cylone, Basamid, Telone C-17, and the lest of them showed neglect fur effect. Frequency of red discoloration was 8% in Cyclone treated plots, 9% in Basamid treated plots 83.3% in the untreated ginseng replanted soil, and 2.5% in the untreated virgin soil.