• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.405-412
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• 2009

In high temperature ceramic glazes, a stable range of pink-red colors that produced $Cr_2O_3-SnO_2-CaO-SiO_2$ pigments were factored by Cassiterite($SnO_2$) and Malayaite($CaSnSiO_5$) by $Cr_2O_3$. The experiment examined the influence of $CrCl_3$, a Sn-Cr substitution added with a mineralizer ($H_3BO_3$), as a chromophore in pigments. The experiment also studied the effect of $H_3BO_3$ (2 wt%) when added to malayaite($CaSnSiO_5$) to see if the crystalline reaction will increase. $Cr_2O_3$ was also substituted with $CrCl_3$ in order to prove how much influence $CrCl_3$ had on the $H_3BO_3$. Malayaite and cassiterite were the basic compound materials and the experiment was conducted both with and without mineralizers (2 wt% of $H_3BO_3$). Each compound was synthesized at 800, 1000, 1200, 1300, 1400, $1500^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. Synthesized pigments were analyzed by XRD, FT-IR and UV-Vis. The temperature variation produced two crystal phases that showed the different engaging effects of Cr oxidation. $CrCl_3$ produced a better effect on the malayaite crystal phase, resulting in a more defined pigmentation of the pink-red coloration compared to $Cr_2O_3$.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.254-261
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• 2013

In this study, we synthesized a new fluorescent polypyridyl dye 2 containing a 2,2'-bipyridine in the center and two 2,2':6',2"-terpyridines at both ends. When exposed to various metal ions, the dye 2 showed selective fluorescence responses. In the presence of $Cu^{2+}$ and $Ni^{2+}$, it exhibited a highly effective fluorescence quenching, leading to large $K_{sv}$ values of up to $10^5$. In response to most other metal ions including $Al^{3+}$, in contrast, its fluorescence changes little, showing a small Ksv value at $10^2$. Meanwhile, the compound 2 revealed a differentiated fluorescence response to $Zn^{2+}$, which is evidenced by a large red shift of > 100 nm. Such a red shift from the ion binding is attributed to the planarization of the bipyridyl unit extending the effective conjugation length in conjunction. A polypyridyl compound will find important usefulness in chemosensor application due to its selective binding to metal ions. Subsequent research concerned with modified derivatives is currently going on, as a way to provide high solubility even after metal-complexing.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.463-470
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• 2009

Sixteen antioxidative active compounds isolated from the EtOAc layer of MeOH extracts of kochujang, Korean fermented red pepper paste, were structurally elucidated as fumaric acid, methyl succinate, succinic acid furan-2-yl ester methyl ester (gochujangate, a novel compound), 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 6,7-dihydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one (esculetin), caffeic acid, cis-p-coumaric acid, trans-p-coumaric acid, daidzin, genistin, apigenin 7-O-$\beta$-D-apiofuranosyl($1{\rightarrow}2$)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin 7-O-$\beta$-Dglucopyranoside, and quercetin 3-O-$\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranoside by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. These compounds were analyzed for the first time as antioxidants from kochujang.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.10a
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• pp.15-15
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• 2010

Ginseng contained many different kinds of saponin which was the most valuable for people, but its yield cannot satisfy the demand using traditional extract methods. Enzyme transformation is a conformable and highly performed method which was fit for today. A ${\beta}$-glucosidase producing bacterium ($DCY51^T$) was isolated from Korean fermented-vegetable food kimchi. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain $DCY51^T$ belongs to the genus Lactobacillus. The highest sequence similarity was found with Lactobacillus paracollinoides LMG $22473^T$ and Lactobacillus collinoides LMG $9194^T$ with levels of 16S rDNA similarity of 97.4% and 97.3%, respectively. Based on the above results the strain $DCY51^T$ placed in the genus Lactobacillus and proposed a new species, Lactobacillus kimchicus sp. nov. $DCY51^T$ (= KCTC $12976^T$ = JCM $15530^T$). It was culture solution reacted with Red Ginseng extract and $Rb_1$, respectively. The medium of bacteria was the liquid of MRS, the temperatures of growing and reacting between bacteria liquid and saponin were samely $37^{\circ}C$, there spective reacting time were 12 hours and 48 hours. Thus we got different saponins, and TLC and HPLC analysis showed that: enzyme respectively reacted with $Rb_1$ and Red Ginseng extract got the transformed saponin, respectively. The polarity position in TLC was a little higher than Rd; and the polarity position was the same as that of Compound K's, the saponin obtained from HPLC and other experimental results was not Compound K. The constitution of its saponin was hoped to be further confirmed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.97-100
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• 1987

Medium grade mongranular compound fertilizers for the crops under vinyl mulching cultivation were formulated using the principal materials of urea, DAP and MOP in combination with various fillers of zeolite, gypsum and treated human waste and granulated with waste liquid of glutamic acid fermentation as binder. The ratios of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ of trial products were 12-10-11.5 for red pepper, 8-8-6 for sesame and 4-9-14 for peanut. The rate of dissolution of trial products was comparatively low in water. The product for red pepper had N dissolution rate of 80 percent during 24 hrs. 70 for peanut and 55 for seasame. The optimum dissolution rate has reported to be 50 percent by the standard laboratory dissolution test for 24 hrs. in water. Therefore, the slowly released characteristics were obtained with the products that had 24 hrs. dissolution of 70 to 60 percent. One time basal application of trial products could readily be justified under muching cultivation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.255-269
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• 2022

Actinomycetes isolated from marine habitats represent a promising source of bioactive substances. Here, we report on the isolation, identification, productivity enhancement and application of the bioactive compounds of Streptomyces qinglanensis H4. Eighteen marine actinomycetes were isolated and tested for resistance to seven bacterial diseases. Using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis (GenBank accession number MW563772), the most powerful isolate was identified as S. qinglanensis. Although the strain produced active compound(s) against a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, it failed to inhibit pathogenic fungi. The obtained inhibition zones were 22.0 ± 1.5, 20.0 ± 1, 16.0 ± 1, 12.0 ± 1, 22.0 ± 1 and 24.0 ± 1 mm against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 19404, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538, respectively. To maximize bioactive compound synthesis, the Plackett-Burman design was used. The productivity increased up to 0.93-fold, when S. qinglanensis was grown in optimized medium composed of: (g/l) starch 30; KNO₃ 0.5; K₂HPO₄ 0.25; MgSO₄ 0.25; FeSO₄·7H₂O, 0.01; sea water concentration (%) 100; pH 8.0, and an incubation period of 9 days. Moreover, the anticancer activity of S. qinglanensis was tested against two different cell lines: HepG2 and CACO. The inhibition activities were 42.96 and 57.14%, respectively. Our findings suggest that the marine S. qinglanensis strain, which grows well on tailored medium, might be a source of bioactive substances for healthcare companies.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.107-112
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• 2000

One of the physiologically important ginseng diseases is red-colored phenomena (RCP) that is caused by accumulation of red-colored substances on the epidermis of ginseng roots. Although RCP severely deteriorates the quality of ginseng products, there has been little information on what red-colored substance is and how RCP occurs. Therefore, the heavy losses of cultivators and ginseng industry are suffering by RCP, For this reason, we have investigated with the morphochernical characteristics of RCP to find out main cause of it. The red-colored substances (RS) on the epidermis of red-colored ginseng (RCG) were examined using inverted light microscope, confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM)and furier transform infrared (FT/IR) spectrometer. Red brown substances were accumulated in the cell wall of the epidermis from early stage to late stage of RCC. Especially, cell wall of the late stage of RCG was covered with the sub-stances with 80~ 130 fm thick. Therefore, the cell wall of RCG cannot protect the ginseng root cells from the mechanical damages, bacteria and fungi. To analyse red substances of roots, RS were isolated from epidermis of RCG and extracted using various solvents. RS is strongly insoluble but it was bleached by oxidizing agents including 12% (v/v) NaOCl. Therefore, RS was Presumed to make up of high chelation power. The proriles of FT/IR spectra or both healthy ginseng (HEG) and RCG showed a significant difference at two wavelength,2857 cm$\^$-1/(C-H) and 1032 cm$\^$-1/(S=O), respectively. Furthermore, absorption peak of 2857cm$\^$-l/ appears on the only epidermis of RCG. The other peak is shown lower absorption rate on the epidermis of RCG than that of healthy ginseng. Also, FT/IR spectra of the mixture of carboxym-ethylcellulose (CMC) and iron (Fe$\^$3+/) were very similar to RCG spectrum profiles. One of a interesting fact is that the contents of phenolic compounds at the epidermis of healthy ginseng were highest. The results of these experiments sup-port the RCP was closely related with the chemical interaction between inorganic elements (Fe) of rhizosphere and organic matters (cellulose, cellobiose, cell sap, etc.) of ginseng roots.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of soil fertilizers on wax content, contact angle, mineral nutrient content of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb, et Zucc.) leaves and soil acidity of Japanese red pine communities in Namsan and Kwangnung to see whether they can recover forest decline. Japenese red pine communities were treated with $Ca(OH)_2$, $Mg(OH)_2$, $Ca(OH)_2+Mg(OH)_2$+C.F.(compound fertilizer) in a randomized complete block design with 3 replication from November, 1990 through October, 1993. Wax content, contact angle value and mineral nutrient content of Japanese red pine leaves and soil pH of communities were measured and the results obtained are as follows: 1. Contact angle value and wax content of Japenese red pine leaves increased when the fertilizers were applied in soil. The order leaves grew, the smaller their contact angle values. 2. K and Ca contents of Japanese red pine leaves were higher in Namsan than in Kwangnung, whereas Mg content was higher in Kwangnung. K and Mg contents of the leaves increased with fertilization both in Namsan and Kwangnung. 3. Soil acidity of pH 4.2 ~ 4.3 was shown in Namsan and pH 4.6 ~ 4.9 in Kwangnung. No acidity changes were shown when the fertilizers were applied in soil. However with the lapse of the soil fertilizer application time, there was the indication that soil pH became higher in the fertilizer treatments than in the control.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.433-442
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• 2021

The fermented red ginseng by microorganism is known to increase pharmacological activity in vivo. To evaluate the bioavailablity of red ginseng fermented by probiotics, we conducted the pharmacokinetic study of ginsenoside Rb1, Rd and total ginsenosides (TG, ginsenosides Rb1 + Rd + Rg1 + F2 + Rg3 + compound K) in BALB/C mice. The AUC value of ginsenoside Rb1 in mice serum administered with 600mg/kg drugs showed 21.93 ± 14.68 ng·h/mL (RGw, water extract), 275.211 ± 110.04 ng·h/mL (RGe, 50% ethanol extract) and 404.91 ± 162.57 ng·h/mL (fRGe, fermented red ginseng extract). Analysis of ginsenoside Rd also showed a higher ACU value in fRGe than in RGw or RGe. And the AUC value of total ginsenosides in mice serum treated with 600 mg/kg were observed 42.12 ± 23.44 ng·h/mL (RGw), 321.44 ± 133.5 ng·h/mL (RGe) and 537.33 ± 229.01 ng·h/mL (fRGe), respectively. C_max value of ginsenoside Rb1 in mice administered with 600mg/kg were observed 3.67 ± 3.34 ng/mL (RGw), 23.27 ± 8.81 ng/mL (RGe) and 25.52 ± 7.29 ng/mL (fRGe). These results can be considered that the fermented red ginseng has more bioavailability than that of unfermented red ginseng. In quantitative analysis of the inflammation-related cytokines IL-1β and TNF, no significant difference was found between the fermented red ginseng (fRGe) and the red ginseng (RGe).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2003

This experimental research has been done to study the effects of Bojungikgi-tang(BJIKT) on the anti-allergic reaction. We found the several important results from the research which has been performed by two experiments toward immediately type and delayed type in order to study the effects of BJIKT on hypersensitivity response to mice. The results obtained from our research are as following: 1. The survival rate of one group to which we injected only the compound 48/80 is almost 0% according to its density and timing test. In the other hand, the survival rates of the other group to which we injected both of the compound 48/80 and BJIKT are 20%, 10%, 30%, 10%, 40%, and 70% according to 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 0.5 and 1(mg/g) of compound 48/80. Time dependency test also shows the 10% and 0% survival rates in 5 and 10 minutes. 2. BJIKT revealed the significantly inhibitory effect on Compound 48/80 induced Mast cell degranulation. 3. BJIKT showed the significantly inhibitory effect in the delayed type hypersensitivity response to picryl chloride. 4. BJIKT showed the significantly inhibitory effect in the delayed type hypersensitivity response to sheep red blood tell. Our research provides the important evidence that BJIKT is benificial to the prevention and treatment of allergy related diseases.