• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.5
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• pp.593-599
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• 2001

We tested if the treatment of Beauveria bassiana would influence invertebrate communities in litter and soils by multivariate analysis. The PCA (principal components analysis) was used for the analysis. Using the distances between communities in the ordination space, we carried out statistical tests whether any factors would influence structures of the communities. We did not found any significant effects of the Beauveria treatment on invertebrate communities in both litter and soils.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.3-16
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• 1999

Motivated by a need to provide the basic data of standard recipes for Korean traditional food, Mandoo, this paper explores a historic research about the development of Mandoo classified by Mandoo-crust, Mandoo-filling, spice & condiment, garnish, size & shape and unit for measuring ingredients. The data for this study are obtained from the major old cooking books published in the period 1670-1957, such as ${\ulcorner}Eumsikdimibang{\lrcorner},$ ${\ulcorner}Leejogoongjoungyoritonggo{\lrcorner},$ and so on. The results of this study show that (1) starch, buckwheat flour and flour were used as Mandoo-crust and egg was added in order to improve cohesion, (2) cooked pheasant and beef were used as Mandoo-filling, (3) ginger had been used more generally than garlic as spice & condiment and later red pepper powder was added and pine nut was also widly used, (4) pan-fried meat, egg, and mushroom were used as garnish, (5) Mandoo of different kinds existed and had various sizes and shapes, (6) unit for measuring ingredients began to appear on printing in 1939. These findings provide us with opportunity, which leads to making the standard recipes for Mandoo so that anyone can easily have resources for cooking the traditional food, Mandoo.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2003

Korea has plentiful precipitation but rainfall events concentrate on several months of rainy season in her weather condition. Korea, therefore, experiences drought for a given period every year. Moreover the soil has usually low water holding capacity, as it is composed coarse particles originated from the granite. Response of several oaks and the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) on water stress showed that water budget was significant factor determining vegetation distribution. In addition, dehydration level due to cold resistance mechanism of several evergreen plants during the winter season was closely related to their distribution in natural condition. Experimental result under water stress showed that the Korean red pine was very tolerant to desiccation but the seedlings showed high mortality during the dry season. The mortality tended to proportionate to soil moisture content of each site. A comparison between soil moisture content during June when it is severe dry season and moisture content of the culture soil when the pine seedlings reached the permanent wilting point due to water withheld proved that high mortality during the dry season was due to water deficit. Water potential of sample plants measured during the exposure experiment to the air pollutant showed a probability that water related factors would dominate the occurrence of visible damage and the tolerance level of sample plants. In both field survey and laboratory experiment, plants exposed to air pollution showed more rapid transpiration than those grown in the unpolluted condition. The result would due to injury of leaf surface by air pollutants. Aluminum (Al/sup 3+/) increased in the acid soil not only inhibits root growth but also leads to abnormal distribution of root system and thereby caused water stress. The water stresses due to air pollution and soil acidification showed a possibility that they play dominating roles in inducing forest decline additionally to the existing water deficit due to weather and soil conditions in Korea. Sludge, which can contribute to improve field capacity, as it is almost composed of organic matter, showed an effect ameliorating the retarded growth of plant in the acidified soil. The effect was not less than that of dolomite known in widely as such a soil ameliorator. Litter extract contributed also to mitigate the water stress due to toxic Al/sup 3+/. We prepared a model showing the potential interaction of multiple stresses, which can cause forest decline in Korea by synthesizing those results. Furthermore, we suggested restoration plans, which can mitigate such forest decline in terms of soil amelioration and vegetation restoration.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.327-335
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• 2012

This study was reviewed the changes in main ingredients, seasonings and cooking methods of Tangpyeongchae in Korean cook books and literatures published from the 1700s to the 1960s. The first published books about Tangpyeongchae were in Kosasibijib and Kyongdojabji, written in 1783 and the late 1700s, respectively. Tangpyeongchae, a representative traditional Korean dish that was royal cuisine offered at ritual events in the Chosun Dynasty, was called Cheongpochae in the royal court. It was a dish made by mixing cheongpomuk (mung bean gel), meat, dropwort, mung bean sprout, egg strips and laver. This dish has been seasoned with vinegar, soy sauce, black pepper, garlic, green onion, red pepper, salt, sugar, sesame oil and sesame salt since the early 1900s. Dropwort, egg strips, laver, pine nut (powder), red pepper powder, and red pepper threads were used as garnishes. Tangpyeongchae was made by mixing cheongpomuk with other ingredients and seasonings until the late 1800s. Since the early 1900s Tangpyeongchae has been seasoned first with other ingredients and then mixed cheongpomuk.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.478-485
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to analyze the combustion and thermal properties in order to establish baseline data for the fire safety evaluation of domestic timbers. The combustion properties such as heat release rate, total heat release, gas yield, and mass loss were analyzed by the method of cone calorimeter test and thermogravimetry (TGA). Thermal decomposition temperatures of the specimens by TGA were recorded as $359.83^{\circ}C$ for White pine, $359.80^{\circ}C$ for Red-Leaved Hornbeam, $363.14^{\circ}C$ for Carolina poplar, $358.59^{\circ}C$ for Konara oak, and $362.11^{\circ}C$ Sargent cherry. Red-Leaved Hornbeam showed the highest value of heat release rate, but, Carolina poplar wood showed the lowest value. In case of the total heat release, Red-Leaved Hornbeam wood showed the highest value and Carolina poplar wood showed the lowest one. The gas analysis results showed that Sargent cherry wood had the lowest value of 0.021, and Konara oak had the highest at 0.031 in the $CO/CO_2$. The minimum value of mass reduction was recorded as 87.57% for Sargent cherry, but, on the other hand, it was 95.03% for Konara oak. There was a correlation between the gas generation of CO and $CO_2$, and combustion behavior of woods. These results are expected to be usful for providing a fundamental guideline with the fire safety of wood use in interior applications.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2009

For the inspection of wood, machine vision is the most common automated inspection method used at present. It is required to sort wood products by grade and to locate surface defects prior to cut-up. Many different sensing methods have been applied to inspection of wood including optical, ultrasonic, X-ray sensing in the wood industry. Nowadays the scanning system mainly employs CCD line-scan camera to meet the needs of accurate detection of lumber defects and real-time image processing. But this system needs exact feeding system and low deviation of lumber thickness. In this study low cost CCD area sensor was used for the development of image processing system for lumber being fed. When domestic red pine being fed on the conveyer belt, lumber images of irregular term of captured area were acquired because belt conveyor slipped between belt and roller. To overcome incorrect image merging by the unstable feeding speed of belt conveyor, it was applied template matching algorithm which was a measure of the similarity between the pattern of current image and the next one. Feeding the lumber over 13.8 m/min, general area sensor generates unreadable image pattern by the motion blur. The red channel of RGB filter showed a good performance for removing background of the green conveyor belt from merged image. Threshold value reduction method that was a image-based thresholding algorithm performed well for knot detection.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-127
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• 1965

1. This report is on the outcome of observation made up the breeding process of Narcissus flycatcher, Muscicapa narcissina zanthopygia, using 15 ness-boxes at Seoul and Kwang Nung Experimental forest in 1964, and the relevant feeding habit was studied by the collar method of wrapping the necks of thenestlings for 50-60 minutes or more in some cases from 1963 to 1964. 2. The Narcissus flycatcheris a common summer resident throughout Korea arriving at the end of April. The earliest data of arrival of this species in Seoul, is April 26, 1964. They migrate southward from the later part of September to early part of October. 3. In a week after their arrival , they start to build nest after a brief courtship. Male and female prepare their nest ina nestboxes in 4 or 5 days. Nests are usually found in the moss, which provide definite frame-work. The inner side of the nest is usually composed of roots of Gramineae or leaves of pine, oak or other broad leave tree. 4. The laying period is generally from the later part of April to the middle of June : and the number of eggs laid is from 3 to 8 , therefore 5 in average : eggs are pink with traces of milky yellow blending of light auburn and orange red spots and chicken-egg-like in shape. 5.The incubation takes place for 7-12 days from the middle part of May to the middle of June, in the order of male and female . The hatching rate tends to increase in proportion to clutch size. 6. The feeding period usually lasts 15 days in average from the early part of June to the middle of July and the feeding urge tends to increase in proportion to brood size. 7. The animals invading into their nest-boxes are red ants, chipmunks, bees , barkbeetles and philippine red-tailed shirkes, etc. 8. On the basis of analysis covering 714 birds in 31 nests, the food they consumed during the nesting period of nestlings were mostly of animal matters composing of : insect larvae form-39. 88% insect adult form 36.26%, insect pupae-0.19%, spider-17.75% and other animal matters 5.92% , Besides a small amount of plant pieces were found . As to the insect larvae, Lepidoptera was the largest in the content followed by Hymenoptera , Orthoptera and Coleoptera. As to the insect adult, Diptera was the largest in the content followed by Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. In view of forest protection, noxious insect was of 69.38%, useful insect 4.39%, and spider 17.75%. 9. The rich assortment of its food, the ability of acquiring various insect (adults as well as larvae), its destruction of great numbers of harmful insects , and its quick assimilation artificial nesting with the nest-boxes of 2.5-3cm entrance hole employed, allow us to conclude that the flycatcher may be successfully employed in the elimination of fores pests. The above results are only that part obtained near Seoul in the middle of Korea, however, if we would extend the scheme to other broad areas using similar techniques, the nest-boxes could not only be well used by the birds, but also it would help to prevent the increase of harmful. insects.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.489-497
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• 2012

This study was reviewed the changes in main ingredients, seasonings and cooking methods of Tangpyeongchae in Korean cook books and literatures published from the 1700s to the 1960s. The first published books about Tangpyeongchae were in Kosasibijib and Kyongdojabji, written in 1783 and the late 1700s, respectively. Tangpyeongchae, a representative traditional Korean dish that was royal cuisine offered at ritual events in the Chosun Dynasty, was called Cheongpochae in the royal court. It was a dish made by mixing cheongpomuk (mung bean gel), meat, dropwort, mung bean sprout, egg strips and laver. This dish has been seasoned with vinegar, soy sauce, black pepper, garlic, green onion, red pepper, salt, sugar, sesame oil and sesame salt since the early 1900s. Dropwort, egg strips, laver, pine nut (powder), red pepper powder, and red pepper threads were used as garnishes. Tangpyeongchae was made by mixing cheongpomuk with other ingredients and seasonings until the late 1800s. Since the early 1900s Tangpyeongchae has been seasoned first with other ingredients and then mixed cheongpomuk.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.342-350
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• 2016

This study aims to make the stand density management diagram which is very useful for establishing systematic management plan and obtaining management goal in Pinus densiflora forest. To estimate 5 models mainly composed of stand density management diagram, we used total of 1,886 sample plots having more than 75% of the total basal area of the pine trees in each stand. To test the goodness of fit, $X^2$ was computed with a significance level of 5%, and the acceptable error range as 20%. Also standard deviation of the model was $34.59m^3{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, minimum acceptable error range was 16.59% and coefficient of variation was 22.11%. If we use the stand density management diagram, it would be useful to establish the timber yield and thinning plan understanding the pathway of stand density management.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.460-466
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• 2014

To evaluate wood charcoal as raw material for mineral water production, dissolution of inorganic ions from charcoal to water, pH and adsorption ability of chlorine in water were investigated as main variables. More potassium ion was dissolved in water as higher temperature manufactured charcoal but other ions showed no difference with different charcoal making temperatures. Highest dissolved cation was potassium followed by calcium and sodium. Among wood species, charcoal from Quercus variabilis and Platanus occidentalis showed significantly higher potassium content in water than that of larch, red pine and white pine. Other cations had similar pattern to the potassium but their difference was not apparent as much as potassium. pH value of water treated with charcoal was higher for wood charcoals from Platanus occidentalis (pH 8.5) and Quercus variabilis (pH 8.4) which contained higher inorganic cations. In chlorine removal in water by charcoal, all wood charcoals showed greater chlorine removal than that of the control, but softwood charcoals resulted in higher removal than those of hardwoods. There was no significant difference in the dissolution of cations and pHs between particle charcoal and whole charcoal. With easy of control, whole charcoal is better for mineral water making raw material than particle charcoal does.